• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.20 no.3
• /
• pp.257-269
• /
• 2010

We analyzed patent trends regarding stabilization technology for steep slope hazards, focusing on patents applied for and registered in Korea, the USA, Japan, and Europe. The technology was classified into four groups at the second classification step: prediction techniques, instrumentation techniques, countermeasure/reinforcement/mitigation techniques, and laboratory tests. A total of 2,134 patents were selected for the final effective analysis. As a result of portfolio analysis using the correlation between the number of patents and the applicant for each patent, the Korean and USA situations were classified as belonging to the developing period, and the Japanese and European situations were classified as belonging to the ebbing period. In particular, patent activity in Korea has been enlivened by government-led research. As a result of technology analysis at the second classification step, prediction techniques arising from Japan are evaluated as a competitive power technique, and laboratory tests arising from the USA are evaluated as a competitive power technique. However, prediction techniques and laboratory tests arising from Korea are evaluated as a blank technique. According to the prediction results regarding future research and developments, a new finite element analysis method and a numerical model should be established as part of prediction techniques, as well as sensors, and hazard prediction should be developed by integrating information and equipment using IT technology as part of instrumentation techniques. In addition, improvements to existing structures for erosion control and the development of new slope-reinforcement methods are required as part of countermeasure/reinforcement/mitigation techniques, and new laboratory apparatus and methods with an optimizing structure should be developed as part of laboratory tests.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.121-132
• /
• 1992

Pesticides are regarded as one of indispensable materials used in agriculture to protect pests and to keep the agricultural productions steadily. However, food contamination arisen from their application has brought about public concerns for safety suspicion to human health. A brief presentation is given in this paper on what has been conducted against pesticide residues to evaluate and ensure the safety of agro-porducts. The commonest countermeasures to keep safety would be tile establishment of MRls and safe-use guidelines of pesticides according to good agricultural practices. Korean MRls have been established on 38 chemicals with 56 commodities and in the case of safe-use guidelines 344 formulation items have been done by the government On the other hand, no satisfactory information is still available to evalute the actual residue levels in domestic agro-products, but a cautious proposal could be suggested through the fragmentary monitoring data of pesticide residues, so that the current residue levels would be far from potent hazard enough to cause chronic impact on human. The most important thing is to have the farmers keep safe use guidelines at pesticide application for the production of safe agricultural commodities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
• /
• 1992.07a
• /
• pp.21-32
• /
• 1992

Pesticides are regarded as one of indispensable materials used in agriculture to protect pests and to keep the agriculture productions steadily. However, food contamination arisen from their application has brought about public concerns for safety suspicion to human health. A brief presentation is given in this paper on what has been conducted against pesticide residues to evaluate and ensure the safety of agro-products. The commonest countermeasures to keep safety would be the establishment of MRLs and safe-use guidelines of pesticides according to good agricultural practices. Korean MRLs have bun established on 38 chemicals with 56 commodities and in the case of safe-use guidelines 344 formulation items have been done by the government. On the other hand, no satisfactory information is still available to evalute the actual residue levels in domestic agro-products, but a cautious proposal could be suggested through the fragmentary monitoring data of pesticide residues, so that the current residue levels would be far from potent hazard enough to cause chronic impact on human. The most important thing is to have the farmers keep safe use guidelines at pesticide application for the production of safe agriculture commodities.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.91-98
• /
• 2013

Interested in NOA (Naturally Occurring Asbestos), Korea as well as the USA has been making geologic maps of asbestos distributed mines and surrounding areas, restoring mines, evaluating hazard, and so on. The result can be used to improve the reliability of analysts and analysis institutions by judging the amount of asbestos and set up PLM(Polarizing Light Microscope) information by analyzing in soil. The certification value of 2 kinds of CRM(Certified Reference Material) was performed by counting total 400 points with EPA 600-R-93-116 method using by PLM. The following is the result of homogeneity and stability of 2 kinds of manufactured CRM analyzed by ANOVA (Analysis of variance) and Regression Analysis. Based on the analyzation, the results are satisfied with homogeneity and long-term stability. The analyzed certification value of CRM includes the range of minimum and maximum value of point counting result for chrysotile; low concentration-1% (range, 0.25~3.00), high concentration-4% (range, 2.25~5.50).

