• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.145-152
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• 2018

During 2015-2017, we surveyed the incidence of viral infections of tomato and paprika growing in greenhouses in Cherwon province, Korea. In 2015 and 2016, we collected leaves and fruits from tomato and paprika plants growing in greenhouses. We detected viruses in the samples collected using specific primer sets for Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), Pepper mottle mosaic virus (PepMoV), and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). We detected PMMoV, CMV, and TSWV in the samples, and CMV and TSWV were the most prevalent. For the prevention of future viral diseases, we then surveyed the routes of infection by these viruses in tomato and paprika plants growing in greenhouses in Cherwon province in 2017. Leaf and fruit samples were collected from seedlings and crops two and four months after transplanting into greenhouses. As a result, we found that TSWV was transferred from seedlings to plants, and outbreaks of the virus occurred at the early stage of cultivation. On the other hand, we found that CMV was a virus indigenous to the soil of some towns in Cherwon province, and thus outbreaks of this virus occurred at the middle stage of cultivation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.287-287
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• 2009

우리나라의 시설재배면적은 51,237ha에 이르며 수경재배 면적을 제외하면 대부분 경운재배를 하고 있는 실정이다. 경운 작업은 대형 농기구를 이용하여 경운하기 때문에 시설내 토양 입자가 단립으로 잘게 부서지며 대형농기구로 인하여 토양이 답압되고 경운층 아래 경반층이 형성되어 뿌리 발육과 배수 불량의 원인을 제공하게 된다. 경운은 기존에 설치되어 있는 관수시설과 지주, 멀칭을 제거한 후 유기물을 투입하고 2~3회 경운작업 후 다시 소형농기구를 이용하여 이랑을 조성한다. 그리고 제거된 관수시설, 멀칭, 지주를 다시 설치하여야 하기 때문에 시설의 경운재배는 가장 고통스러운 악성노동을 수반하게 된다. 따라서 본 시험에서는 시설 고추 유기재배 시 무경운재배 효과에 대하여 검토하고자 전남 나주시 남평읍 평산리 "JD 중동통 미사질양토"에서 시험을 수행하였다. 2009년 3월 11일 "녹광" 고추 품종을 재식 거리 135${\times}$38cm로 정식하여 7월 27일까지 재배한 후, 시험포를 1/2로 나누어 트렉터를 이용하여 경운작업을 실시하고 2009년 8월 1일 억제작형으로 "녹광" 고추 품종을 정식하였다. 그리고 나머지 시험포 1/2은 전작물을 재배한 이랑에 경운작업을 생략하고 전작물 고추의 식물체는 지제부를 절단하여 분해되도록 고랑을 피복하였으며, 고추 포기와 포기 사이에 무경운으로 고추를 정식하여 시험을 수행하였다. 고추 정식 전 7월 30일에 경운 시험포에 10a당 29톤의 물을 관수하였으며, 무경운 시험포에는 10a당 48톤의 물을 관수하고, 관수 2일 후 시험포의 습도와 이랑에 발생되는 균열수를 조사하였다. 이랑의 수분함량은 표토 0.23%, 토양 30cm 깊이의 수분함량은 0.18%로 경운방법에 따라서 차이가 없었으나 토양 20cm 깊이의 수분함량은 경운은 0.25%, 무경운은 0.14%로 경운재배 토양에 비하여 뿌리의 주요 분포지역인 작토층의 수분함량이 44% 정도 낮았다. 그리고 경운재배 이랑에서는 7~35cm 정도 되는 균열이 m당 22개정도 발생되었으나 무경운에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 시설 토양의 생물다양성 지표가 되는 미소동물의 분포를 조사한(9월 16일) 결과 경운재배 토양에서는 보리톡톡기 등 8종 97개체가, 무경운 토양에서는 10종 101개체가 포획되었다. 경운 방법에 따른 시설 유기재배 고추의 수확과수는 주당 139~141과, 수량은 1,367~1,431g/주가 수확되고 10a당 수량은 경운재배가 2,790kg, 무경운재배는 2,666kg이 생산되어 경운방법에 따른 수량 차는 인정되지 않았다. 경운방법에 따른 경영비를 분석한 결과 무경운은 경운재배에 비하여 10a당 유기질 비료비 178천원, 대농구상각비 211천원, 노력비 261천원의 절감으로 경운재배 경영비 4,815천원/10a 대비 약 14%의 경영비가 절감되었다. 그리고 작기마다 반복되는 경운작업과 관수시설, 멀칭, 지주설치 작업을 1회 설치 작업으로 연속사용이 가능하여 시설재배에서 가장 고통스러운 악성노동의 회피가 가능하였다.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2010

This study was conducted to know that if ionic liquids can be applicable as control agents of harmful algae in water-ecosystem and to find out problems caused by ionic liquid application. Firstly, the differential selectivity of various fresh-water algal species to several 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids was investigated. There was a distinct differential response between alkyl chain lengths from butyl to dodecyl and towards the algal organisms : Generally algicidal activity was increased with increase of chain length and among the algae used in this study, Stephanodiscus hantzschii f. tenuis, Oscillatoria tenuis and Spirulina pratensis were most sensitive to 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (MAIC12), next was Microcystis aeruginosa, and the others were relatively less sensitive to the chemical. The selectivity degree was about ten to twenty times based on the $EC_{80}$ (Effective concentration required for 80% growth inhibition). Secondly, an activity persistence of ionic liquids was investigated in natural mimic condition (using water bottle containing soil-sediments under the greenhouse condition). At the application of $1.0{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (MAIC8), the algal