• 대한본초학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2006

Objectives : This study was carried out to investigate the biological activities of methanol extracts of fermented Camellia japonica leaf and flower. Methods : Methanol extracts of fermented Camellia japonica leaf and flower were prepared and a dose of 100 and 400mg/kg/day was administered orally into mice. And after appropriate weeks, changes of serum enzyme activities were investigated to confirm its effects on serum glucose, cholesterol and short term administration safety. Results : Fermented flower extract showed significant decrease of serum level of cholesterol. And showed no toxicity on kidney and liver within the dose of 400mg/kg/day. Conclusion : Thus above result showed no toxicity on kidney and liver in male and female mice.

• 약학회지
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.169-179
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• 2001

In previous study, Gyrophora esculenta showed significant inhibitory effect on $\alpha$-glucosidases in vitro and blood glucose elevation in vivo. In the isolating process of active substance, orcinol was separated from Gyrophora esculenta. Orcinol is known to be toxic, therefore, in this study, it was analysed by the TLC densitometry method for quantitative determination from Gyrophora esculenta. The average amount of orcinol of Gyrophora esculenta was 0.2%. For the purpose of removing orcinol, the water extract of Gyrophora esculenta was sequentially fractionated by organic solvents, and the acute toxicity of each fraction was assessed in mice. Among them, the LD50 of butanol fraction was 1.19 g/kg(p.o.) and the weight increase of mice in that group was somewhat retarded.

• 약학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.351-361
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• 1988

The herbicide, paraquat, has caused numerous poisonings in man and farm animals since its interoduction. Althought the lungs are the primary sites of toxicological effect, other organs are also damaged, such as liver, heart, and kidney. The biochemical mechanisms responsible for the toxicity of the herbicide are not clearly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the hepatotoxity of paraquat in rats and the effects of glycyrrhizin on the paraquat toxicity. The experimental results are the followings. 1. The values of serum AST, ALT, LDH, ALP, glucose, and cholesterol were significantly increased in the paraquat administered group. 2. The TBA values in serum and liver were also increased in the treated group. 3. The biochemical parameters of serum, such as AST, ALT, LDH and TBA values, were significantly low in the paraquat plus glycyrrhizin group in comparison with that of the paraquat only. The above results suggest that the glycyrrhizin, somehow, detoxify the hepa to toxicity of paraquat in the experimenta-animals.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 1989

Toxic effects of a mushroom, Amanita volvata, were studied in respect to biochemical and histological changes induced in the liver and kidneys of mice. The changes in biochemical parameters characteristically appeared 12 hrs after oral administration of an aqueous extract of the mushroom. The hepatic glycogen decreased markedly to 17% of the control level and a concemitant decrease in blood glucose was also observed. The activity of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) was elevated by 2.5-fold and the level of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increased by 3-fold, respectively, 12 hrs after administration of the mushroom, their levels being maintained up to 24 hrs.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.397-403
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• 2001

Objectives; This study was carried out to investigate the motor activity, glucose transport and metabolism of Jiaweizhengqi-tang(JKT) in rat small intestine. Methods ; The motor activity of the rat small intestine has been investigated by means of measuring barium sulfate passage degrees. Transport and metabolism of glucose were studied in everted sac of rat small intestine with incubation under several conditions. Results; Atropine treatment significantly delayed barium sulfate transit, and JKT pretreatment increased intestinal motor activity, but not significant. JKT administration showed renal toxicity in animal experiment, so clinical safety should settled to use commonly. The transport and metabolism of glucose were greater at jejunum than ileum. So, everted jejunum of rat were used to study the effect of JKT. When JKT were treated, the concentration of glucose were higher than untreated group. This result was thought to be influenced by the glucose in JKT. When 2, 4 dinitrophenol was treated, the transport and metabolism of glucose were decreased, but JKT treated together, the concentration of glucose in serosal solution increased. Conclusions; The transport and metabolism of glucose were influenced by the glucose in JKT. And the effects of JKT were still unidentified, but through continuous investigation, these effects of JKT should be identified.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.160-166
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• 2005

The present study was carried out to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of a polyherbal aqueous extract (Curcuma longa Linn., Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Trigonella foenum-graecum Linn., Enicostemma littorale Blume) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Short term experiments showed a decrease in blood glucose levels at $2^{nd}\;hr$ of administration of the aqueous extract in alloxan-induced diabetic rats with increase in serum insulin levels. The extract did not show any effect on blood glucose or serum insulin levels in normoglycaemic rats. Treatment with the extract (1.5 g dry plant equivalent extarct/100 g body weight/day) for 20 days in diabetic rats showed a significant decrease in blood glucose and glycosylated haemoglobin levels and an increase in serum insulin levels. The aqueous extract also showed an enhanced glucose-induced insulin release at 11.1 mM glucose from isolated rat pancreatic islets. The extract did not show any toxicity at the particular dose used.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.244-261
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• 2014

