• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.451-459
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• 2011

The current study was conducted to determine the effects of herbal supplement on growth performances and diarrhea in Hanwoo calves. Total 24 Hanwoo calves (3 treatments: 8 calves per treatment) were randomly assigned to either Control (no treatment), Treatment 1 (0.3% herb supplement), or Treatment 2 (0.5% herb supplement) diets for 150 days. Total body weight gain and total feed intake per head in Treatment 1 was 142.8 kg and 545.9 kg, respectively, and it was higher (p<0.05) compared to other groups. The blood total cholesterol range was 86.43~97.00 mg/dl, triglycerides 13.26~13.86 mg/dl, GOT 76.97~79.60 mg/dl, GPT 19.54~20.97 mg/dl, WBC 8.75~9.95 k/${\mu}{\ell}$, RBC 10.14~11.91 M/${\mu}{\ell}$, and hemoglobin 10.74~11.20 g/$d{\ell}$, respectively, with no significant (p>0.05) differences among treatments. The blood immunoglobulin G levels were 5.74~6.05 mg/ml which tended to decrease as experimental period extended. Total number of pathogens in feces showed peaks at 1~2 months after the initiation of experiment, and tended to decrease thereafter. Total number of Eimeria spp., E. coli and BVDV in feces showed no significant differences but control group showed higher counts than both treatment groups. During overall period, the incidence of pathogenic diarrhea in calves of 2 treatment groups was much lower than control group calves (C: 24, vs T1: 9, T2: 13 heads), however, it was not significant (p>0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of herbs in Hanwoo calf diets might be beneficial to improve growth performances and prevent diarrhea.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.313-322
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• 2018

To investigate the changing patterns of sub-alpine forest vegetation due to climate change requires accumulation of contiguous reference data and continuous monitoring. Furthermore, it is crucial to monitor short-term ecological change of lower level vegetation to understand the trend of long-term vegetation change. Therefore, this study carried out a vegetation survey and tree diameter measurement in 36 plots of Mt. Jiri inhabited by Abies koreana species from 2015 to 2017 to examine the short-term dynamics of Abies koreana seedling and the change of vegetation distribution according to altitude. We analyzed the importance value and MIV (mean importance value) of major species by each stratum as well as the importance value and species diversity index of major species and the change of seedling population by altitude. The results showed that Abies koreana had the highest importance value on tree layer, Rhododendron schlippenbachii on shrub layer and Tripterygium regelii on herb layer. MIV was high in the order of Abies koreana, Rhododendron schlippenbachii and Acer pseudosieboldianum. Regarding the species composition and species diversity index (H') along the altitudinal gradient, Sasa borealis showed high MI and low H' in the elevation less than 1,500 m, and IV of Tripterygium regelii and H' of herb layer were high in the elevation of 1,700 - 1,800 m. Abies koreana seedling decreased by 22.4% from 1,250 n/ha in 2015 to 970 n/ha in 2017 (p <0.05) throughout the investigated area. The decline rate along seedling and sapling height were 22.9% in less than 10 cm, 3.4% in 10-30 cm, 8.9% in 30-50 cm, 39.3% in 50-100 cm, and 55.1% more than 100 cm. Few of A. koreana seedlings appeared due to the dominance of Sasa borealis in the elevation of 1,500 m or less and due to the dominance and high species diversity of Tripterygium regelii in the elevation of 1,700-1,800 m. On the other hand, many of A. koreana seedlings appeared in the elevation of 1,600-1,700 m due to no distribution of S. borealis and T. regelii species in that altitude range. Therefore, we concluded that those seedlings and saplings of A. koreana could be more stable in the altitude of 1,600-1,700 m.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.558-572
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to classify the types of degraded areas of Mt. Jirisan section in Baekdudaegan and survey the actual condition of each damage type to use it as basic data for the direction of the restoration of damaged areas according to damage type based on the vegetation information of reference ecosystem. The analysis of the Mt. Jirisan section's actual degraded conditions showed that the total number of patches of degraded areas was 57, and the number of patches and size of degraded areas was higher at the low average altitude and gentle slope. Grasslands (deserted lands) and cultivated areas accounted for a high portion of the damage types, indicating that agricultural land use was a major damage factor. The survey on the conditions of 14 degraded areas showed that the types of damage were classified into the grassland, cultivated area, restoration area, logged-off land, and bare ground. The analysis of the degree of disturbance (the ratio of annual and biennial herb, urbanized index, and disturbance index) by each type showed that the simple single-layer vegetation structure mostly composed of the herbaceous and the degree of disturbance were high in the grassland and cultivated land. The double-layer vegetation structure appeared in the restoration area where the pine seedlings were planted, and the inflow of naturalized plants was especially high compared to other degraded areas due to disturbances caused by the restoration project and the nearby hiking trails. Although the inflow of naturalized plants was low because of high altitude in bare ground, the proportion of annual and biennial herb was high, indicating that all surveyed degraded areas were in early succession stages. The stand ordination by type of damage showed the restoration area on the I-axis, cultivated area, grassland, logged-off land, and bare ground in that order, indicating the arrangement by the damage type. Moreover, the stand ordination of the degraded areas and reference ecosystem based on floristic variation showed a clear difference in species composition. This study diagnosed the status of each damage type based on the reference ecosystem information according to the ecological restoration procedure and confirmed the difference in species composition between the diagnosis result and the reference ecosystem. These findings can be useful basic data for establishing the restoration goal and direction in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4927-4935
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• 2012