growth did not occur at all until 6 days after treatment(DAT) and observed a only little growth at 9 DAT. But the algae grew rapidly after 9 DAT. So at 20 DAT, total chlorophylls was $264.4{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the growth was inhibited by 58.2% compared to untreatment. On the other hand, MAIC12 also had a similar persistence pattern to MAIC8, showing nearly 5 times more activity than MAIC8. At 20 days after $0.2{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ application of MAIC12, that is, total chlorophylls was $251.2{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and the growth was inhibited by 55.2% compared to untreatment. In summary, 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids is likely to be applicable for selective control of harmful algae as potent compounds having long lasting activity. However, the difficulty of degradation seems to be a limiting factor in an eco-friendly application of the compounds.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.310-317
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• 2001

The regenerated-bulblets placed in liquid free media resulted in good formation of roots and bulblets. On 1/4 MS free medium, roots and bulblets were predominantly induced. The 1/4 MS liquid medium supplemented with plant growth regulators was the best suitable condition for elongation of leaves and roots. Somatic embryos were frequently developed from embryogenic callus in liquid media with 2,4-D 1mg/ l . On free liquid media, the viability of callus reduced. As the salt strength of MS media reduces, the viability of callus reduced significantly. However, Leaves were induced from several callus clumps. When leaves, roots and bulb-scale segments were placed on MS media containing NAA 1mg/ l or 2,4-D 1mg/ l and various sucrose concentration, the best result about the differentiation, growth of leaf and the differentiation of leaf was obtained on MS media added 1.5% sucrose and 2,4-D 1mg/ l, 3% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l, and 1.5% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l, respectively. Also the better result differentiation, growth of root and differentiation of bulb was obtained on MS media with 6% sucrose and NAA 1mg/ l. Spermidine promoted the growth of leaf and the differentiation of bulb. However, spermine promoted the differentiation of leaf, the differentiation and the growth of root in MS solid media. On the MS liquid media, both spermine and spermidine stimulated organogenesis from bulb-scale segments. Regenerated plantlets were acclimatizated and grown in greenhouse in vermiculite + perlite (1 : 1 by volume) well. The optimal soil condition of rooting for plantlets regenerated was in peat moss.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.110-116
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of root zone warming on fruit yield of oriental melon (Cucumis melo L. var. Makuwa) in winter season. Root zone was warmed by hot water flowing through pipe set at 35cm depth from the ridge. Treatments of minimum soil temperature at 20cm depth were 17, 21, $25^{\circ}C$ and non-warming from Jan. 18 to Apr. 18. The results are summarized as follows. 1. The blooming of female flower was faster 1 days in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 6 days in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 7 days in $25^{\circ}C$ plot than in control plot and the days from blooming to harvesting were shorter 5 days in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 11 days in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 12 days in $25^{\circ}C$ plot than in control plot. 2. Mean fruit weight was the highest in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, followed $25^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$ and control plots, respectively, and flesh thickness was the highest in $25^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by 21, 17$^{\circ}C$ and control plots, respectively. 3. Early and middle-phase yield was the highest in $25^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by 21$^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$ and control plots but late yield was the highest in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by control, 21, and $25^{\circ}C$ plots. Total yield per 10a was higher 33% in 17$^{\circ}C$ plot, 49% in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, and 37a in $25^{\circ}C$ plots than in control plot, harvested 1, 490kg per 10a. 4. Total yield was highest in 21$^{\circ}C$ plot, followed by $25^{\circ}C$, 17$^{\circ}C$, and control plots. Malformed and fermented fruit rates were the highest in control, followed by 17, 25, and 21$^{\circ}C$ plots and marketable fruit rate was 21, 25, 17$^{\circ}C$, and control plot in order.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.61-72
