• Genomics & Informatics
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.34.1-34.11
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• 2022

Multilevel analysis is an appropriate and powerful tool for analyzing hierarchical structure data widely applied from public health to genomic data. In practice, however, we may lose the information on multiple nesting levels in the multilevel analysis since data may fail to capture all levels of hierarchy, or the top or intermediate levels of hierarchy are ignored in the analysis. In this study, we consider a multilevel linear mixed effect model (LMM) with single imputation that can involve all data hierarchy levels in the presence of missing top or intermediate-level clusters. We evaluate and compare the performance of a multilevel LMM with single imputation with other models ignoring the data hierarchy or missing intermediate-level clusters. To this end, we applied a multilevel LMM with single imputation and other models to hierarchically structured cohort data with some intermediate levels missing and to simulated data with various cluster sizes and missing rates of intermediate-level clusters. A thorough simulation study demonstrated that an LMM with single imputation estimates fixed coefficients and variance components of a multilevel model more accurately than other models ignoring data hierarchy or missing clusters in terms of mean squared error and coverage probability. In particular, when models ignoring data hierarchy or missing clusters were applied, the variance components of random effects were overestimated. We observed similar results from the analysis of hierarchically structured cohort data.

• Language and Information
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.53-75
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• 2014

This study discovers the dynamic nature of an interactional hierarchy as well as an institutional hierarchy in the use of Korean honorifics. Data was collected from the conversations of two Korean female interlocutors. The interlocutors met for the first time in the U.S. and often changed their use of honorifics. The paper examines the method in which the two interlocutors negotiate hierarchies during interaction and how the negotiation is reflected in their use of honorific shifts. The paper also investigates honorific shifts in terms of self-representation to suggest that there is another hierarchy at work other than the institutional hierarchy. An examination of the data shows that the shifts occurred not randomly but strategically. The findings suggest that 1) interlocutors may negotiate interactional hierarchy during their conversation, often in the same sentence, 2) interactional hierarchy often cross the boundary of the institutional hierarchy to obtain interactional goals, in this case, intimacy, and 3) the utterance contents may play a significant role in the interlocutors' honorific shifts.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.107-113
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• 2018

Object-oriented databases (OODBs) canbe used for many non-traditional database application areas such as computer-aided design, etc. Usually those application areas require advanced modeling power for expressing complicated relationships among data sets. OODBs have more distinguished features than the traditional relational database systems. One of the distinguished characteristics of OODBs is class hierarchy (also called inheritance hierarchy). A class hierarchy in an OODB means that a class can hand down the definitions of the class to the subclass of the class. In other words, a class is allowed to inherit the definitions of the class from the superclass. In this paper, we present performance evaluation metrics for class hierarchy in OODBs from a concurrency control perspective. The proposed performance metrics are developed to determine which concurrency control scheme in OODBs can be used for a given class hierarchy. In this study, in order to develop performance metrics, we use class hierarchy structure (both of single inheritance and multiple inheritance), and data access frequency for each class. The proposed performance metrics will be also used to compare performance evaluation for various concurrency control techniques.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.11 no.5 s.43
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• pp.115-125
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• 2006

