• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.123-136
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• 2005

Purpose: This study was to investigate the gender difference of relationship between psycho-social factors ana smoking, drinking in adolescents. Method: The stratified cluster sample consisted of 925 adolescents. Data were collected from May to March 2002. The instruments used in this study were Perceived Stress, DES-D, Social Support and Self-Esteem. Results: The results showed that female had more perceived stress, depressed than male. Male had more social support network, smoke than female. Male who smoked cigarettes were more perceived stress, depressed than those who did not smoke. Female who smoked cigarettes were more social support network, and had less self-esteem than those who did not smoke. Also male who drank alcohol were more perceived stress, depressed than those who did not drank. Female who drank alcohol were perceived stress, depressed, social support network, and had less self-esteem than those who did not drank. Conclusion: It is hoped that much more research on gender difference in adolescents who smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol will be implemented in the future. In addition, it is suggested the application of various interventions to deal with drinking and smoking behavior among female and male adolescents.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.226-234
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors predicting internet game addiction in higher grade elementary schoolers according to gender. Methods: The participants were 898 elementary school students who were in 5th and 6th grade. Data were collected via a structured questionnaire from October 1 to November 20 2012 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test and logistic regression with the SPSS/WIN 23.0 program. Results: The prevalence rate of internet game addiction group was 8.8% (boys 7.1%, girls 1.7%). In terms of gender difference, it was found that girls' stress coping behaviors were more passive than male students (t=-3.27, p=.001). In boys, variables that predicted internet game addiction were aggressive coping, active coping, internet gaming hours per day and academic achievements. In girls, variables that predicted internet game addiction were aggressive coping, close friends and academic achievements. Conclusion: The findings from this study indicate there is a need to develop positive stress-coping behaviors programs and prevent internet game addiction in higher grade elementary school students.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 2010

This study aims to quantitatively compare and analyze kinetic variables in the motion of male and female professional golfers to suggest basic scientific materials for golf iron swing. Five male and five female professional golfers participated in this experiment. Ground reaction force and foot pressure were measured during performing 10 swings for each participants using an iron club. The result of the ground reaction force indicates that the force occurs at the left foot toward right(-) direction in the mid-downswing(E3) and impact(E4) events in X-axis, while it occurs at the right foot toward anterior(-) direction in Y-axis for both male and female, showing a big difference between them. Also, in Z-axis, large force occurs at the left foot in most events. The analyzed result on foot pressure indicates that men have the highest pressure and area at the left foot, and women have the highest ones at the right foot in the mid-downswing(E3) and impact(E4) events in the max foot pressure, ground contact area and average pressure. It is considered that there is difference of central movement methods between men and women. Thus, different education and training on golf swing should be necessary by gender due to their different patterns of golf iron swing.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2014

In recognition of the significance of waiting time in restaurant management, a quasi-experimental design was employed to measure the gap between actual and perceived waiting time in a real restaurant setting. In particular, this study focused on a comparison of Americans and Koreans to explore gender and culture differences in customer waiting behaviors. The results indicated that compared to American women, Korean women are more tolerant of waiting, and reported perceived waiting time as much longer than actual waiting time. However, there are no gender differences in both cultures. It is anticipated that managers will be able to adjust their operational strategies based on these results.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.71-92
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• 2016

In this study, authors investigated the attachment of toddlers to their mothers and teachers and overall development based on their gender differences. The subjects of the study are 80 toddlers who are 25~36 months, their mothers, and teachers. We analyzed our data using t-test and two way ANOVA, and the results are as follows. First, the groups categorized by the types of the attachment between the toddlers and the mothers and the gender difference demonstrated the developmental distinctions, respectively. The interactional effects of the two factors emerged in communication and basic living. Second, the groups categorized by the types of the attachment between the toddlers and the teachers and the gender difference demonstrated the developmental distinctions, respectively. The interactional effects of the two factors emerged in gross motor skills, fine motor skills, and cognition. Third, with respect to the types of multiple attachments to mothers and teachers, toddler development brought meaningful differences. We discussed the importances of the attachment of the toddlers and the role of teachers based on the results of our research and proposed future projects and suggestions.