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• 2014

To present a guideline on the construction and management of artificial wetlands for high biomass production, three emergent macrophytes (Phragmites australis, PA; Typha angustifolia, TA; and Zizania latifolia, ZL) were planted under two substrates conditions (general soil with and without moss peat) and two water levels (5 cm and 20 cm) and monitored for three years. ZL showed greater growth performance rather than the others not only at early growth phase in the first year [shoot height, 200 cm; above-ground dry weight (AGDW), 500 $g/m^2$] but also in the last year (ZL, 1,100 $g/m^2$; TA, 770 $g/m^2$; and PA, 450 $g/m^2$ of AGDW). ZL with rapid growth at the early growth phase was not affected by naturally introduced weeds, whereas slower and poorer growth of PA and TA at the early growth phase resulted in relatively higher introduction and establishment of natural weeds. In turn, such introduced weeds negatively contributed to the growth of PA and TA particularly under shallow water (5 cm) with the substrate condition including moss peat. We suggest a plant material with rapid and great growth at the early phase such as ZL for reducing possible negative influences by the natural weeds and wild animals for high biomass production in constructed wetlands. A pre-growing process in greenhouse prior to planting might be an useful option to raise the competitiveness of those species when planting PA and/or TA. In addition, we recommend that integrated weed management system with utilizing various options at the most appropriate timing must be applied for maintaining sustainable high biomass production at the artificial wetlands.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.85 no.2
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• pp.271-279
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• 1996

This study was conducted to find out the appropriate rates of mixed-seeding of native woody and herb species. It was carried out in greenhouse from 1994 to 1995. The early days germination individuals were $60no./m^2$ in case of woody species for mixed seeding treatment and the treatments were fertilization, soil surface treatment, seeding amount. The investigation factors are the number of individuals of woody and herb species, biomass, height, number of tillers, etc. The mean individuals of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha frutzcosa were investigated $1.14no./m^2$, $0.496no./m^2$ in 1995, and Spiraea prunifolia var. simpliciflora and Alnus hirsuta were withering to death. In 1995, the Individuals of Oenothera odorata, Themeda triandra var. japonica, Cymbopogon tortilis var. goeringii, Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia princeps var. orientalis, Lespedeza cuneata, and Arundinella hirta were investigated $5.06no./m^2$, $1,072no./m^2$, $0no./m^2$, $412.53no./m^2$, $88.6no./m^2$, $8.9no./m^2$, $57.46no./m^2$, respectively, in case of herb species. The height and biomass of Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa showed very fast growth, and those of Themeda triandra var. japonica, Miscanthus sinensis had a similar tendency. For the changes in woody species, according to the seeding amount, there was no significant relationship between species, but It was highly significant in 1995. In case of the herb species, the relationship between the number of individuals and seeding amount was significant for both 1994 and 1995. The most number of tiller was Miscanthus sinensis(21), and showed Themeda triandra var. japonica, Arundinella hirta in descending order. For the mixed seeding of wood and herb species, the number of individuals, height, biomass, tiller of herb species diminished as the seeding amount of herb species increased. It can be concluded that using Lespedeza bicolor and Amorpha fruticosa for woody species and like Arundinella hirta in herb species will be efficient for revegetation measures. It seems, therefore, that the plants of revegetation methods will be used to Lespedeza bicolor, Amorpha fruticosa and Arundinella hirta, and further study is needed on the seeding amount.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.45 no.2 s.143