A concept hierarchy represents the knowledge with multi-level form, which is very useful to categorize, store and retrieve the data. Traditionally, a concept hierarchy has been built manually by domain experts. However, the manual construction of a concept hierarchy has caused many problems such as enormous development and maintenance costs and human errors such as inconsistency. This paper proposes the automatic creation of concept hierarchies using the predefined hypernym relation. To create the hierarchy automatically, we first eliminate the ambiguity of the senses of data values, and construct the hierarchy by grouping and leveling of the remaining senses. We use the WordNet explanations for multi-meaning word to eliminate the ambiguity and use the WordNet hypernym relations to create multi-level hierarchy structure.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.19-30
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study examines the mediating effect of clan leadership in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. Most previous research focused on the relationship between organizational culture and organizational performance or organizational culture and job satisfaction. There are few empirical studies that focus on organizational commitment data because it is difficult to collect in many cases of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises. However, this research measures affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment differently than previous research, which is mostly focused on the hierarchy culture, clan leadership, and organizational commitment measurements. Research design, data, methodology: Conceptual research model is based on the studies of Cameron and Quinn (2011), and Gungor and Sahin (2018). The model is designed with three constructs such as hierarchy culture, organizational commitment, and clan leadership. The monitor culture and coordinator culture are as proxy for the hierarchy culture. The affective commitment, continuance commitment, and normative commitment are as proxy for the organizational commitment. And also the facilitator leadership and mentor leadership are as proxy for the clan leadership. Based on three hundred cases such as export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), this study verify the hypothesis. Hypothesis was analyzed with the structural equation modeling. Results: In case of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs), clan leadership acts as a mediator in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. In case of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with high organizational commitment, clan leadership acts as a mediator in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. In case of export-driven small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) with low organizational commitment, clan leadership did not act as a mediator in the relationship between hierarchy culture and organizational commitment. Conclusions: By controlling for the mediating effect of clan culture, this study have improved the academic contributions as well as policy and practical implications through empirical study of clan leadership that affect organizational commitment in the fields of hierarchy culture. In addition, this study means that the mediating effects on the variables of clan leadership were examined.

• Proceedings of the Safety Management and Science Conference
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• 2010.11a
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• pp.199-207
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• 2010

Decision analysis has becomes an important technique for decision making in the face of uncertainty. It is characterized by enumerating all the available courses of action, identifying the payoffs for all possible outcomes, and quantifying the subjective probabilities for the all possible random events. When the data are available, decision analysis becomes a powerful tool for determining an optimal course of action. In this paper, we use the analytic hierarchy process in weights calculating. For the purpose of making optimal decision, the data of three different smart phones models are used.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.4 s.109
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• pp.441-453
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• 2005

This study aims to generalize the stream network developing algorithm of the geographic hierarchy Stream networks with hierarchy system should be spatially hierarchized in linear features. The generalization procedure of the stream networks are composed of the hierarchy of stream, selection and elimination, and algorithm. Working of stream networks is composed by the decision of direction on stream networks, ranking of stroke segments, and ordering by the strahler method, using geographic data query for controlling selection and elimination of the linear feature by scale. Improved Simoo algorithm was effective in enhancement and decreasing curvature of linear features. Resultantly, it is expected to improve generalization of features with various spatial hierarchy.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.87-96
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• 2006

Most conventional database systems support specific queries that are concerned only with data that match a query qualification precisely. A cooperative query answering supports query analysis, query relaxation and provides approximate answers as well as exact answers. The key problem in the cooperative answering is how to provide an approximate functionality for alphanumeric as well as categorical queries. In this paper, we propose a metricized knowledge abstraction hierarchy that supports multi-level data abstraction hierarchy and distance metric among data values. In order to facilitate the query relaxation, a knowledge representation framework has been adopted, which accommodates semantic relationships or distance metrics to represent similarities among data values. The numeric domains also compatibly incorporated in the knowledge abstraction hierarchy by calculating the distance between target record and neighbor records.

• Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2002

It is important to evaluate the performance of candidates mathematically from various aspects, and reflect it on decision making. In decision making, we judge the candidates through two steps, classification of objects and comparison of objects or candidates with plural elements. In the former step, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is useful method to evaluate candidates from plural viewpoints, and in the later step, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is also useful method to evaluate candidates with plural categorized data. In fact, each candidate has plural elements, nevertheless it has been more important to evaluate from various aspects in IT society. So, we propose a new procedure complementing AHP with DEA.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2016

Throughout the economic development era of Korea, migration occurred within a spatial hierarchy, with upward flows from rural areas to urban. The concept of step migration is a typical theory to explain these upward migration flows. Recent migration data and trends, however, indicate that migration-pattern regime shows strongly opposite-direction flows, with many of the major migration flowing downward on this national-spatial hierarchy, away from urban areas. In this study, we examine the most recent structure of migration flows up and down within the national-spatial hierarchy. We define seven tiers to tabulate origin-destination migration flows from population density of local administrative districts for the period 2001-2014, and then analyze the migration patterns between the tiers over time. The results show differentiated patterns of migration within the national-spatial hierarchy over time including specific states of migrants' life cycles.