• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.10
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• pp.554-559
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• 2012

Oligosaccharide modification by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase-V (GnT-V), a glycosyltransferase encoded by the Mgat5 gene that catalyzes the formation of ${\beta}1$,6GlcNAc (N-acetylglucosamine) branches on N-glycans, is thought to be associated with cancer growth and metastasis. Overexpression of GnT-V in cancer cells enhances the signaling of growth factors such as epidermal growth factor by increasing galectin-3 binding to polylactosamine structures on receptor N-glycans. In contrast, GnT-V deficient mice are born healthy and lack ${\beta}1$,6GlcNAc branches on N-glycans, but develop immunological disorders due to T-cell dysfunction at 12-20 months of age. We have developed Mgat5 transgenic (Tg) mice (GnT-V Tg mice) using a ${\beta}$-actin promoter and found characteristic phenotypes in skin, liver, and T cells in the mice. Although the GnT-V Tg mice do not develop spontaneous cancers in any organs, there are differences in the response to external stimuli between wild-type and GnT-V Tg mice. These changes are similar to those seen in cancer progression but are unexpected in some aspects. In this review, we summarize what is known about GnT-V functions in skin and liver cells as a means to understand the physiological roles of GnT-V in mice.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.144-145
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• 2005

• BMB Reports
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.323-330
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• 2012

The glycome consists of all glycans (or carbohydrates) within a biological system, and modulates a wide range of important biological activities, from protein folding to cellular communications. The mining of the glycome for disease markers represents a new paradigm for biomarker discovery; however, this effort is severely complicated by the vast complexity and structural diversity of glycans. This review summarizes recent developments in analytical technology and methodology as applied to the fields of glycomics and glycoproteomics. Mass spectrometric strategies for glycan compositional profiling are described, as are potential refinements which allow structure-specific profiling. Analytical methods that can discern protein glycosylation at a specific site of modification are also discussed in detail. Biomarker discovery applications are shown at each level of analysis, highlighting the key role that glycoscience can play in helping scientists understand disease biology.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.67-72
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• 2018

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a membrane-bound glycoprotein that is widely distributed in the plasma membrane of cells of various organs and also found in many organisms from bacteria to humans. The complete amino acid sequence and three-dimensional structure of human placental alkaline phosphatase have been reported. Based on the literature data, AP consists of two presumptive glycosylation sites, at Asn-144 and Asn-271. However, it only contains a single occupied N-linked glycosylation site and no occupied O-linked glycosylation sites. Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) has been primarily employed for the characterization of the glycan structures derived from glycoproteins. N-glycan structures from human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) were investigated using HILIC-Orbitrap MS, and subsequent data processing and glycan assignment software. 16 structures including 10 sialylated N-glycans were identified from PLAP.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.1945-1952
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• 2008

Sialylation, the attachment of sialic acid residues to a protein, can affect the biological activity and in vivo circulatory half-life of glycoproteins. Human ${\alpha}2$,3-sialyltransferase (${\alpha}2$,3-ST) and ${\beta}1$,4-galactosyltransferase (${\beta}1$,4-GT) are responsible for terminal sialylation and galactosylation, respectively. Enhanced sialylation of human erythropoietin (EPO) by the expression of ${\alpha}2$,3-ST and ${\beta}1$,4-GT was achieved using recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells (EC1). The sialic acid content and sialylation of N-glycans were evaluated by HPLC. When ${\alpha}2$,3-ST was expressed in CHO cells (EC1-ST2), the sialic acid content (moles of sialic acid/mole of EPO) increased from 6.7 to 7.5. In addition, the amount of trisialylated glycans increased from 17.3% to 26.1 %. When ${\alpha}2$,3-ST and ${\beta}1$,4-GT were coexpressed in CHO cells (EC1-GTST15), the degree of sialylation was greater than that in EC1-ST2 cells. In the case of EC1-GTST15 cells, the sialic acid content increased to 8.2 and the proportion of trisialylated glycans was markedly increased from 17.3% to 35.5%. Interestingly, the amount of asialoglycans decreased only in the case of GTST15 cells (21.4% to 14.2%). These results show that coexpression of ${\alpha}2$,3-ST and ${\beta}1$,4-GT is more effective than the expression of ${\alpha}2$,3-ST alone. Coexpression of ${\alpha}2$,3-ST and ${\beta}1$,4-GT did not affect CHO cell growth and metabolism or EPO production. Thus, coexpression of ${\alpha}2$,3-ST and ${\beta}1$,4-GT may be beneficial for producing therapeutic glycoproteins with enhanced sialylation in CHO cells.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2015

Carbohydrate antigens expressed on pig cells are considered to be major barriers in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. Even after ${\alpha}1,3$-galactosyltransferase gene knock-out (GalT-KO) pigs are generated, potential non-Gal antigens are still existed. However, to the best of our knowledge there is no extensive study analyzing N-glycans expressed on the GalT-KO pig tissues or cells. Here, we identified and quantified totally 47 N-glycans from wild-type (WT) and GalT-KO pig fibroblasts using mass spectrometry. First, our results confirmed the absence of galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose (${\alpha}$-Gal) residue in the GalT-KO pig cells. Interestingly, we showed that the level of overall fucosylated N-glycans from GalT-KO pig fibroblasts is much higher than from WT pig fibroblasts. Moreover, the relative quantity of the N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) antigen is slightly higher in the GalT-KO pigs. Thus, this study will contribute to a better understanding of cellular glycan alterations on GalT-KO pigs for successful xenotransplantation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1379-1385
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• 2018

