• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.329-343
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• 2000

This study was conducted to measure the degree of Korean Gender Egalitarianism among the students from six different high schools(132 girls, 127 boys) in Sunchon si, Chunnam province from Dec. 7th to Dec. 15th in 1999. The survey on gender egalitarianism was done in relation to the public understanding of the subject matter, parents' hug times, and parent's communication skills. Korean gender egalitari- anism scale was standardized by Korea Woman Developmental Institutes in 1999. The data was analyzed by SAS program. Results were as follows: 1) Generally, girls are more conscious of gender egalitariannism than boys(t=-13.79, p<.001). Above all, the younger the students are, the more they feel equal(F=8.01, p<.01). In sibling cases, two sisters have the highest level of gender egalitarianism while two brothers have the lowest level of gender egalitarianism(F=9.20, p<.001). Students who come from religious families are more inclined to demonstrate gender equality(t= 2.42, p<.05). However, there is no difference in relation to the parents' ages or academic background or harmony within the family. 2) There is no difference that girls and boys generally communicate with their parents. In ages, 17 years old students communicate more than 18, 19 with parents(father F=3.97 p<.05ㆍmother F=5.31, p<.01). That is, the younger students can communicate with their mothers more often than the older ones. In sibling cases, two sisters have more openly communication to parents while two brothers have(F=2.84, p<.05). Students communicate with their parents regardless of parents' academic background. But those from the family in harmony have more open chance to communicate than those who are not in hamony(father F=21.66, p<.001ㆍmother F=13.37, p<.001). They can comm -unicate with their parents better when their fathers hug them than when they didn't get hugs(father t=-4.76, p<.001ㆍ mother t= -2.34, p<.05). They can also communicate with their patents better when their mothers hug them once or more than when they didn't get hugs(father t=-3.78, p<.001ㆍmother t=-5.64, p<.001). 3) There is no difference whether the father hugs or not, but the mother's hug is very important because students whose mothers hug them once or more have significantly more gender egalitarianism than those students whose mothers didn't do(t=-3.98, p<.001). Based upon these results, it is recommended that we reconsider the role of gender in the socialization of high school students and also include gender egalitarianism in sex education. In this context, further study should be done for the improvement of students' communication within the framework of egalitarianism based upon parents' hugs(semi-language). Continued study is especially important in regards to the mother's hug and its enhancement of the students' gender egalitarianism.

• Korean Journal of School Psychology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.109-123
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to understand path of internal narcissism toward SNS addiction tendency of middle school students. The study intended to test the hypothesis that internal narcissism personality would lead to the SNS addiction tendency through interpersonal problems and that the internal narcissism effect on the interpersonal problems can depend on Gender difference The subjects of the study were 240 middle school students (95 male and 145 female students) in Gwangju area. The descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and SPSS Macro PROCESS Model were used. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was a significant positive interpersonal problems mediation efffect between inner narcissism and SNS addiction tendency of middle school students. Second, as a result of examining Gender difference moderatiing effect between internal narcissism, and interpersonal problems relationship. according to gender difference statistically significant. Third, Moderated mediation effect of gender difference and interpersonal problems between internal narcissism personality and SNS addiction tendency relationship is statistically significant. Recently, social networking has become a serious problem in our society and it shows the highest rate of addiction in early middle school students. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of psychological factors of inner narcissism and interpersonal problems on the SNS addiction tendency, focusing on the gender differences in middle school students, and to provide basic data to prevent adolescent SNS addiction problems have.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.541-549
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of preschool children's behavioral and emotional regulation on their peer play behavior, focusing on gender differences. A total of 214 4- and 5-year-old children attending a child care center in South Korea participated in this study. The instruments used in this study were the Child Behavior Rating Scale, Emotion Regulation Checklist, and Penn Interactive Peer Play Scale. The collected data were analyzed using a Student's t -test, Pearson's partial correlation, and multiple regressions with the SPSS software ver. 16.0. The main results of this study are as follows: first, there was a significant gender difference in preschool children's behavioral regulation, emotional control, play interaction, and play disruption. However, there was no gender difference in preschool children's play disconnection. Second, preschool children's emotional control and behavioral regulation had positive effects on their play interaction irrespective of gender. Third, preschool children's emotional instability and emotional control had a positive influence on their play disruption irrespective of gender. Finally, the factors of behavioral regulation and emotional instability significantly predicted the boys' play disconnection, while for the girls, the significant predictor was emotional control. Further, implications for the use of early intervention targeting specific behavioral and emotional regulation problems have been discussed.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was to examine the differences in the degree of premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and stress according to the gender role identity of female university students. Methods: Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 308 female university students. Data analysis was done with SPSS 10.1 for descriptive statistics, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple-range test. Results: The most prevalent type of premenstrual syndrome was androgenic(33.8%), followed by undifferentiated(25.0%). There was a significant difference in dysmenorrhea according to residence. In addition, there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome according to age, and in stress according to age and economic status. Also, there was no significant difference according to dysmenorrhea and there were significant differences in premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea according to gender role identity. Premenstrual syndrome and stress were the most prevalence in female type, but the lowest severe in masculine type. Conclusion: The study variables can be influencing factors in the gender role identity of female university students. Also, the findings can provide the basis for the development of nursing interventions to establish the gender role identity of female university students.

