• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.101 no.1
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• pp.158-162
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• 2012

The acclimatization of in vitro propagated plants is an important step to produce vigorous plants for clonal forestry and in vitro micro-environment may affect the growth in ex vitro condition. To monitor in vitro environmental effects on the growth in ex vitro condition, several culture systems such semi-solid medium(SS), temporary immersion bioreactor(TIB) and continuous immersion bioreactor(CIB) culture types were tested to compare for the growth of acclimated plants of Liriodendron tulipifera. Results suggested that morphological characters, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration and chlorophyll contents of acclimated plants were affected by the different of in vitro culture conditions. CIB type of culture was resulted to the lowest value in the biomass of acclimated plants. Net photosynthsis rate of CIB was the same level as those of SS and TIB. However, stomatal conductance, evapotranspiration and $CO_2$ partial pressure in the intercellular air space were lower than those of SS and TIB. The amounts of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were also lower than those of the other two culture systems. TIB, showing a little lower or higher value than SS in many growth character, is recommended rather than CIB to produce healthy yellow poplar plants in ex situ condition.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 1985

The objective of the study was to investigate growth pattern of capsule and grain to improve grain filling during the grain filling period in sesame. Growth patterns of capsule and grain from anthesis to maturity were measured and compared by different plant types. Growth of capsule length started to grow just after anthesis and recorded maximum point at 35 days after flowering. and then decreased gradually. Growth of higher part capsule was worse than lower and middle capsules. Capsule growth of 2 carpels 4 loculi type showed better than 4 carpels 8 loculi type and BTB (branch, 3 capsules, 2 carpels, 4 loculi) type showed good growth due to its small reduction of higher part capsule length compared to those of lower and middle parts. The order of growth of capsule length were considered to be center capsule in main stem> center capsule in branch> side capsule in main stem> side capsule in branch. Growth of capsule width also showed maximum at 35 days after anthesis and then reduced. The order of growth of capsule width were lower part> middle part> higher part. Higher part capsule width of 3 capsules 4 carpels 8 loculi type showed serious decrease at late reproductive growth stage same as those of capsule length. Fresh one thousand grain weight showed peak at 35 days after anthesis and then reduced. The order of grain growth were appeared as lower part> middle part> higher part. Growth of fresh one thousand grain weight of branch and side capsule were lower than those of main stem center capsule, and 4 carpels 8 loculi type was deeply decreased at late flowering time in higher part such as the growth of capsule length and width. BTB (branch, 3,2/4) type didn't show much decrease in higher part fresh grain weight compared to those of other plant types in spite of its profitable character of lots of sink capacity. BTB type appeared to be ideal for improving grain filling and yield productivity in growing sesame in Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Association of Crystal Growth Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.258-292
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• 1996

In the last year great interest appears to YBCO thin films preparation on different substrate materials. Preparation of epitaxial film is a very difficult problem. There are many requirements to substrate materials that must be fullfilled. Main problems are lattice mismatch (misfit) and similarity of structure. From paper [1] or follows that difference in interatomic distances and angles of substrate and film is mire important problem than similarity of structure. In this work we present interatomic distances and angle relations between substrate materials belonging to ABCO4 group (where A-Sr or Ca, B-rare earth element, C-Al or Ga) of different orientations and YBCO thin films. There are many materials used as substrates for HTsC thin films. ABCO4 group of compounds is characterized by small dielectric constants (it is necessary for microwave applications of HTsC films), absence of twins and small misfit [2]. There most interesting compounds CaNdAlO4, SrLaAlO4 and SrLaGaO4 were investigated. All these compounds are of pseudo-perovskite structure with space group 14/mmm. This structure is very similar to structure of YBCO. SLG substrate has the lowest misfit (0.3%) and dielectric constant. For preparation of then films of substrates of this group of compound plane of <100> orientation are mainly used. Good quality films of <001> orientations are obtained [3]. In this case not only a-a misfit play role, but c-3b misfit is very important too. Sometimes, for preparation of thin films substrates of <001> and <110> orientations were manufactured [3]. Different misfits for different YBCO faces have been analyzed. It has been found that the mismatching factor for (100) face is very similar to that for (001) face so there is possibility of preparation of thin films on both orientations. SrLaAlO4(SLA) and SrLaGaO4(SLG) crystals of general formula ABCO4 have been grown by the Czochralski method. The quality of SLA and SLG crystals strongly depends on axial gradient of temperature and growth and rotation rates. High quality crystals were obtained at axial gradient of temperature near crystal-melt interface lower than 50℃/cm, growth rate 1-3 mm/h and the rotation rate changing from 10-20pm[4]. Strong anisotropy in morphology of SLA and SLG single crystals grown by the Czochralski method is clearly visible. On the basics of our considerations for ABCO4 type of the tetragonal crystals there can appear {001}, {101}, and {110} faces for ionic type model [5]. Morphology of these crystals depend on ionic-covalent character of bonding and crystal growth parameters. Point defects are observed in crystals and they are reflected in color changes (colorless, yellow, green). Point defects are detected in directions perpendicular to oxide planes and are connected with instability of oxygen position in lattice. To investigate facets formations crystals were doped with Cr3+, Er3+, Pr3+, Ba2+. Chromium greater size ion which is substituted for Al3+ clearly induces faceting. There appear easy {110} faces and SLA crystals crack even then the amount of Cr is below 0.3at.% SLG single crystals are not so sensitive to the content of chromium ions. It was also found that if {110} face appears at the beginning of growth process the crystal changes its color on the plane {110} but it happens only on the shoulder part. The projection of {110} face has a great amount of oxygen positions which can be easy defected. Pure and doped SLA and SLG crystals measured by EPR in the<110> direction show more intensive lines than in other directions which allows to suggest that the amount of oxygen defects on the {110} plane is higher. In order to find the origin of colors and their relation with the crystal stability, a set of SLA and SLG crystals were investigated using optical spectroscopy. The colored samples exhibit an absorption band stretching from the UV absorption edge of the crystal, from about 240 nm to about 550 m. In the case of colorless sample, the absorption spectrum consists of a relatively weak band in the UV region. The spectral position and intensities of absorption bands of SLA are typical for imperfection similar to color centers which may be created in most of oxide crystals by UV and X-radiation. It is pointed out that crystal growth process of polycomponent oxide crystals by Czochralski method depends on the preparation of melt and its stoichiometry, orientation of seed, gradient of temperature at crystal-melt interface, parameters of growth (rotation and pulling rate) and control of red-ox atmosphere during seeding and growth (rotation and pulling rate) and control of red-ox atmosphere during seeding and growth. Growth parameters have an influence on the morphology of crystal-melt interface, type and concentration of defects.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.10
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• pp.85-95
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• 2012

