• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.179-194
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• 1991

Despite its universal coverage of health insurance, the rural health insurance program(RHIP) stands at the crossroads in Korea. The RHIP has weaknesses in stability of financing, problems of inequities in the provision of health services and has suffered from high cost of running the program. The author has analyzed these problems from the perspective of health insurance policy and presented several options for improvement. First of all, this study urged the importance of a firm Governmental commitment of RHIP with the 50% subsidization of contributions as the Government had promised, instead of the current 40%. This can be justified from the 20% subsidization by the Government for the contributions of private school teachers and their dependents, who belong to richer segments of the population. Second, various cost containment measures ought to be sought curbing the rising demand for medical through strengthening health education and increasing individual responsibility, and tightening the claim review process. Third, this study requires the Government to run a demonstration project on the introduction of case payment system for primary health care. Fourth introducing an income-related cost sharing scheme is another possibility. Reforming the cost sharing formula for large medical expenditures is recommendable for a beginning. This measure can take the form of tax credit for medical expenditures of the poor. Fifth, the degree of financial adjustment among health insurance plans should be levelled up for enhancing stability of RHIP and social solidarity. Sixth, health policy should be redirected toward development of rural health resources and higher priority should be put on relieving difficulties in access to care. Seventh. the insurance plan owned-hospital needs to be developed or provision of health services in the medically underserved areas, and the need of such facilities is particularly acute for geriatric care, rehabilitation and renal dialysis, etc. Eighth, more generous insurance benefits are required of the elderly who are suffering the most : elimination of the maximum 180 days of benefit period and provision of glasses and artificial dentures, etc. Ninth. the economies of scale principle is working for the operating expenses of regional self-employed insurance plan. Thus, measures should be instituted to pursue an optimum size of health insurance plans. Lastly, excessive dependence on exclusion items is an evil so that some radical remedies are urgently required to cut them.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.199-210
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• 2017

Background: This paper aims to demonstrate current health expenditure (CHE) and National Health Accounts of the years 2015 constructed according to the SHA2011, which is a new manual of System of Health Accounts (SHA) that was published jointly by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Eurostat, and World Health Organization in 2011. Comparison is made with international trends by collecting and analysing health accounts of OECD member countries. Particularly, financing public-private mix is parsed in depth using SHA data of both HF as financing schemes as well as FS (financing source) as their revenue types. Methods: Data sources such as Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service's publications of both motor insurance and drugs are newly used to construct the 2015 National Health Accounts. In the case of private financing, an estimation of total expenditures for revenues by provider groups is made from the Economic Census data; and the household income and expenditure survey, Korean healthcare panel study, etc. are used to allocate those totals into functional classifications. Results: CHE was 115.2 trillion won in 2015, which accounts for 7.4 percent of Korea's gross domestic product. It was a big increase of 9.3 trillion won, 8.8 percent, from the previous year. Government and compulsory schemes's share (or public share) of 56.4% of the CHE in 2015 was much lower than the OECD average of 72.6%. 'Transfers from government domestic revenue' share of total revenue of HF was 17.8% in Korea, lower than the other contribution-based countries. When it comes to 'compulsory contributory health financing schemes,' 'Transfers from government domestic revenue' share of 14.9% was again much lower compared to Japan (44.7%) and Belgium (34.8%) as contribution-based countries. Conclusion: Considering relatively lower public financing share in the inpatient care as well as overall low public financing share of total CHE, priorities in health insurance coverage need to be repositioned among inpatient care, outpatient care and drugs.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.137-145
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to find out the time-series nexus of public debt and economic growth in Malaysia. For an upper-middle income country, Malaysia had experienced over 50% ratio of debt to GDP since 2009 until now. The question arises is whether this trend is healthy to the economy. With a focus into the debt-to-GDP ratio from 1970-2015, this study investigates the short-run and long-run relationship between public debt and economic growth in Malaysia. This study used secondary data by collecting time-series data (1970-2015) from the World Bank Data and Bank Negara Malaysia. Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is applied in this study to examine the relationship between debt and economic growth. Based on ARDL framework, it shows that there is a long-run effect between the debt and economic growth in Malaysia. While the significance value of Error Correction Term shows that there is a long-run adjustment in the short run. Generally, this study found government expenditures, in the long run, strongly influence the GDP per capita. Through the findings, the government expenditures could increase the GDP per capita. The study also reveals that any increment of the debt ratio will result in reduction of the GDP per capita.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.41-82
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• 2017

This paper studies the risks associated with local finance in Korea by identifying the financial status of each local government, including the financial burdens of PPP projects, and examined governmental future burdens related to PPP projects. We reviewed all fiscal burdens associated with projects, such as, for BTL (Build-Transfer-Lease) types of projects, facility lease and operating expenses, and, for the BTO (Build-Transfer-Operate) types of projects, construction subsidies that are paid at the construction stage, MRG (Minimum Revenue Guarantee) payments and the government's share of payment. Furthermore, we compared the annual expenditures of local governments on PPP projects against their annual budgets and checked if the 2% ceiling rule could be applied.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.67-96
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• 2000