• Hwankyungkyoyuk
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.1-13
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to investigate the attitudes of Korean parents on environmental education for their elementary children. To accomplish of this purpose, a questionnaire survey was administered to 231 (55 males, 176 females) parents from elementary school in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The self-reported Environmental Education Attitude Scale was revised and adopted to measure the difference among children's grade, gender, and age of parents. The SPSS 12.0 program was used to analyze the data. The major finding of this study represented that elementary parents have a great understanding about the importance of environmental education. Through the analyses, this study found several things. 1) There were significant differences among grade and age in the necessity of environmental education. However, there were no gender differences in this field. In other words, parents have strong agreement with the necessity of environmental education in childhood. 2) There were significant differences among grade in the effect of environmental education. However, there were no gender and age differences in this area. 3) There were significant differences among grade and gender in proper areas of environmental education according to academic years. However, there was no significant age difference in this questionnaire. 4) There were significant differences among grade, gender, and age group in the level of environmental education. 5) There were significant differences among grade, gender, and age in the subject for environmental education. Further implications and limitations of this study were discussed.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.37-48
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• 2020

Purpose: There has been an increasing focus on consumer ethics by researchers and practitioners alike with the former seeking to examine the general discrepancy between ethical attitude, intention and actual behaviour by proposing behavioural measures to understand ethical consumption. Research into the effects of generational cohorts and gender, two fundamental demographic factors that shape the consumer habituated repertoire, on consumer ethics has reported mixed findings. The present study investigates if there are differences in ethical consumer behavior by generational cohorts and by gender in the context of an emerging market - Vietnam. Research design, data and methodology: Data was collected using a quantitative survey (a link to the questionnaire was posted on relevant social media platforms). A total of 539 usable responses was used for ANOVAs and independent t-tests to test the hypotheses. Results: a) There are significant differences in terms of ethical consumer behavior between Gen Z and Gens Y/X, but no difference between Gen X and Gen Y; b) There is no gender difference in ethically minded consumer behavior. Conclusion: For consumer ethics, generational effects may be moderated by macroeconomic conditions, while gender alone as a biological variable may not be a reliable predictor.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.492-505
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• 2002

This paper examined gender differences in a rate, type, relevant variables of delinquent behavior, and a gender differences regarding the relative influence of family, personality, academic achievement, sexual abuse and alcohol .drug abuse on delinquent behavior among Korean adolescents. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires. Subjects consisted of 2,100 adolescents (male 1,396, female 704) in Korea, using proportional stratified random sampling method. Statistical methods were Chi-square, t-test and path analysis. Result: Male adolescents had higher rate of delinquent behavior, and more all types of delinquent behavior (antisocial, aggressive, and psychopathic) than female. Male adolescents showed more dysfunctional family dynamic environments, higher antisocial personality and sociability than female adolescents. Female adolescents had higher depressive tendencies than male. The most powerful contributing variables on male delinquent behavior were age, antisocial personality, parent-child relationship, isolation feelings, and sexual abuse in this order named. Drug abuse, isolation feelings, antisocial personality and parent-child relationship tended to be contributing variables for female delinquent behaviors in this order named. Conclusion: This investigation will provides a foundation for theory that addresses the complexities of both gender-specific and gender influences on delinquent behavior and development of preventive strategies for female delinquency.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.117-131
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difference of adolescent self-conscious emotion, empathy, forgiveness and prosocial behavior across gender and grade, to analyze the difference between the correlations among prosocial behavior and other variables across gender and grade, and to investigate the effects of adolescent self-conscious emotion, empathy, forgiveness on prosocial behavior in each gender and grade group. The subjects were 272 adolescents who were recruited by purposive sampling in the Chungbuk area. The results indicated that the empathy of girls was higher than that of boys. Boys showed a stronger correlation between prosocial behavior and guilt than girls. Next, boys' prosocial behavior was predicted by cognitive empathy, guilt, and pride, whereas girls' prosocial behavior was predicted by forgiveness toward others, pride, cognitive empathy and emotional empathy. Last, middle school students' prosocial behavior was predicted by pride and guilt, whereas that of high school students' was predicted by cognitive empathy, guilt, pride, and forgiveness toward others and the situation. In conclusion, self-conscious emotions, empathy, and forgiveness all predicted adolescent prosocial behavior but in different ways across gender and grade. It implies that adolescents need diverse educational programs according to their gender and grade, to promote their self-conscious emotions, moral emotions, and prosocial behavior.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.119-132
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• 2021

This study focused on examining the impact of the social context that causes gender differences in entrepreneurship, not the phenomenon itself. Specifically, this study verified the moderating effect of the social context on the relationship between gender and entrepreneurship using data from 20 countries in the Global Entrepreneurship Trend Report (GETR). In order to test hypotheses involving social context implications, Hofstede's cultural dimension factors such as power distance, individualism, masculinity, and uncertainty avoidance variables, and institutional factors such as gender equality and social security are used as specific variables reflecting the social context. Empirical analysis through GLM found that gender did not independently influence entrepreneurship, and gender had a significant effect by interacting with power distance, individualism, uncertainty avoidance, gender equality, and social security variables, respectively. Such empirical results show that the gender difference in entrepreneurship is not due to the unique characteristics inherent in each gender but on the level of the country's social context to which the individual belongs.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.11-22
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• 2002

This study investigated the difference in adopting strategies and goals and the relations in strategies, goals and peer acceptance in term of gender and ages under peer conflict situation. The 625 subjects were selected from the fifth and sixth graders of elementary schools and the first and second graders middle schools. The instruments of measurement were Conflict Resolution Measure, Sociometric Scale. The main findings of this study are as follows: 1) Children's strategies in peer conflict situation has significant difference according to gender and grade. 2) Children's goals in peer conflict situation has significant difference according to gender and grade. 3) There were signigicant correlation between strategies and goals. 4) There were significant correlation in strategies and peer acceptance.