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.29 no.1 s.72
• /
• pp.1-22
• /
• 1999

As people are more concerned about their health and medical care, there have been an increasing number of medical disputes due to increased medical demand. In order to prevent and provide solution to currently surging medical accidents and disputes related to orthodontic treatment, in July 1998, the Korean Association Of Orthdontists surveyed 2,200 members of Korean Association of orthodontists on 30 items to recognize the pattern of medical accidents and prevent them. The survey was about accident-related items including personal profiles of members and patients who have undergone medical accidents or disputes, the cause and solution to the accidents, cautions related to members orthodontic treatment, and medical recording and archival. Based on the survey result, we analyzed characteristics of medical accidents and disputes in orthodontic area. It is more important to predict and prevent possible medical accidents or disputes based on current situation than to solve them after disputes occur. For this, we should not be negligent in raising treatment proficiency level based on patient-doctor trust and in obtaining new medical information. We should also provide medical environment where Patients themselves can decide whether to get treatment after they are offered detailed explanation on diagnosis, treatment procedure, complication, and possible hazard. We should take caution when treating patients and pay attention to charting and maintenance, which is the most fundamental, as well. Also at the Korean Association of orthodontists level, it is desired to provide education program on prevention and solution to medical accidents and disputes, and actions and organizations that can help when accidents and disputes occur.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
• /
• v.44 no.8
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 2007

For provisioning reliable data transmission, the 3GPP RLC specification adopted a selective-repeat ARQ scheme assisted by a window-based admission control scheme. In the 3GPP ARQ, which is a member of the selective-repeat ARQ clan, inheres the reordering problem A long and irregular reordering time results in the degradation of throughput and delay performance, and may incur the overflow of the reordering buffer. Furthermore, the reordering time must be regulated to meet the requirements of some services which are loss-sensitive and delay-sensitive as well. Perceiving the reordering hazard, we propose an alternative, identified as snowball scheme, to the original admission control scheme of the 3GPP ARQ with aiming at deflating the occupancy of the reordering buffer. A unique feature of the snowball scheme is to reject a new DATA PDU if it is non-adjacent to any DATA PDU sojourning at the reordering buffer. Such an intentional rejection apparently reduces the occupancy of the reordering buffer while it may deteriorate the throughput and delay performance. Developing an analytical approximation method, we investigate the effect of snowball scheme on the saturated occupancy and throughput. Also, we, using a simulation method, evaluate the peak occupancy, normalized throughput and average delay in the practical environment. From the simulation results, we reveal that the snowball scheme is able to enhance occupancy performance as well as throughput performance compared with the original admission control scheme of the 3GPP ARQ.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.101 no.2
• /
• pp.244-250
• /
• 2012

The objective of this study was to analyze the above-ground biomass and crown fuel characteristics of Pinus densiflora stands in Yangyang, Gangwon province. A total of thirteen representative trees were destructively sampled in Yangyang region. The results showed that the stem density ($g{\cdot}cm^{-3}$) was 0.347~0.409, whereas the above-ground biomass expansion factors ranged from 1.251~1.419. In terms of crown fuel biomass, the above-ground biomass was $161.6Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ while the stem biomass, branch biomass and needle biomass were $126.4Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, $29.3Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$ and $5.9Mg{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively. Needles and twigs with less than 1 cm diameter accounted 45.2% of the total crown fuel load. The available crown bulk density, which was calculated by dividing the crown fuel load to the crown volume, was $0.178kg{\cdot}m^{-3}$. The results of this study on the biomass and carbon stocks estimation of the Pinus densiflora together with the crown fire hazard assessment based on crown fuel loads are very significant information for the forest managers.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.19 no.6
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 2003