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• pp.227-234
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• 2006

For the biological control of the greenhouse whitefly, aphids, American leaf-miners, Encarsia formosa, Aphidius coiemani, Diglyphus isaea, and Dacnusa sibirica were used as biological control factors. Otherwise, many kinds of environment friendly agricultural materials were also used in the kindly environment friendly farming. For testing the toxicity of environment friendly agricultural materials against to insect parasitoids as biological control factors, 61 environment friendly agricultural materials were selected by using methods and periods with insect parasitoids in the greenhouses. Environment friendly agricultural materials were sprayed to mummies and adults of E. formosa and A. colemani, and adults of Diglyphus isaea and Dacnusa sibirica in laboratory condition. Emergence rates were checked during 12 days after spray to mummies of E. formosa and A. colemani, and survival rates were at 24 and 48 hours after viral test for adult parasitoids, with 10% sugar solution. Emergence rates of E. formosa mummies were inhibited by sprayed the fungicidal environment friendly agricultural material (FEFAM) E and the environment friendly agricultural materials contained molybdenum (EFAMMo) G as 0.4 and 2.7%, respectively. E. formosa adults were not survived in vial for 48hours after sprayed and dried with the environment friendly agricultural materials contained plant extract (EFAMPE) J and the EFAMMo C. The environment friendly agricultural materials contained microelements (EFAMMEs) B and EFAMPE H, environment friendly agricultural materials contained useful soil microorganisms (EFAMSMs) H, FEFAM A and FEFAM D were recorded low survival rates of E. formosa adults with 6.7, 13.3, 13.3, 20.0 and 20.0, respectively. In case of the spraying environment friendly agricultural materials to mummies of A. colemani there were low emergence rate from mummies to adults as around 20s % with water spraying as control. A. colemani adults were not survived in vial with EFAMMo C. EFAMPE J, EFAMPE F, EFAMPE H, EFAMSM H were recorded low survival rates under 20% as 6.7, 13.3, 13.3 and 13.3, respectively, D. isaea and D. sibirica adults were not survived in vial with EFAMPE J. EFAMMo C was 53.3% of survival rates in 48 hours vial tests. D. isaea and D. sibirica were not affected by environment friendly agricultural materials compared with E. formosa and A. colemani.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.61-62
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• 2003

Clonal propagation of high-value forest trees through somatic embryogenesis (SE) has the potential to rapidly capture the benefits of breeding or genetic engineering programs and to improve raw material uniformity and quality. A major barrier to the commercialization of this technology is the low quality of the resulting embryos. Several factors limit commercialization of SE for Corsican pine, including low initiation rates, low culture survival, culture decline causing low or no embryo production, and inability of somatic embryos to fully mature, resulting in low germination and reduced vigour of somatic seedlings. The objective was to develop a Corsican pine maturation medium that would produce cotyledonary embryos capable of germination. