• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.150-165
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• 2013

This study aims to investigate the original position, the writer of signboard handwriting and the period of Wibongmun and Joyangru in order to restore Wibongmun and Joyangru which have been designated as tangible cultural properties (有形文化財). They also have to be moved in the Gangwon Provincial Office. Wibongmun and Joyangru were established as government offices in chuncheon(春川官衙) and they were used as attached buildings in Chunceon (春川離宮) in 1890. Wibongmun was moved to Gangwon Provincial Office 5 times and Joyangru was moved twice. In order to move them back to the original place, by using the topographic map made by the Japanese Government-General in Korea, we find out Joyangru was located in the exit of Gangwon Provincial Office and greenhouse and we also figure out Wibongmun was located in the garden. While we study historical evidence on handwriting, we also find out the handwriting of Joyangmun was written by Songhaong (松下翁) Jo, Yun-Hyeong (曺允亨). Especially, Joyangru had played a role as a government office and it may be called 'Joyangru' after reconstructing 'Joyangmun' when attached buildings were established. Through this study, we found that the first period and reason of establishing Wibongmun and Joyangru was at least before 1788. Through this study, we can find the period of both and its historic meaning more clearly.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.69-75
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to provide the conservation management direction about cultural landscape of the traditional villages in the area of Huizhou through the importance-performance analysis. The results of the survey on the importance - performance of 261 people who had many visits to various cultural landscapes of Huizhou villages such as Hongchun, Sidichun etc. are as follows. It was appeared that the item of 'good air' is the highest level of importance and satisfaction and is best condition. The item of 'historical conservation' is the high level of importance, but the level of satisfaction is low, so continuous improvement is necessary. The item of 'Old garden conservation' has high satisfaction but low importance, so it needs to improve its importance through subsequent improvement. The item of 'Keeping of old cemetary and old tower' has low importance and satisfaction but it is above average, so continuous maintenance is needed. The items of 'Preservation of stone gate' and 'Preservation of famous man's birth house' all have slightly higher satisfaction and lower importance. Both items are highly satisfied with their importance, so they should avoid excessive efforts and maintain the present status. Satisfaction with the item of 'water environment and water quality' was the lowest, and the problem of the present condition is the most serious, and a major improvement is needed. The importance and satisfaction of 'Commercial development of old villages' was the lowest among all items. This item is causing serious problems and should provide an overall improvement way to drastically improve the importance and satisfaction. Concentration is necessary to improve the environment of the whole villages, to protect the ecological plants and animals in old villages, to transfer and improve the culture of old villages, to maintain sustainability of the villages, and to protect old temple and old rock in old villages. As the level of satisfaction with sustainability is the lowest in the part of 'Concentrate here', there is a great concern about sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on sustainability and concentrate on sustainable development.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.398-407
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• 2021

This study intended to identify causes of poor tree vigor in the Hanbando coastal forest by investigating its geographical environment, climate condition, soil physicochemical characteristics, and growth condition of Pinus thunbergii. It divided the forest into an area with poor tree vigor or dead standing trees and a control area with good tree vigor and examined them separately. The survey showed that stand density was significantly higher in the area with poor tree vigor. In contrast, the crown width in the area with good tree vigor was wider. The number of dead standing trees and the stand density showed a negative correlation. The stand density and diameter at breast height (DBH), tree height, crown height, and crown width also showed a negative correlation. The result indicated that, as the tree's stand density increases, the crowns of individual trees overlapped and the lower branches died. Then crown height and crown width decreased, and the number of leaves and photosynthesis was reduced, leading to lower tree height and weaker growth of breast diameter. As a result, tree vigor weakened, and combined with environmental pressures from the lack of moisture and nutrients in coastal soil and salty wind, P. thunbergii in coastal areas is expected to die massively. Although the causes of dead standing trees and poor tree vigor of P. thunbergii in the Hanbando coastal forest are complicated, poor management of adequate tree density in response to the growth of P. thunbergii is the primary cause. The secondary cause is external environmental pressures, including unfavorable soil conditions and salty and strong wind that obstruct the growth of P. thunbergii.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to determine the definition of traditional landscape and the appropriate English notation. To confirm the appropriate concept, the charter's relevant terminology was synthesised and the meaning of the vocabulary used in international studies was examined. ICOMOS The Charter on Historic Gardens(The Florebce Charter, 1981), ICOMOS-IFLA Document on Historic Urban Parks(New Delhi, 2017), and UNESCO Recommendation on The Historic Urban Landscape(Paris, 2011) were analysed to examine the concept, and the words describing definitions, space, objects, value, and activity were arranged. Big data was used to analyse the research literature related to overseas traditional landscapes. This study examined the characteristics of each word and examined the appropriate name for expressing the historic and cultural characteristics of landscape in research literature, which included traditional, historic, cultural, classical, vernacular, landscape-related gardens, parks, and landscape words related to historic culture. Consequently, the International Charter declared the suitability of 'historic' gardens and parks, as well as traditional landscape for expressing unique designs, composition technique, and ecological meaning of Korea, while historic landscape was deemed suitable for explaining gardens and parks in landscape history.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.438-446
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• 2022