• Journal of Engineering Education Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.32-42
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• 2019

This study is aim to the effects of job satisfaction on the major satisfaction of science and engineering college students and also analyzed the mediating effects of future outlook of job and major relevance in career choice. To do this, structural equation modeling(SEM) and multi-group SEM were applied to data from 2016 Graduate Occupational Mobility Survey(GOMS). In the results of this study, the major satisfaction, future outlook of job and major relevance were positive effects on job satisfaction and the mediating effects of future outlook of job and major relevance were verified. And results of analysis according to gender difference, the coefficient of woman was smaller than man. Among major satisfaction had a positive effect on job satisfaction, job satisfaction fell for women who value their relevance to the major when choosing a job. Based on such results, universities need to further strengthen their role in helping them enhance their expertise through skills and learning about their majors.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.38-52
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• 2019

This study aimed to examine the factors associated with emotional imagery from Obanggansaek and to analyze the difference between emotional imagery and the preference for Obanggansaek according to demographic characteristics. This study surveyed the responses of 320 participants to a questionnaire. The subjects consisted of men and women in their 20s-50s living in Gyeongnam and Busan region. The data were processed with SPSS 20.0 and were analyzed using factor analysis, t-tests, ANOVA, and Duncan's multiple range test. The results obtained were as follows. Five emotional imagery factors were associated with Obanggansaek: modernity, attractiveness, conspicuousness, soft/hard feeling, and newness. The analysis of emotional imagery for Obanggansaek according to demographic characteristics showed a significant difference in modernity, attractiveness, conspicuousness, and newness with respect to gender; in attractiveness with respect to marital status; in modernity, conspicuousness, soft/hard feeling, and newness with respect to age; in attractiveness and conspicuousness with respect to monthly income; and in attractiveness, soft/hard feeling, and newness with respect to occupation. The analysis of preference for Obangganasek according to demographic characteristics showed that women, married people, people in their 50s, and specialists preferred Obanggansaek the most. The interaction effect between preference for Obanggansaek and the demographic variables showed significant differences between gender and age, gender and occupation, marital status and monthly income, age and occupation, and monthly income and occupation.

• Journal of Science Education
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2019

This exploratory study is aimed at exploring the validity of the Science Motivation Questionnaire (SMQ) developed for university students, to measure the science motivation of middle school students and analyze the differences on gender and country factors of SMQ. A total of 371 students participated in this study: 171 middle school students from the USA and 200 secondary students from Korea. All participants were enrolled in the STEM program and activities in Utah, USA (for US students) and at a Korean university institute for gifted and talented students (for Korean students). In this study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses and latent mean analysis were used to analyze the gender and country differences. The results indicated that the 25 items of SMQ scale were theoretically meaningful and valid for middle school students. The latent mean difference by gender indicated that male students have higher intrinsic motivation, career motivation, grade motivation, and self-determination than female students. Moreover, a significant difference exists in these factors between the two countries. Further findings reveal that Korean students scored higher than US students in terms of the aforementioned factors. This study will provide significant insights in and contribution to science motivation issues in STEM education and the development of design-based engineering programs.

• The Korean Journal of Franchise Management
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 2017

Purpose - The coffee market in Korea has been dramatically developed and coffee chains dominate the Korean coffee market recently. Customer's perceived value is one of the marketing tools to get competitive advantages of coffee chains, and plays a critical role to study on coffee franchise industry. Thus, this study is to identify the effect of customer's perceived value (price, brand, service, and quality) on revisit intentions and word-of-mouth(WOM). Research design, data. and methodology - Customer's perceived values consists of four dimensions. 253 samples of 320 were used for data analyses excluding unusable responses. The data were analyzed with SPSS 21.0 and SmartPLS 3.0. Result - First, customer's perceived brand value and service value have a significant, positive effect on revisit intentions. Second, Price value and brand value have a positive influence on WOM. Third, gender difference plays a moderating role in the relationship between brand value and price value and WOM, and between brand value and revisit intentions. Conclusions - Males tend to focus more on their perceived brand value of coffee shops for revisit and recommendation, otherwise females consider price value to give an advice to others. Based on the results of this study, the marketers of coffee chains can develop effective strategies regarding gender difference as well.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.9-17
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• 2007

This study sets out to assess the scientific literacy of secondary school students and to describe their differences according to gender, grade, course. This study involved 112 middle school students and 213 high school students. Their scientific literacy was measured by the Scientific Literacy Test designed by Manhart (1997). A 70-item multiple-choice test was used to assess their scientific literacy. The constructs of science factor included 36 items making up physical science, life science, and earth science subtests. The social aspects of science factor consisted of 34 items in nature of scientific inquiry/knowledge, science as a human endeavor, science and technology, and societal perspectives. A two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and t-test were conducted using the SPSS program. The scientific literacy score of the middle school students was 45.17. There was no significant difference according to gender but boys tended to perform better than girls on both the constructs of science factor and the social aspects of science factor. The scientific literacy score of the high school students was 51.79. There was no significant difference according to gender. But, boys tended to perform better than girls on the constructs of science factor. Girls tended to perform better than boys on the social aspects of science factor. The students taking a course on natural science got statistically higher scores than the students taking a course on humanities. The high school students got statistically higher scores than the middle school students.