This study aims to provide information about the priority setting and budget coordination of government R&D spendings in Korea. Based on the result of "survey, analysis and evaluation of national R&D programs" in FY 1999, this paper reviews the government R&D expenditures by concerned variables such as program objectives, sector of performance, character of work and technology fields. This paper also carries out an analysis on the government R&D supports as ways for the promotions of high technology-based start-ups and SMEs and regional innovation activities. It is found that relatively high investment is made in the industrial technology areas and development research, and there are some redundancies of R&D programs among ministries and agencies in terms of technology fields, program objectives and character of work. Policy implications and future research directions are suggested.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.33-56
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• 1992

The objectives of this research are (i) to review the functional and financial distribution of public health adminstration between central and local governments, (ii) to find out, based on economic criteria, optimal distribution required to fullfil local need for public health, and finally, (iii) to suggest policy implications in health area in face of the newly arising local autonomy system in Korea. Judging from data on government expenditures and tax revenues, public health administration in Korea is highly concentrated into central government, both functionlally and financially. High dependency of public health on central government has often been critisized that local residents can not participate in the decision making process for local health problems. This study, however, shows that localization of public health administration does not necessarily result in efficient and equitable allocation of resource to satisfy local demand for public health. From this point of view, two eccnomic criteria are suggested, i.e. external effect and economies of scle, as distributive criteria of roles in public health administration between local and central government. In addition, superiority of central concentration of public health administration to localization is emphasized in that public health in a wide sense contains the nature of public good and is part of compulsory socil security system. As a consequence, planned intervention by government is desirable.

• IE interfaces
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.47-60
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• 1992

Korean government plans to expand R & D expenditures to 39.8 billion dollars (5 percent of GNP) and to secure 150,000 R & D manpower (30 per 10,000 population) until 2001. This paper deals with industrial research and development manpower and is to forecast the demand of science and technology manpower to keep pace with the economic development goals which includes advancement of science and technology. This is composed of two parts. The first part is the review of the basic concepts of this research while the second one projects and overall future demand of science and technology manpower.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.583-592
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• 2016

In this study, we attempt to provide empirical evidence for the effect of the expenditure of the local governments on the air quality management. Based on the statistical data, the concentrations of air pollutants including $PM_{10}$, $O_3$, and $NO_2$ were analyzed in accordance with local characteristics of the local governments' environmental expenditure, demographic characteristics, and economic and human resources between 2008 and 2014. The results showed that government spending is estimated to have insignificant impact on air pollutants concentration. All these results are consistently corroborated from the analysis based on different alternative measure of local governments' expenditure (budget composition and measure of expenditure residuals). Subsequently, this study implies that environmental expenditures of local governments have not been effectively enforced to enhance the air quality of the region in Korea.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.57-66
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• 2016

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) plays a vital role in economic growth of the countries. The present study analyses the impact of the FDI on economic growth of South Asian Association of Regional Cooperation countries by using the pooled data for the period 1990-2014. Neo-classical production function has been used for analysis and getting stock-to-flow estimation, Taylor series approximation has applied. Fixed Effects Model has been used to investigate the impact of FDI, domestic capital, labour and government expenditures on economic growth. It is the evident from the results that both domestic investment and FDI have been a positive effect on economic growth. The study finds that the contribution of domestic private investment is more trustworthy than the contribution of FDI. Consequently, FDI loses its attraction as an engine of growth if the adverse balance of payment consequence of the resulting profit repatriating is also taken into account. The labour has positive and significant association with GDP. The effect of government expenditure is negligible on economic growth. The findings suggest that growth strategy cannot yield the long term benefits if it neglects investments on human capital.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.71-79
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• 2022

The aim of this study is to see how government spending on education, health, and social security affects ratios in Indonesia. The third sector has a critical role to play in reducing the dependency ratio. It also aims to lower unemployment and poverty rates. This study uses the GMM panel data model. This model can determine the dynamic response of the ratio that comes from a number of variables. This study uses data from 33 provinces from 2010 to 2018. The results show that government spending in the education and health sectors has a positive effect on the dependency ratio, both in the short and long term. Social security has a significant effect on the dependency ratio in the long term, but not in the short term. Government spending in the education sector and health sector and social security sector have a positive and significant effect on disease and illness. The study's findings show a high level of poverty with a large standard deviation. The high ratio value is due to the large number of restrictions placed on a number of regions. Each province has made a significant contribution to overcoming these challenges, particularly in terms of the comparative ratio.