Some flowers have a high sensual appeal owing to their unique shape, color, smell, and taste and have been used as functional food and oriental medicine. Recently, edible dry flowers (EDFs) have attracted social attention as noble sources of functional teas. In this study, for the risk assessment of EDFs, pathogenic bacteria, heavy metals, and pesticide residues were monitored in 23 types of commercial EDF. No Enterobacteria spp. and Listeria spp. were found in all EDF products. However, common aerobic bacteria (3.24~3.85 Log CFU/g) were found in EDF, namely, Pueraria lobata, Chamaemelum nobile, Acacia decurrens, Rhododendron mucronulatum Turcz, Oenothera lamarckiana, Brassica napus, and Prunus serrulata. Staphylococcus aureus was found in 11 and Salmonella sp. was found in 8 of the 23 EDFs. Considering the cold extraction of EDF for tea and beverages, the regulation of pathogenic bacteria in EDFs is necessary. No heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, and As were found in all EDFs, except the dry flower of Hemerocallis fulva, which contained Pb at 0.08 ppm. Different pesticides and fungicides were found in EDFs, but their concentrations were very low (0.01~0.08 ppm) and below the maximal residue level. Only the dry flower of Chrysanthemum morifolium had a high content of chlorpyrifos (0.215 ppm), which is long-lasting pesticide. Our results suggest that the establishment of EDF regulations for pesticide residue, culture separation between edible and garden flowers, and guidelines for preventing pathogenic microbial contamination are necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.95-106
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• 2023

Korean healing research has developed over the past 20 years along with the growing social interest in healing. The field of healing research is diverse and includes legislated natural-based healing. In this study, abstracts of 2,202 academic journals, master's, and doctoral dissertations published in KCI and RISS were collected and analyzed. As for the research method, LDA topic modeling used to classify research topics, and time-series publication trends were examined. As a result of the study, it identified that the topic of Korean healing research was connected with 5 types and 4 mediators. The five were "Healing Tourism," "Mind and Art Healing," "Forest Therapy," "Healing Space," and "Youth Restoration and Healing," and the four mediators were "Forest," "Nature," "Culture", and "Education". In addition, only legalized healing studies extracted from Korean healing research and the topics were analyzed. As a result, legalized healing research classified into four. The four types were "Healing Spatial Environment Plan", "Healing Therapy Experiment", "Agricultural Education Experiential Healing", and "Healing Tourism Factor". Forest Therapy, which has the largest amount of research in legalized healing, Agro Healing and Garden Healing which operate similar programs through plants, and Marine Healing using marine resources also analyzed. As a result, topics that show the unique characteristics of individual healing studies and topics that are considered universal in all healing studies derived. This study is significant in that it identified the overall trend of research on Korean healing facilities and programs by utilizing LDA topic modeling.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.10-19
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• 2020

The park program can adeptly cope with the diversification of leisure needs in accordance with the changing times. The program also makes the relationship between the users and the park itself closer. For this reason, the Seoul Metropolitan Government has operated a variety of programs, beginning with the Botanical Class Program at the Namsan Outdoor Botanical Garden in 1997. The government additionally began to organize park programs by establishing the Park and Leisure Department and three Park Greenery Offices. However, research on park programs is mainly focused on park users. Therefore, this study intends to reveal the structure of the programs by studying the program operation. The specific purposes of this study are '1. Review the institutional characteristics that underlie the operation of the Park Program in Seoul by examining the relevant laws, the operation organizations, and the personnel composition, 2. Analyze the operation methods, such as procurement and the execution of the program, operation costs, and public-private cooperation methods, etc. 3. Analyze the composition and contents of the program from 2015 to 2017, and process and identify the relationship between the structure of the program operation and the program itself.' Summarizing the results obtained from the study, as far as the structure of the first program operation, the support laws were not systematic, but the operating organization was working to establish a system. The second characteristic of the operation is that most of the budget was funded by local governments, but the level of citizen involvement was low. Third, when we looked at the characteristics of the program, the number of programs increased, but they were focused on a specific theme and few programs actively used the park facilities. Based on the results, three tasks can be proposed. The first is that the 'Act on Parks and Green Spaces' should include the concepts and support for park programs. Second, there is a need to change from the ideas of the quantitative increase of programs to qualitative improvements. Lastly, it is necessary to reorganize the Green Seoul Bureau of the Seoul Metropolitan Government into a citizen-led and leisure-oriented organization to promote the park leisure culture. This study has significance, as it was conducted with a service provider, not a program user, unlike many previous park program-related studies. The results of this study will be able to contribute not only to the Seoul Metropolitan Government, but also to other local governments to suggest the direction of the management and the operation of the park for the consumer, and consequently, it will help prepare the long-term vision of parks as the closest leisure location for most citizens.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.201-208
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• 2014