Turmeric is a medicinal herb with various pharmacological activities. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin(DMC) and bisdemethoxycurcumin(BDMC) were extracted from turmeric by dipping and ultrasonic wave method. And extraction efficiency was identified using solid phase extraction(SPE). The extracted sample were simultaneously separated and analyzed from three kinds of commercial $C_{18}$ reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography using water and acetonitrile as mobile phase with isocratic elution mode. Flow rate 1.0mL/min, injection volume $10{\mu}L$ and column oven temperature $40^{\circ}C$ at 425nm wavelength has been conducted. From the experimental results, the optimum mobile phase composition of water/acetonitrile 50/50vol% using RS tech column. It is evident that the amount of curcuminoids extracted(extraction time 4h) by 100% MeOH was higher than any aqueous MeOH composition. Finally, in 100% water extraction, the amount(mAU${\times}$mim) of curcuminoids extracted by SPE was 14.3 and 24.5 times respectively higher than ultrasonic wave and dipping method. The shown results can be applied as sources for pharmaceuticals and functional material.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.570-575
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• 2001

Three feeding experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of herbs (Obosan-C or Obosan-O) as an additive in formulated diets on growth and body composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai), Three replicate groups of abalone initially average weighing 206 mg, 827 mg and 432 mg were fed the each one of experimental diet containing $0\%\;or\;1\%$ Obosan for 10 (experiment 1), 7 (experiment 2) and 19 weeks (experiment 3), respectively. In addition, an imported commercial diet for abalone was also employed to compare growth performance of juvenile abalone. Weight gain of abalone fed the diet containing Obosan-O was significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of abalone fed the control diet in the experiment 3. Moisture, crude protein and ash contents of soft whole body were not influenced by dietary herbs (P>0.05), whereas crude lipid content of abalone fed the diets containing Obosan-C was significantly (P<0.05) lower than that of abalone fed the control diet in the experiment 2. The results indicate that Obosan-O as an additive in formulated diet can improve body growth of juvenile abalone.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.107 no.1
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• pp.25-34
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• 2018

This study was performed to discover the comparison of the understory species composition and the growth velocity of the regeneration seedlings in Pinus densiflora forests being managed by the seed-tree method from 2008 year. The investigation site located in Bonghwa, Gyeongsangbuk-do province was established by eighteen quadrats such as six control ones, six slope ones and 6 concave ones, in which we carried out the vegetation survey and measured annual height growth of each seedlings. As a result of vegetation analysis, the understory vegetation of the seed-tree forest area was mainly composed of shrub plants such as Lespedeza bicolor, Zanthoxylum schinifolium, Securinega suffruticosa, Lespedeza maximowiczii and Stephanandra incisa, herb plants such as Miscanthus sinensis var. purpurascens, Carex humilis var. nana, Spodiopogon sibiricus and Artemisia keiskeana, and vine plants such as Pueraria lobata, Smilax sieboldii, Dioscorea batatas, Actinidia arguta, Vitis amurensis and Rubus crataegifolius. Especially, the vine plants were relatively more imported to the concave site than the control site and the slope site. As a result of measurement of growth velocity, the seedlings of the Pinus densiflora appeared to be 3,175 trees/ha for the non-suppressed trees and 7,842 trees/ha for the suppressed trees. In cases of the concave site, individuals of seedlings were much lower than those on the slope site, probably due to the competition effects of vine plants. Consideringly, silvicultural practices for clearing the vine plants should be inevitably accompanied. Also, the growth velocity of the suppressed and non-suppressed trees has been constantly increasing, those of the non-suppressed trees much higher than the suppressed trees. This represents that the seedlings grow rapidly after the suppressed period with competition to the surrounding plants. Therefore, specific practices such as blush control and vine clear should be carried out at the beginning stage of regeneration in the seed-tree stand.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.860-869
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• 2016

