• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.703-713
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• 2020

In many geological fields, including hydrogeology, it is of great importance to determine the heterogeneity of the subsurface media. This study briefly introduces the concept and theory of the method that can estimate the hydraulic properties of the media constituting the aquifer, which was recently introduced by Park (2020). After the introduction, the method was applied to the synthetic aquifer to demonstrate the practicality, from which various implications were drawn. The introduced technique uses a global optimization technique called the covariance matrix adaptation evolution strategy (CMA-ES). Conceptually, it is a methodology to characterize the aquifer heterogeneity by assimilating the groundwater level time-series data due to the imposed hydraulic stress. As a result of applying the developed technique to estimate the hydraulic conductivity of a hypothetical aquifer, it was confirmed that a total of 40000 unknown values were estimated in an affordable computational time. In addition, the results of the estimates showed a close numerical and structural similarity to the reference hydraulic conductivity field, confirming that the quality of the estimation by the proposed method is high. In this study, the developed method was applied to a limited case, but it is expected that it can be applied to a wider variety of cases through additional development of the method. The development technique has the potential to be applied not only to the field of hydrogeology, but also to various fields of geology and geophysics. Further development of the method is currently underway.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.109 no.4
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• pp.429-437
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• 2020

In this study we quantified the long-term change in discharge against precipitation in a forested watershed and investigated how the growth of forest trees influences these changes. We found a proportional relationship between precipitation and discharge for each year, and discharge decreased gradually with time. Precipitation and discharge were highest in July and August, and the changes in precipitation, discharge, and runoff rate did not always coincide, given that high runoff rate was shown in August and September. The monthly coefficient of variation (CV) for discharge was larger than that for precipitation, and the deviation between precipitation and discharge increased gradually. From 2011 to 2017, the gradient of the trend line for the change of total discharge and direct runoff against precipitation decreased, whereas the gradient of the base flow increased in this same time period. A possible explanation is that the water holding capacity of soil deposits increased as the forest soil of the Palgong Mountain watershed developed and the increase of base flow rose with groundwater level together with that of outflow quantity. The coefficient of flood recession was lower in the period 2011 to 2017 than in 2003 to 2010; thus, the reduction of discharge was mitigated and remained steady as time progressed. We conclude from these results that the discharge of surface runoff decreased as tree growth and base flow increased; however, the water yield function of the forest increased gradually.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.10
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• pp.49-60
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• 2022

Underground urbanization appears to be a promising solution in response to the shortage of construction sites in the above-ground space. In this context, an accurate evaluation of a construction site ensures the long-term performance of geosystems. This study characterizes potential sites for complex plants built in underground space using geophysical methods (i.e., seismic refraction exploration and electrical resistivity survey) and in situ tests (i.e., standard penetration tests (SPTs) and downhole tests). SPTs are conducted in nine boreholes BH-1-BH-9 to estimate the groundwater level and vertical distribution of geological structures. The seismic refraction method enables us to obtain the elastic wave velocity and thickness of each soil layer for each cross-sectional area. An electrical resistivity survey conducted using the dipole array method provides the electrical resistivity profiles of the cross-sectional area. Data obtained using geophysical techniques are used to assess the classification of the soil layer and bedrock, particularly the fracture zone. This study suggests that geotechnical information using in situ tests and geophysical methods are useful references to design an underground complex plant construction.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.111-125
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• 2022

Since landslide can cause huge damages to many facilities, close characterization of slopes is needed for appropriate reinforcements for the unstable ones in order to prevent the damages. Geophysical surveys, which can characterize a large area at a relatively low cost without disturbing slopes, have been widely employed for the assessment of slope stability in other countries. However, only conventional direct investigation methods are mainly used in Korea. In this paper, we analyzed various cases, which evaluated slope stabilities by characterizing slopes using geophysical exploration. First, we introduced changes in geophysical properties due to unstable media of slope like fracture location, fracture connectivity and distribution of groundwater level, and subsequently discussed the applicability of geophysical methods to the detection of the changes; the methods include electrical resistivity survey, seismic survey, self-potential survey, induced polarization survey and ground penetrating radar. Based on this description, we analyzed how geophysical surveys were performed on various slopes.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.26 no.10
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• pp.61-68
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• 2010