The separation of the bacteria inhibiting Trichoderma sp. mold, the strain causing blue mold disease that occurs frequently when cultivating mushroom while carrying out the efficient fermentation of mushroom medium, from the growth was done. In about 200 strains isolated primarily from fungus garden samples, 6 strains were secondly isolated, which had fast growth rates and a clear zone on the plate medium of SM, AM, and CM. Among the 6 strains isolated, the C-1 strain showed high enzymatic activity of cellulase, amylase, and protease, and strong antibacterial activity for the T. virens and T. harzianum, selected finally. The selected C-1 strain was identified as Paenibacillus polymyxaby the result of the identification by Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology and the analysis of the nucleotide sequence of 16S rRNA, and named as P. polymyxa CK-1. In reviewing the growth conditions of the P. polymyxa CK-1 strain, the optimum cultivation temperature was $45^{\circ}C$, and the optimum pH for growth was in the range of 6.0~7.0. Appropriate incubation time of P. polymyxa CK-1 for the growth inhibition of the fungus T. virens and T. harzianum was 22 to 36 hours. And the fungal growth was not observed, even when leaving two molds inoculated on each petri dishes, which were treated with 24 hour culture solution of P. polymyxa CK-1 strain for 10 days. As a result of studying the thermal stability of the antagonists produced by the P. polymyxa CK-1 strain, no mycelial growth of the two fungi was observed in the test group treated for 20 minutes at $60^{\circ}C$ and $100^{\circ}C$, but mycelial growth was slightly observed in the test group treated for 20 minutes at $121^{\circ}C$. As aresult of reviewing the impact of the P. polymyxa CK-1 culture medium on mushroom mycelial growth, it showed no effect on a variety of mushroom mycelial growth including enoki mushroom and shiitake mushroom.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.97-106
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• 2016

This study is to suggest the necessity of landscaping alternatives for succession of Takjok(濯足) culture by considering the background and meaning of Takjok's cultural phenomenon shown in old literatures, paintings and ruins of landscape architecture as a front morphemes. Its result is as follows. 1. An old idiom, 'Takyung Takjok(濯纓濯足)' implying a disinterested living attitude from the mundane world and an attitude complying with the nature, has been sublimated to 'Takjokjiyu(濯足之遊)' which means living in comfortable retirement through life in seclusion(隱逸). 2. The meaning of Takjok did not expand into, not only Takyung Takjok, but also into Takcheong(濯淸), Tako(濯吾), and Taksa(濯斯) with continued expansion in its meaning. The spaces the meaning of Takyung Takjok is implied on have also newly expanded into the artificial spaces, including Jeong(亭-pavilion) Jae(齋-house) Heon(軒-eaves), and Ji(池-pond), as well as the natural spaces, including Am(巖-rock) Dae(臺-flat foundation) Dam(潭-deep pond) Ban(盤-dish rock) Seok(石-stone) So(沼-shallow pond) San(山-mountain) Bong(峰-peak), and Cheon(泉-water hole). 3. As seen here, the cultural phenomenon of Takyung Takjok, which have derived from the Dangho(堂號) of buildings, the names of natural objects in Palgyung and Gugok(eight sceneries and nine curves), facilities of Byeolseo garden and Seowon, and the Amgakseo in nature, is worth noting. 4. It should be considered that Takjok includes ordinary people's wisdom to resist the hot weather as well as classical scholar's ideal and the veneration of antiquity. From this perspective, water space, Takjok rocks, and use of water based on the environmental supportability should be newly focused as a recreational space and it reminds us that the spirit of Takjok is a classical mental healing method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.127-143
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• 2010

This research was made on the interpretation of cultural landscape elements which is shown at nature management around Gyeongcheondae managed by Udam Chae Deug-gi, scholar in Joseon dynasty. Naming the nature management and natural features not only reflected on the formation toward the view of nature by the contemporary intellectuals, but influenced on the fashion of garden culture. Udam Chae Deug-gi dwelt in the riverside of Sangju, Kyungbuk as the characteristics of hermitage and managed landscape and had a willing to live a life free from worldly cares. The Gyeongchundae 28 landscapes, which was managed by himself, represent that natural features are named on the basis of neo-confucian principle and loyalty and he imposed symbolic meaning on landscape management by practically translating his aesthetic consciousness to reality; the name of detailed landscape is largely 'loyalty to Ming dynasty and to king's order and loyalty', 'Taoism' and 'Management will of landscape' by the life of metaphor and enjoyment, and symbolizes 'Searching for learning'. In addition, by selecting 10 out of 28 landscapes around Gyeongcheondae, lyrically describing the landscape by representing the change of time, season and the climate which is the scenic term of Great 8 Sosang views in fashion at that time focusing on the place he strolled or enjoyed watching himself; it can be seen that such moves are related with the landscape management in fashion in order to understand microcosmic providence with the change of natural environment. Therefore, Udam Chaedeug-gi is regarded as the neo-confucian view of nature for which any value scholars in Joseon dynasty have to own - 'loyalty' and 'integrity' - he usually emphasized himself to name the natural features and overcome the darkness of society comparing the landscape management around Gyeongchundae he lived a life free from worldly cares to the situation of Joseon dynasty when a transition times between Ming and Chung comes from China.