This study was a report on 60 heads of Hanwoo steers(5 treatments ${\times}$ 4 heads ${\times}$ 3 repeats). Their start weights were $361.2{\pm}14.39kg$ to $380.5{\pm}27.33kg$; 12.7 to 13.6 months of age. The aim was to investigate the effect of herbal probiotic supplementation on the weight, blood composition, meat quality and immunity in beef. In case of body weight gain, con. 1 plot(183.8 kg) in the early fattening stage, T3 plot(115.1 kg) in the middle fattening stage, and T2 plot(163.3 kg) in the late fattening stage significantly increased(p<0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the blood content of T-Cho and IgG: con. 1 plot and T1 plot in the early fattening stage, T3 plot and T2 plots in the middle fattening stage, and con. 2 plot and T1~T3 plots in the late fattening stage had higher blood content than that of other treatment plots (p<0.05). In addition, the carcass weight was highest in the T1 plot and T2 plot among the total treatment plots(p<0.05). However, no statistical significant difference was observed in the different treatments; all individual treatment plots(T1~T3 plots) were somewhat higher than the control plots(con. 1~con. 2 plots) with respect to the carcass quantity and carcass quality. Combining and analyzing all results revealed that the dietary addition of herbal probiotics for Hanwoo steers had a positive effect on the improvement of weight, amount of meat, meat quality and immunity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.132-140
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• 2006

Forest vegetation classification and species composition of Mt. Ilwol, Yeongyang-Gun, Korea, were studied combining the Braun-Blanquet approach with numerical syntaxonomical analyses (TWINSPAN). Vegetation types and various ecological characteristics such as flora, constancy classes, species ratio of life-form, species diversity and importance value were analyzed. Sixty-eight samples were taken from a $100m^2$ square plot each. Forest communities were identified as two great types: arid landform of mountainside (AM) and humid fertility of piedmont and valley (HP). The former was divided into 3 communities (Rhododendron mucronulatum, Quercus variabilis, Hosta capitat community) and 2groups, and the latter into 3 communities (Tilia amurensis, Vitis coignetiae, Philadelphus schrenckii community) and 2 groups. Vegetation was classified into 8 units. Floristically, the most represented family was Compositae with 26 species. Species with percentage constance degree of more than 61% was Quercus mongolica (72.1%, IV); Carex siderosticat (III) and Fraxinus rhynchophylla (III) were 50.0 and 41.1%, respectively. Life-forms species ratios for trees, subtrees, shrub, vines, grominoids, forbs and ferns were 18.5, 5.7, 14.9, 6.6, 8.8, 42.4 and 3.1%, respectively, PH type showed from $1.70{\pm}0.50\;to\;1.97{\pm}0.57$ and AM type was from $1.40{\pm}0.18\;to\;1.62{\pm}0.20$ in species diversity; therefore, the former type showed higher species diversity than the latter, According to importance value analysis, Pinus densiflora, Quercus mongolica and Q. variabilis were higher in the tree layer, Q. mongolica in the subtree layer, Fraxinus sieboldiana, R. schlippenbachii, etc. in the shrub layer and Carex siderosticta, Carex humilis, etc. in the herb layer.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2015

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of electroacupuncture for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Methods: A randomized, controlled pilot trial was conducted. Twenty-two participants were randomized into one of the two groups: an acupuncture group (n=11) and wait-list group (n=11). The treatment group received 8 sessions of electroacupuncture over 8 weeks. Twenty points (CV4, CV12, both LR14, GB26, ST25, ST34, ST40, ST36, SP4, SP6, LR3) were selected for needling. The control group did not receive acupuncture treatment during study period and followup were done in the 4th and 8th weeks after randomization in both groups. The primary outcome was body fat computed tomography and the secondary outcomes included blood test (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transferase, triglyceride, total cholesterol, high density lipoproteincholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, blood sugar test, ${\gamma}$-guanosine triphosphate) and body composition test (body mass index, weight, body fat mass, body fat rate, waist hip ratio). Safety was assessed at every visit. Results: There was no significant differences in between the experimental group and control group. There were no adverse events. Conclusions: The results suggest that In patients with NAFLD, electroacupuncture treatment did not induce worsening of liver disease and liver function, but it was no improvement symptoms of fatty liver. Study of herb medicine treatments and other acupuncture therapy of NAFLD are required later.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.375-378
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• 1991

Bangah (Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze), one of the wild plant grown in Korea and used for deodorizing some of the fish foods because it's strong and unique flavor, was determined for chemical composition in leaf, flower and stem. The highest protein content of 14.7% was found in leaf and lipids was in the range of $5.25{\sim}7.74%$. Total sugar content in leaf and flower were 27.53% and 14.86%, reducing sugar content were 11.80% and 2.75%, respectively. Fifteen fatty acids in bangah were identified and the major fatty acids were linolenic, palmitic, lauric and linoleic acids. Seventeen total amino acids were determined in leaf and flower. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid and leucine were high in each portion. The major free amino acids were histidine, serine, proline and glutamic acid. Most of minerals were high in leaf and flower than those in stem of bangah except for Ca and Fe. Especially K was higher in leaf and flower than stem by 4 times.