A pilot-scale model test was performed to estimate the availability of new material, Fe-loaded zeolite, as the filling material in permeable reactive barrier (PRB) against the contaminated groundwater with both Cd and Cr(VI). Aquifer was simulated by filling up a large scale soil tank with sands, and mobilizing the water flow by the head difference of water level in both ends of the tank. Then, the mixture of concentrated Cd and Cr(VI) solution was injected into the aquifer to form a contaminant plume, and its behavior through Fe-loaded zeolite barrier was monitored. The test results showed that Fe-loaded zeolite barrier successfully treated the contaminant plume containing both Cd and Cr(VI) and that the immobilized contaminants in the barrier were not desorbed or released. The results indicated that the Fe-loaded zeolite could be a promising material in PRBs against the multiple contaminants with different ionic forms like Cr(VI) and Cd.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.55-66
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• 2009

At the mudstone slope located on the roadside of the Seokri area in Donghae-myeon, Pohang, Gyeongsangbuk-do, this study was performed to analyze the effects of rainfall on the stability of slope through seepage analysis according to the precipitation type of the mudstone slope, referring to the actual case of slope failure. For this, precise geological survey, geophysical exploration and drilling survey for the slope where the failure occurred were performed and followed by analysis of detailed soil layer. For the section where failure surface located, the durability reduction of rocks was measured through slaking/swelling tests and the permeability was measured through in-situ permeability tests for each soil layer. In addition, the change of strength parameter and process of instability were analyzed by back analysis, using Talren 97 and Slope/W programs, in the slope. By applying different precipitation conditions to the geographical conditions of the slope that had actual failure records, the slope stability was analyzed by seepage analysis according to duration of rainfall and rise of groundwater level resulting from the flow of rainfall caused by development of geological structures and the slope surface condition.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.17-26
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• 2022

Domestic district heating system needs safety management guidelines using the change of surface temperature to detect damages to buried heat pipes. This paper performed numerical analyses on the temperature change of ground surface due to the burial and leakage of heat pipes. Temperature difference between the ground surface above the buried heat pipes and the surrounding surface rises to a crescendo between 3 am and 8 am. It is more significant in winter rather than in summer. Low groundwater level magnifies the temperature increase of the ground surface by the heat pipe, which is smaller in the asphalt pavement than in the bare soil. Without leakage of the buried heat pipe, the temperature increment on the ground surface by the heat pipe is within 3.0℃ in the bare soil and 3.5℃ in the asphalt pavement. Leakage of the supply heat pipe in the bare soil increases the temperature on the ground surface gradually in the summer but rapidly in the winter. Asphalt pavement shows a lower increment and increasing rate of the temperature on the ground surface due to pipe leakage than bare soil surface. And leakage on both sides of the supply pipe takes 1-2 days for the temperature difference from the surrounding soil surface to reach 10℃.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.291-291
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• 2020