Glycans are attached to proteins as in glycoproteins and proteoglycans. They are found on the exterior surface of cells. O- and N-linked glycans are very common in eukaryotic cells but may also be found in prokaryotes. The interaction of cell surface glycans with complementary glycan binding proteins located on neighboring cells, other cell types, pathogens like virus, or bacteria is crucial in biologically and biomedically important processes like pathogen recognition, cell migration, cell-cell adhesion, development, and infection. Their implication in pathological condition, suggests an important role for glycans as disease markers. In addition, a great amount of research has been shown that appropriate glycosylation of a recombinant therapeutic protein is critical for product solubility, stability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, bioactivity, and safety. Besides, cancer-associated glycosylation changes often involve sialic acid in glycan branch which play important roles in cell-cell interaction, recognition and immunological response. This review aims at giving a comprehensive overview of the glycan's biological function and describing the relevance among the glycosylation, disease diagnosis and treatment methods. Furthermore, the high-throughput analytic methods available to measure the profile changing patterns of glycan in the blood serum as well as possible underlying biochemical mechanisms.

• BMB Reports
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• v.48 no.8
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• pp.438-444
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• 2015

Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of inherent diseases characterized by massive accumulation of undigested compounds in lysosomes, which is caused by genetic defects resulting in the deficiency of a lysosomal hydrolase. Currently, enzyme replacement therapy has been successfully used for treatment of 7 LSDs with 10 approved therapeutic enzymes whereas new approaches such as pharmacological chaperones and gene therapy still await evaluation in clinical trials. While therapeutic enzymes for Gaucher disease have N-glycans with terminal mannose residues for targeting to macrophages, the others require N-glycans containing mannose-6-phosphates that are recognized by mannose-6-phosphate receptors on the plasma membrane for cellular uptake and targeting to lysosomes. Due to the fact that efficient lysosomal delivery of therapeutic enzymes is essential for the clearance of accumulated compounds, the suitable glycan structure and its high content are key factors for efficient therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, glycan remodeling strategies to improve lysosomal targeting and tissue distribution have been highlighted. This review describes the glycan structures that are important for lysosomal targeting and provides information on recent glyco-engineering technologies for the development of therapeutic enzymes with improved efficacy. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(8): 438-444]

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.253-260
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• 2021

Organ transplantation is currently the most fundamental treatment for organ failure, but there is a shortage of organ supply compared to those in need. Regenerative medicine has recently developed a decellularization technique that overcomes the limitations of conventional organ transplantation and attempts to reconstruct damaged tissues or organs to their normal state. Several decellularization methods have been suggested. In this experiment, the decellularization methods were used to find effective decellularization methods for humanlike porcine placenta. The optimal conditions for decellular support are low DNA content and high glycos amino glycans (GAGs) and collagen content. In order to satisfy this condition, SDS and Triton X-100 and SDS + Triton X-100 were used as the detergent used for decellularization in this experiment. The contents were compared according to the decellularization time (0, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours), and the concentrations of SDS (0.2, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0%) were mixed in 1.0% Triton X-100 to analyze the contents. When decellularized using SDS and Triton X-100, respectively, it was confirmed that the contents of DNA and GAGs were opposite to each other. And decellularization treatment for 24 hours at 0.5% SDS was able to obtain an effective decellular support. If decellularization studies of various detergents can be obtained an effective decellular support, and furthermore, cell culture experiments can confirm the effect on the cells.

• Mass Spectrometry Letters
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-25
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• 2024

Protein glycosylation, a highly significant and ubiquitous post-translational modification (PTM) in eukaryotic cells, has attracted considerable research interest due to its pivotal role in a wide array of essential biological processes. Conducting a comprehensive analysis of glycoproteins is imperative for understanding glycoprotein bio-functions and identifying glycosylated biomarkers. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of glycan structures, coupled with the low abundance and poor ionization efficiencies of glycopeptides have all contributed to making the analysis and subsequent identification of glycans and glycopeptides much more challenging than any other biopolymers. Nevertheless, the significant advancements in enrichment techniques, chromatographic separation, and mass spectrometric methodologies represent promising avenues for mitigating these challenges. Numerous substrates and multifunctional materials are being designed for glycopeptide enrichment, proving valuable in glycomics and glycoproteomics. Mass spectrometry (MS) is pivotal for probing protein glycosylation, offering sensitivity and structural insight into glycopeptides and glycans. Additionally, enhanced MS-based glycopeptide characterization employs various separation techniques like liquid chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, and ion mobility. In this review, we highlight recent advances in enrichment methods and MS-based separation techniques for analyzing different types of protein glycosylation. This review also discusses various approaches employed for glycan release that facilitate the investigation of the glycosylation sites of the identified glycoproteins. Furthermore, numerous bioinformatics tools aiding in accurately characterizing glycan and glycopeptides are covered.