• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2024

In this paper, as there are many cases of fires occurring due to the failure or inoperability of the thermostat of electronic products, the purpose is to test and analyze the risks and probabilities through fire cases and reproduction experiments, and suggest countermeasures. Among electronic products, water purifiers are composed of a refrigerant system with a compressor to make cold water, a heating device to make hot water, and an electric device used as an energy source. Due to the nature of the water purifier manufacturing, these devices are subject to a lot of moisture and dust. etc. exist in large quantities and use electrical energy, so there is a possibility of fire due to short circuit in the wire, electrical abnormal overheating (tracking phenomenon) in the thermostat, electronic board, starting relay, etc., and overheating of the heating device (Band Heater). there is. Therefore, in order to prevent fires from these devices, a system to remove foreign substances inside the water purifier is necessary, the use of heat-resistant (fire-resistant) wires for electrical devices is essential, and the use of non-combustible materials (semi-combustible materials) for each part is necessary to prevent fire. The risk must be eliminated through prevention and combustion expansion prevention devices.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.1-8
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• 1999

Mixing efficiency of the unlike Impinging split triplet injector(FOOF type) were measured to investigate the effect of the momentum ratio variation. $H_2$O/kerosene were used as a propellant simulant. The maximum mixing efficiency occured at the momentum ratio 1.5 (total mixture ratio 1.89). Calculated mixing efficiency of real propellant LOX/Kerosene showed similar trend but maximum efficiency of characteristic velocity occurs at the momentum ratio 2.0(total mixture ratio 2.17). Although there exist a little discrepancy between calculated mixing efficiency based on simulant cold test and hot fire test results, this calculated mixing efficiency can be used to predict hot fire mixing efficiency.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.874-881
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• 2006

Combustion stability characteristics in actual full-scale combustion chamber of a rocket engine are investigated by experimental tests with the model (sub-scale) chamber. The present hot-fire tests adopt the combustion chamber with three configurations of triplet impinging-jet injectors such as F-O-O-F, F-O-F, and O-F-O configurations. Combustion stability bound-aries are obtained and presented by the parameters of combustion-chamber pressure and mixture (oxidizer/fuel) ratio. From the experimental tests, two instability regions are observed and the pressure oscillations have the similar patterns irrespective of injector configuration. But, the O-F-O injector configuration shows broader upper-instability region than the other configurations. To verify the instability mechanism for the lower and upper instability regions, air-purge acoustic test is conducted and the photograph or the flames is taken. As a result, it is found that the pressure oscillations in the two regions can be characterized by the first impinging point of hydraulic jets and pre-blowout combustion, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.34-44
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• 1991

In this study, the general solution of heat balance equation including conductive heat loss were suggested and were determined the constants with the results of experiment in hot tunnel in order to derive the general equation for the response time and to investigate the response time index which represent the characteristics of response of sprinkler head in actual fires. Two types of test were considered, the plunge test, in which the air temperature is represented by a step function, and the ramp test, in which the air temperature increases at a constant rate. As a result, simple equations were derived, which can be predicted the response time for the ramp type fire with the rate of temperature rise and gas velocity, for the plunge type fire with temperature and gas velocity. Also other useful data, such as the effective temperature, time constant, response time index and conduction parameter were obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.21-28
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• 1986