Under the effectuation of law for $CO_2$ reduction and Green growth, it was surveyed in this study that how the Large company and the Small-medium company as well as the General company and the Green company prepare and proceed the Green management. For this purpose, in order to see the present situation, the perception and influence to the Green management was surveyed and analyzed. The result was that there were big differences in many items between the compared companies which are different from scale and character. On the basis of this analysis, It was suggested what and how the companies and the government have to do in order to improve the perception of Green management and make a new business chances.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.172-178
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• 2007

Mica (muscovite) powders were synthesized by hydrothermal method (horizontal turning method). The hydrothermal conditions for the synthesis of mica were prepared by the ratio of $K_2O : Al(OH)_3 : SiO_2$ = 1 : 3 : 3 mol% as the starting materials with KOH (8 mol%) solution as the hydrothermal solvent and reaction temperature at $260^{\circ}C$ for 72hrs. The synthetic powder used for preparation of nano silver coated mica by vertical hydrothermal treatment. The hydrothermal conditions for the treated as nano silver coating were prepared by the synthetic powder as raw materials, triple distilled water ($0.5{\ell}$) solution as the hydrothermal solvent with nano silver sol (1,000 ppm) as the material of nano silver coating and reaction temperature at $160{\sim}260^{\circ}C$ for 72 hrs. After hydrothermal treatment, structural, judgment of nano silver coating and character of nano silver coated mica were examined by XRD, SEM, TEM-EDX and shake plask method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.35-47
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• 2004

In order to study changes in vegetation pursuant to rooftop revegetation plantation methods, plantation methods for rooftop revegetation were divided into two types through an analysis of recent trends. Then, Planted plants and invasive plants on sites where the planting methods were introduced were monitored. Planting methods were divided into mono-layer meadow cover type and multi-layer planting cover type. They showed some differences in terms of the availability of wetland, the structure of vegetation layers, the planted species, and the material of mulching. According to the results of monitoring the two sample sites for different plantation methods, the number of invasive plants was higher in multi-layer planting cover type and the ratio of naturalized plants was higher by 30% in average in mono-layer meadow cover type. The main reason for such a result is that the natural soil used in the multi-layer planting cover type likely contained some seeds. Moreover, it's harder for invasive plant seeds to germinate in volcanic rocks than in natural soil. Also, it is attributable to wetlands available in multi-layer planting cover type and diverse living environments created by multi-layer planting. The reason of the ratio of naturalized plants being higher by at least 10% in mono-layer meadow cover type is the character of naturalized plants being stronger in unfavorable conditions than nature plants are. Accordingly, the germination rate in the volcanic rock mulching has likely contributed in raising the introduction and germination of naturalized plants. The results showed that multi-layer planting cover type using wetland creation and nature soil can increase the number of invasive plants and lower the ratio of naturalized plants. However, since seeds contained in the natural soil can affect the growth of planted plants, this needs to be clarified, It was judged that mono-layer meadow cover type may affect more greatly on the germination and growth of invasive plants than on those of planted plants, Its potential adoption in highly urbanized areas was examined. By complementing with the mutual benefits of each plantation method, it appeared possible to shift to a rooftop revegetation system suitable to the site.