제주도는 강수의 지표침투성이 좋은 화산섬의 지질특성상 지표수의 개발이용여건이 취약한 관계로 용수의 대부분을 지하수에 의존하고 있다. 따라서 제주도는 정책 및 연구적으로 오랜 기간동안 지하수의 보전관리에 많은 노력을 기울여 오고 있다. 하지만 최근 기후변화로 인한 강수의 변동성 증가로 인해 지하수위의 변동성 또한 증가할 가능성이 있으며 따라서 지하수위의 급격한 하강에 대비하여 지하수위의 예측 및 지하수 취수량 관리의 필요성이 요구되고 있다. 지하수에 절대적으로 의존하고 있는 제주도의 수자원 이용 여건을 고려할 때, 지하수의 취수량 관리를 위한 지하수위의 실시간 예측이 필요한 실정이다. 하지만 기존의 예측방법에 의한 제주도 지하수위 예측기간은 충분히 길지 않으며 예측기간이 길어지면 예측성능이 낮아지는 문제점이 있었다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 단점을 보완하기 위해 딥러닝 알고리즘인 Long Short Term Memory(LSTM)를 활용하여 제주도 남동쪽 표선유역 중산간지역의 1개 지하수위 관측정에 대해 지하수위를 예측하고 분석하였다. R 기반의 Keras 패키지에 있는 LSTM 알고리즘을 사용하였고, 입력자료는 인근의 성판악 및 교래 강우관측소의 일단위 강수량자료와 인근 취수정의 지하수 취수량자료 및 연구대상 관측정의 지하수위 자료를 사용하였으며, 사용된 자료의 기간은 2001년 2월 11일부터 2019년 10월 31일까지 이다. 2001년부터 13년의 보정 및 3년의 검증용 시계열자료를 사용하여 매개변수의 보정 및 과적합을 방지하였고, 3년의 예측용 시계열자료를 사용하여 LSTM 알고리즘의 예측성능을 평가하였다. 목표 예측일수는 1일, 10일, 20일, 30일로 설정하였으며 보정, 검증 및 예측기간에 대한 모의결과의 평가지수로는 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency(NSE)를 활용하였다. 모의결과, 보정, 검증 및 예측기간에 대한 1일 예측의 NSE는 각각 0.997, 0.997, 0.993 이었고, 10일 예측의 NSE는 각각 0.993, 0.912, 0.930 이었다. 20일 예측의 경우 NSE는 각각 0.809, 0.781, 0.809 이었으며 30일 예측의 경우 각각 0.677, 0.622, 0.633 이었다. 이것은 LSTM 알고리즘에 의한 10일 예측까지는 관측 지하수위 시계열자료를 매우 적절히 모의할 수 있다는 것을 의미하며, 20일 예측 또한 적절히 모의할 수 있다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 LSTM 알고리즘을 활용하면 본 연구대상지점에 대한 2주일 또는 3주일의 안정적인 지하수위 예보가 가능하다고 판단된다. 또한 LSTM 알고리즘을 통한 실시간 지하수위 예측은 지하수 취수량 관리에 활용할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.5-11
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• 2023

Due to frequent occurrences of concentrated heavy rainfall caused by abnormal climate conditions in recent years, collapses of steep slopes have been occurring frequently due to surface erosion and increased pore water pressure. Various methods are being applied to prevent slope collapses, such as increasing the resistance to movement and reducing pore water pressure. Research on these methods has been consistently conducted as they provide an efficient response to slope collapses by satisfying both the conditions of resistance to movement and pore water pressure simultaneously. Therefore, in this study, we propose an upward slope reinforcement method by burying drainage materials with an upward slope inclination, instead of the conventional horizontal application. This approach aims to satisfy both slope reinforcement and drainage functions effectively, offering a comprehensive solution for slope stabilization. Furthermore, to determine the optimal burial angle that exhibits the most effective reinforcement and drainage effects of the proposed method, we investigated the reinforcement and drainage effects under conditions where the horizontal drainage materials were set at angles ranging from 0° to 60° in increments of 10° on a representative cross-section. Additionally, indoor model experiments were conducted under the conditions of 40°, which showed the most outstanding drainage effect, and 20°, which exhibited the highest safety factor, to validate the numerical analysis results. The results showed that the burial angle of 40° exhibits a relatively higher drainage effect as with the numerical analysis results, while the angle of 20° results in inadequate drainage and observed slope collapse.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.231-247
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• 2024

In the field of high-level radioactive waste disposal targeting deep rock environments, hydraulic characteristic information serves as the most important key factor in selecting relevant disposal sites, detailed design of disposal facilities, derivation of optimal construction plans, and safety evaluation during operation. Since various rock types are mixed and distributed in a small area in Korea, it is important to conduct preliminary work to analyze the hydrogeological characteristics of rock aquifers for various rock types and compile the resulting data into a database. In this paper, we obtained hydraulic conductivity data, which is the most representative field hydraulic characteristic of a high-depth volcanic bedrock aquifer, and also analyzed and evaluated the field data. To acquire field data, we used a high-performance hydraulic testing system developed in-house and applied standardized test methods and investigation procedures. In the process of hydraulic characteristic data analysis, hydraulic conductivity values were obtained for each depth, and the pattern of groundwater flow through permeable rock joints located in the test section was also evaluated. It is expected that the series of data acquisition methods, procedures, and analysis results proposed in this report can be used to build a database of hydraulic characteristics data for high-depth rock aquifers in Korea. In addition, it is expected that it will play a role in improving technical know-how to be applied to research on hydraulic characteristic according to various bedrock types in the future.