Plywood used for construction as a decorative inner material is inflammable and can fire accident, causing destruction of human life and property. In this study, 3.5mm Kapur plywoods were soaked in the 23% monoammonium phosphate solutions by cold soaking method 3, 6, 9hrs and hot-cold bath method for 3/3hrs, and redrying was carried out by press-drying at the platen temperature of 110, 130, 160, 180$^{\circ}C$, and then fire test was carried out to investigate burning point, flame exhausted length, frame spread length, back side carbonized area and weight loss. The results are as follows; 1. In cold soaking method for 3, 6, 9hrs. retentions of monoammonium phosphate were 0.377, 0.448, 0.498kg/(30cm)$^3$ respectively, and in hot-cold bath method for 3/3hrs, the retention was 1.331kg(30cm)$^3$ that exceeded the minimum retention 1.124kg/(30cm)$^3$. 2. Correlation coefficients among the variable were shown in table 2. From the table, it could be recognized that there were close negative correlations between the treatment and burning point, flame spread length, back side carbonized area, flame exhausted time and weight loss, and there was negative correlation between treating time and back side carbonized area, but there was positive correlation between platen temperature and burning point. 3. From table 3, it can be observed that there were highly significant differences for burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, back side carhonized area, weight loss between treatments. And in 2-way interactions, there were also highly significant for burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, weight loss between time x treatment. 4. It was observed that burning point, flame exhausted time, flame spread length, back side carbonized area, and weight loss in fire-retardant treated plywood were the best effects in fire-retardant treated plywood, water treated plywood and nontreated plywood. In conclusion, I can estimate that absorbed chemical contents by hot-cold bath method for 3/3hrs, have a lot of effects on fire-retardant factors such as burning point, flame spread length, flame exhausted time, backside carbonized area and weight loss, but platen temperatures have a little effects on the fire factors.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.98-103
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• 2010

A series of fire experiments have been performed to examine the measurement bias of the bare bead thermocouple widely used in fire testing and analyze the measurement bias of bare bead thermocouple comparing with the measured temperature using the aspirated thermocouple. The measured temperature of the bare bead thermocouple was lower than that of the aspirated thermocouple in the hot upper layer while it showed opposite trends in the upper layer. Also, the bare bead thermocouple showed higher measurement bias in the lower layer rather than upper layer in the compartment fire. The maximum relative percentage error of the bare bead thermocouple against the aspirated thermocouple reached 250% in the present study. The present study points out the need of correction process of the measured temperature by bare bead thermocouple for improving the reliability of the fire tests.

• Journal of Korean Institute of Fire Investigation
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.63-73
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• 2007

In this paper, we discussed the hazard of ignition on the bimetal type thermostat molded by phenol resin with case study and accelerated aging test. We experimented three type thermostats molded by phenol resin which are used on hot/cold water dispenser. On the case study, the thermostat was origin of 6re and dry tracking occurred around it's moveable contactor. On the accelerated aging test, the more thermostat was switched, the more damaged it become. One of the A-type thermostats that is similar type on the case study fired around moveable contactor. We therefore confirmed that the tracking around the moveable contactor of bimetal type thermostat molded by phenol resin could be origin of fire and it is available to reduce of fire that using noncombustible material for molding of bimetal type thermostat.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2012.04a
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• pp.77-78
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• 2012

To predict combustion instability in actual full-scale combustion chamber of rocket engines, air-injection test is proposed with scaling techniques. From the data, damping factors have been obtained as a function of hydraulic parameter and the data give us instability map. Two instability regions are presented and it is found that they coincide reasonably with them from hot-fire test with full-scale flow rates. Accordingly, the proposed approach can be applied cost-effectively to stability rating of jet injectors when mixing of fuel and oxidizer jets is the dominant process in instability triggering.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.140-141
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• 2020

Concrete has a lower thermal conductivity or thermal diffusion coefficient compared to other building materials, so it is widely used as fireproof compartment material or refractory material for structures. However, in the event of thermal damage such as fire, cement curing agents and aggregates act differently, resulting in heat generation or deterioration of tissue due to dehydration, resulting in deterioration of physical properties and fire resistance. Therefore, in this study, the processing structure of cement paste is measured through nitrogen absorption method. The test specimen is a cement paste of 40% W/C and is set at 1000 ℃ under heating temperature conditions. As the temperature rose, the micro-pore mass below was reduced based on about 0.01 감소m, but the air gap above that was increased.Thus, in the range of pores measured in nitrogen adsorption, the air mass tended to decrease under high temperature conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.407-412
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• 2006

Most of the monopropellant thrusters use catalyst for decomposing hydrazine. The thruster lifetime is determined mainly by catalyst lifetime, which can be investigated by firing tests. For the development of hydrazine decomposition catalyst, Hot-fire test to verify long-life performance of catalyst is required. This study describes the development of test equipment for long duration hot-firing and test/evaluation plan.