Objectives: This experiments were performed to determine the effects of the Jehasuogamibang (製何首烏加味方: JHGB) on antioxidationactivity and hyperlipidemia induced by a hypercholesterolemic diet in mice. Methods: After treatment with JHGB expert safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of Human fibroblast cells and liver and kidney, effect on Reactive Oxygen Species, serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, HDL-cholesterol, lipid peroxid of liver tissue, significantly increased SOD and catalase. Results: 1. JHGB showed safety in cytotoxicity and toxicity of human fibroblast cells and liver and kidney. 2. JHGB showed significant inhibitory effect on reactive oxygen species. 3. JHGB significantly decreased serum total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and glucose, and significantly increased serum HDL-cholesterol. 4. JHGB significantly decreased lipid peroxide of liver tissue and significantly increased SOD and catalase. Conclusions: These results suggest that Jehasuogamibang is effective in antioxidationactivity and dietary hyperlipidemia-induced mice.

• 대한약리학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.37-52
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• 1971

It has been demonstrated repeatedly that the administration of ethionine, a methionine analogue, will produce destruction of pancreatic tissue and liver cells. Destruction of acinar cells of pancreas by the administration of excess methionine similar to that seen after feeding diets supplemented with ethionine was also reported, but the liver was not involved by this amino acid. In an attempt to reproduce the results of these investigators the tissue damages were found to be slight and seen only irregulary in rats receiving ethionine on a complete diet and the result of tissue damages by excess methionine were also controversial. The present studies describe the toxicity of dietary supplemented ethionine and methionine to liver and pancreas in rats fed a low protein diet. Hundred five albino rats weighing around 120 gm were divided into three groups as follows; 1) Control group: A low protein diet containing 8% casein was fed throughout the experimental period. 2) Methionine group: A low protein diet (7% casein) supplemented with 1% methionine was used. 3) Ethionine group: A similar diet as methionine group except the supplementation of 1% ethionine instead of methionine was used. Five animals per wee from each group were killed for 6 weeks. The liver and pancreas were fixed in 10% formalin and histologic sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin eosin. Serum amylase was expressed as much of glucose liberated from a starch substrate. The glucose was determined by the method of Nelson (1944). Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) were determined by the technique described in Sigma Bulletin.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제8권1_2호
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• pp.37-58
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• 1993

In order to investigate the toxicities of S-bioallethrin (5-biol) and its combination treatment with N-octyl bicycloheptene dicarboximide (MGK-264), the acute and subacute toxicity, and enzyme activity test were performed. $LD_{50}$ levels of S-biol and MGK-264 in rats are 640 mg/kg and 3, 280 mg/kg respectively. However, when rats were treated with the mixture of S-biol and MGK-264 (1 : 5 ratio), the $LD_{50}$ was decreased to 545 mg/kg. In serological analysis, ALT and LDH were increased in animals treated with the mixture. Also glucose level was significantly increased after 5 weeks in animals treated with both S-biol and the mixture. Other biochemical parameters such as cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase in the liver and kidney were shown to be not significantly changed. Levels of total ATPase and $mg^{2+}$ ATPase were significantly decreased in the liver of animals treated with the mixture after 4-5 weeks. In addition, S-biol can alone decrease total ATPase activity. Total ATPase activity was also significantly decreased in the kidney after 5 week treatment with the mixture. Similarily, glucose-6-phosphatase activity was significantly decreased in animals treated with the mixture. When either S-biol or MGK-264 was administered, cholinesterase and carboxyesterase activities were slightly decreased but they were significantly decreased when the mixture was administered.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 춘계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.88-89
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• 2000

Chitosan is derived from chitin by deacetylation in the presence of alkali, which is a copolymer consisting of $\beta$-(1longrightarrow4)-2-acetamido-D-glucose and $\beta$-(1longrightarrow4)-2-amino-D-glucose units with the latter usually exceeding 80% (Arvanitoyannis et al., 1998). Chitosan has been developed as new physiological material since it possesses antibacterial activity, hypocholesterolemic activity and antihypertensive action. However, even though chitosan has very strong functional properties in many areas, its high molecular weight and high viscosity may restrict the use in vivo. In addition, there is little doubt that such properties will influence absorption in the human intestine. Recently, studies on chitosan have attracted interest for converted chitosan to oligosaccharide, because the oligosaccharide possesses not only water-soluble property but also versatile functional properties such as antitumor activity, immune-enhancing effects, enhancement of protective effects against infection with some pathogens in mice, antifungal activity, calcium absorption accelerating effect (Jeon et al., 1999) and antimicrobial activity. There is, however, little information on the toxicity of chitosan oligosaccharide. (omitted)