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, and significant differences between treatments determined by multiple range test at P=0.05. Corsican pine (Pinus nigra var. maritima) cultures were initiated on modified !P6 medium. Modifications of the same media were used for culture multiplication and maintenance. Embryogenic cultures were maintained on the same medium semi solidified with 2.5 g/l Gelrite. A maturation medium, capable of promoting the development of Corsican pine somatic embryos that can germinate, is a combination of iP6 modified salts, 2% maltose, 13% polyethylene glycol (PEG), 5 mg!l abscisic acid (ABA), and 2.5 g/l Gelrite. After initiation and once enough tissue developed they were grown in liquid medium. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established by adding 0.951.05 g of 10- to 14-day-old semisolid-grown embryogenic tissue to 9 ml of liquid maintenance media in a 250ml Erlenmeyer flask. Cultures were then incubated in the dark at 2022$^{\circ}$C and rotated at 120 rpm. After 2.53 months on maturation medium, somatic embryos were selected that exhibited normal embryo shape. Ten embryos were placed horizontally on 20 ml of either germination medium ($\frac{2}{1}$strength Murashige and Skoog (1962) salts with 2.5 g/l activated charcoal) or same medium with copper sulphate adjusted to 0.25 mg/1 to compensate for copper adsorption by activated carbon. 2% and 4% maltose was substituted by 7.5% and 13% PEG respectively to improve the yield of the embryos. Substitution of' maltose with PEG was clearly beneficial to embryo development. When 2% of the maltose was replaced with 7.5% PEG, many embryos developed to large bullet-shaped embryos. At latter stages of development most embryos callused and stopped development. A few short, barrel-shaped cotyledonary embryos formed that were covered by callus on the sides and base. When 4% of the maltose was removed and substituted with 13% PEG, the embryos developed further, emerging from the callus and increasing yield slightly. Microscopic examination of the cultures showed differing morphologies, varying from mostly single cells or clumps to well-formed somatic embryos that resembled early zygotic embryos only liquid cultures with organized early-stag. A procedure for converting and acclimating germinants to growth in soil and greenhouse conditions is also tested. Seedling conversion and growth were highly related to the quality of the germinant at the time of planting. Germinants with larger shoots, longer, straighter hypocotyls and longer roots performed best. When mature zygotic embryos germinate the root emerges, before or coincident with the shoot. In contrast, somatic embryos germinate in reverse sequence, with the cotyledons greening first, then shoot emergence and then, much later, if at all, the appearance of the root. Somatic seedlings, produced from the maturation medium, showed 100% survival when planted in a field setting. Somatic seedlings showed normal yearly growth relative to standard seedlings from natural seed.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate the possibility of cultivating tea plants planted in the mountain area of west Gyeongnam province, Korea for 2 years from March 27th, 2001 to July 30th 2003. Ninety each plants collected from 5 different sife were cultivated in nursery cup pot$(\phi\;16cm)$. in the greenhouse condition and transplanted in 5 different location and monitored their survival growing state etc. The results obtained are as follow : 1. Survival rate tea plants after transfer to soil was relatively high Gaya-myeon Hanyang-gun with $90.0\%$ and the lowest in Buksang-meyon Geochang-gun with $80.0\%$. The tea plant collected from Gaya-myeon showed the best growing activity at early stage. 2. For the second year of harvesting time, survival rate was the highest in Machun-myeon Hamyang-gun with $92.2\%$ and the lowest was Buksang-myeon Geochang-gun with $76.7\%$. 3. For the 3rd year of harvesting time, it was impossible to data collection because of the most upper parts of plants were killed by severe freezing weather condition. In the Baekjeon-myeon, Hamyang-gun Buksang-myeon, Ungyang-myeon Geochang-gun, which are severly cold$(below\;-10^{\circ}C)$ in winter season, seems not a suitable places for tea plant cultivation since it is very different to harvest the young loaves in growing season. In conclnsion we could select two sites Gaya-myeon, Hapcheon-gun, Machun-myeon, Hamyang-gun, as tea plant cultivation in the mountain area of west-Gyeongnam province, korea.