• Archives of design research
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2001

The Korea's automotive industry has been changed since 1990's for the global reform of the automotive industry even though the rapid growth of domestic market from the late 1980's to early 1990's The cultural understanding for an automobile in the Korea society has been relatively lacked by the political reason, which focused on the economic growth through the industrialization. This works as a limit which caused by the point of view which is concentrated into the automotive industry as an economy developing tool. As much as being observed in the advanced nations which have the long history and huge scale of the automotive industry, an automobile is not only a single product, but also a way of life which has a cultural background. It is possible to develop a competitive quality and design with an understanding the cultural background. And the most important thing to the Korean automotive industry is a uniqueness with the cultural character which is gained by the cultural understanding of automobile as in the public Therefore the contribution of infrastructure of Korean automotive industry and culture would become more important in the future.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1187-1192
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• 2014

Background: To correlate breast cancer subtypes with prognostic factors, microvessel density (MVD), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and clinical features. Materials and Methods: One hundred cases of primary breast carcinoma were classified using biomarkers on tissue microarray as: luminal A [estrogen receptor (ER)+, HER2-, $Ki-67{\leq}14%$], luminal B [ER+, HER2+ or ER+, HER2-, Ki-67>14%], HER2, triple negative basal-like (TNB) [any basal cytokeratins (CKs, 5, 14, 17) and/or endothelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) expression], and TN without such markers [TNN, null], and assessed for p53, vimentin, VEGF and CD31 immunoperoxidase. Results: Of the 100 cases (mean age, 51 years; mean tumor size, 3.2cm; 56% with nodal metastasis; 89 invasive ductal carcinomas, not otherwise specified, 4 invasive lobular carcinomas, 3 metaplastic carcinomas, and 4 other types) there were 39 luminal A, 18 luminal B, 18 HER2, 15 TNB and 10 TNN. The positivities of basal-like markers in the basal-like subtype were 78.3% for CK5, 40% for CK14, 20% for CK17, 46.7% for EGFR. There was no significant difference in age distribution, tumor size, degree of tubular formation, pleomorphism, lymphovascular invasion, nodal metastasis, MVD, VEGF expression and survival among subgroups. TNs demonstrated significantly higher tumor grade, mitotic count, Ki-67 index, p53 and vimentin and decreased overall survival compared with nonTN. Conclusions: The distribution of breast cancer subtypes in this study was similar to other Asian countries with a high prevalence of TN. The high grade character of TN was confirmed and CK5 expression was found to be common in our basal-like subtype. No significant elevation of MVD or VEGF expression was apparent.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.61-68
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• 2009

Gwangju Metropolitan Government & Ministry of Environment have signed a model city in response to Climate Change agreement. The agreement calls for Gwangju to cut greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 2005 levels by 2015. Gwangju has seen this agreement as an opportunity to cut pollution and conserve the environment as well as to reinvigorate local economy. According to policy of Gwangju, Gwangju held design competition for Gwangju City Arboretum on march, 2009. The purpose of design competition was to give a wide publicity to Gwangju as Hub City of Asian Culture and construct carbon-neutral arboretum in accordance with the policy of 'Low-Carbon and Green Growth'. First of all, a design concept of arboretum is 'winding, round, overlay 'to reflect the landscape of Nam-do which is surrounded by mountains and river flows through the village. Second, the arboretum has five different places with these themes - Forest of Festivals, Health, Nature, Nostalgia, Education and Future. Each place has a symbolic theme park and different flow planning respectively. Third, the most critical point is that the arboretum is a carbon-neutral park. Gwangju arboretum will soon be developed in metropolitan sanitary landfill and constructed as the O2 arboretum based on low carbon strategy. Fourth, the O2 arboretum suggests specialized issue : 'Energy Saving', 'Recycling System', 'Green Network', 'Water System(rainwater maintenance and wetland development)'. Besides, main buildings(greenhouse, visitor center, Nam-do experience exhibition hall, and forest museum) is designed in consideration of harmony with topography character, surroundings. Also, planting will be a multilayer plant based on native landscape trees in consideration of function and the growth characteristics.

• 한국태양에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.190-195
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• 2009

Since the industrial revolution, the global environmental problems such as greenhouse gas accumulation and the average temperature increase have caused people's attention. 'Low Carbon, Green Growth' was presented to cope with these global concerns, as one of main policies of 2008 in Korea. The paradigm of a green urban development is started to concern the whole city's energy problems owing to realize 'Low Carbon, Green Growth' in the urban side. The government established a nation's basic energy plan for 20 years, and some local cities made efforts to develop new renewable energy such as the solar, wind and water energy which are suitable to each city's character. As a part of these efforts, the concept of U-Eco city is newly appeared to reflect upon ubiquitous technique, urban ecology and the next generation energy system. However, urban plan is difficult to adopt this next generation energy system with existing laws, regulations and technical systems. The new executive and systematic system is needed to realize the U-Eco city U-Eco for the management of an efficient city. In this study, the authors investigate the concept of the next generation energy system and U-Eco city to realize the energy-efficient city plan and analyze problems to occur during the application of them in an existing city plan. Then, the authors show the remedies to deal with occurred problems.