Rockbursts are mainly caused by a sudden release or the stored strain energy in the rock mass. They have been the major hazard in deep hard rock mines but rarely occur in tunnels. Due to the short history and limited information on rockbursts, the topic has rarely been studied in Korea. Some cases of rockbursts, however, have been reported during construction of a mountain tunnel for waterway. This study focuses on analyzing data on rockbursts obtained from a TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) tunnel and suggests methods for a comprehensive understanding on rockbursts. From the analysis of the field data of rockbursts, it was found that most rockbursts mainly occurred at the section between the tunnel face and the TBM operating room, and the rock bursting phenomena lasted up to 20 days after excavation in certain areas. The data also show that the bursting spots are located all around the tunnel surface including the face, the wall, and the roof, The maximum size of bursting spots is usually less than 100cm. This study also suggests new scale systems of brittleness and uniaxial compressive strength to evaluate the possible tendency for a rockburst. These systems are scaled based on the scale system of strain energy density. In addition, with these scale systems, this research shows that there are potentially higher tendencies for rockbursts in this specific tunnel. Moreover this research suggests that properties of rock and rock mass, RMR (Rock Mass Rating) value, tunneling method, excavating speed, and depth of tunnel have a strong correlation with rockbursts.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trend changes of the health characteristics and the elements of Han-Ok appeared in the articles of the daily newspaper, and to provide basic information for applying to the healthy housing for the public living in modern society and furthermore the various facilities for healing. For the study, the relevant articles of 4 daily newspapers published from 1st of January in 1960 to 28th of February in 2010 were collected and analyzed. The results of the study were as follows: First, the articles about the health characteristics and the elements of Han-Ok have rapidly grown since the year of 2000. Especially, the residents' interviews, case reports and actual living condition of Han-Ok recently tend to increase. Second, the health characteristics of Han-Ok in the recent articles were focused more on the mental and social health than on the physical health. The physical health had the characteristics of the block of hazard environments, the offer of good quality environments, and the enhancements of residents' health. The mental health consisted of the psychological comfort, the sensory satisfaction and the emotional growth. There have been improvements of family relationships and the interactions with neighbors in the characteristics of social health since 2000. Third, the health elements of Han-Ok in terms of architecture and interior design were the structure, space, material, doors & windows, furniture & props, nature, and villages. The material elements were more stressed before 2000, but the spaces and the nature elements were highly focused after 2000 and the structure elements were steadily high regardless of years. Fourth, of the health elements, the structure and the material had the high effects on the physical health characteristics, on the other hand the spaces and the nature influenced more on the mental health. On-dol, Ma-dang, Dae-cheong, Ma-ru, soil, wood, Changhoji, natural environments, and doors & windows were the detail health elements which had high effects on the health characteristics of Han-Ok. For the future study, the experience based in-depth studies of the residents living in Han-Ok are suggested to grasp the actual effects of Han-Ok on the health. The professional consultations are also needed for the extracts of the health characteristics of Han-Ok and the functional elements which can be applied to the modern buildings.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.142-151
• /
• 2018

Purpose: The modification of the cancer classification system aimed to improve the classical anatomy-based tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) staging by considering tumor biology, which is associated with patient prognosis, because such information provides additional precision and flexibility. Materials and Methods: We previously developed an mRNA expression-based single patient classifier (SPC) algorithm that could predict the prognosis of patients with stage II/III gastric cancer. We also validated its utilization in clinical settings. The prognostic single patient classifier (pSPC) differentiates based on 3 prognostic groups (low-, intermediate-, and high-risk), and these groups were considered as independent prognostic factors along with TNM stages. We evaluated whether the modified TNM staging system based on the pSPC has a better prognostic performance than the TNM 8th edition staging system. The data of 652 patients who underwent gastrectomy with curative intent for gastric cancer between 2000 and 2004 were evaluated. Furthermore, 2 other cohorts (n=307 and 625) from a previous study were assessed. Thus, 1,584 patients were included in the analysis. To modify the TNM staging system, one-grade down-staging was applied to low-risk patients according to the pSPC in the TNM 8th edition staging system; for intermediate- and high-risk groups, the modified TNM and TNM 8th edition staging systems were identical. Results: Among the 1,584 patients, 187 (11.8%), 664 (41.9%), and 733 (46.3%) were classified into the low-, intermediate-, and high-risk groups, respectively, according to the pSPC. pSPC prognoses and survival curves of the overall population were well stratified, and the TNM stage-adjusted hazard ratios of the intermediate- and high-risk groups were 1.96 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-2.72; P<0.001) and 2.54 (95% CI, 1.84-3.50; P<0.001), respectively. Using Harrell's C-index, the prognostic performance of the modified TNM system was evaluated, and the results showed that its prognostic performance was better than that of the TNM 8th edition staging system in terms of overall survival (0.635 vs. 0.620, P<0.001). Conclusions: The pSPC-modified TNM staging is an alternative staging system for stage II/III gastric cancer.