• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.19-27
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• 2002

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the effect of Hyeolbuchukeo-tang (HCT) on NO production and the molecular mechanism of NO production modulated by HCT in the primary VSMC (vascular smooth muscle cells). Method : Primary VSMC was established from aorta and cultured VSMC used in this study. NO production of VSMC was assayed by Griess reagent and the expression of iNOS gene was assayed by Western, RT-PCR. Result : $TNF-{\gamma}$ induced NO production, but $IFN-{\gamma}$ or HCT alone did not induce NO production in cultured VSMC. However, $IFN-{\gamma}$ or HCT potentiated NO production in $TNF-{\gamma}-treated$ VSMC in a time- and dose-dependent manner. $TNF-{\gamma}$ induced the iNOS gene expression corresponding to NO production in $TNF-{\gamma}-treated$ VSMC. HCT potentiated NO production in $TNF-{\gamma}-treated$ VSMC by about 20%, but HCT did not increase the level of iNOS mRNA in $TNF-{\gamma}-treated$ VSMC. HCT slightly increased the level of iNOS protein in $TNF-{\gamma}-treated$ VSMC. Calcium ionophore A23187 decreased NO production in $TNF-{\gamma}-treated$ VSMC, but HCT attenuated the effect of A23187. Conclusion : As NO is deeply involved in the development of arteriosclerosis and dilation of blood vessels, drugs or chemicals modulating NO production in VSMC could be used for preventing and treating arteriosclerosis. Considering the effect of HCT on the modulation of NO production in VSMC, MCT has a potential capacity for preventing and treating diseases of the circulation system including arteriosclerosis.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.20-30
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• 2000

Objective : This experiment was performed in order to study the effect of an aqueous extract of Salviae radix root(SRRAE) on NO production and NOS gene induction from macrophages Methods : To investigate dose-dependent effects of SRRAE for NO release on the $rIFN-{\gamma}-treated$ macrophages, the cells were incubated for 6 hrs in a medium containing $rIFN-{\gamma}$ (5 U/ml), stimulated with SRRAE and incubated in a CO2 incubator. The cells were treated with 5 U/ml $rIFN-{\gamma}$ plus 100 g/ml of SRRAE, Then, the cells were incubated with various concentrations of NGMMA at $37^{\circ}C$ for 48 hrs, Results : SRRAE had no effect on NO production by itself, whereas recombinant $interferon-{\gamma}(rIFN-{\gamma})$ alone showed modest activity, When SRRAE was used in combination with $rIFN-{\gamma}$, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO production in a dose-dependent manner. The optimal effect of SRRAE on NO production was shown at 6hrs after treatment with $rIFN-{\gamma}$. The SRRAE-induced production of NO was inhibited by NG-monomethyl- L-arginine(NGMMA) and arginase. $rIFN-{\gamma}$ in combination with SRRAE showed a marked increase of the expression of the inducible NOS(iNOS) gene. In addition, the effect of SRRAE was mainly dependent on the SRRAE-induced tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ secretion. Conclusions : SRRAE induces NO production from macrophages as a result of SRRAE-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion. SRRAE may provide a second signal for synergistic induction of NO production in macrophages already induced to express iNOS gene by $rIFN-{\gamma}$.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2006

Recently, the control chart is developed for monitoring processes with normal short production runs by the coefficient of variation(CV) characteristic for a normal distribution. This control chart does not work well in non-normal short production runs. And most of industrial processes are known to follow the non-normal distribution. Therefore, the control chart is required to be developed for monitoring the processes with non-normal short production runs by the CV characteristics for a non-normal distribution. In this paper, we suggest the control chart for monitoring the processes with a gamma short runs by the CV characteristics for a gamma distribution. This control chart is denoted by the gamma CV control chart. Futhermore evaluated the performance of the gamma CV control chart by average run length(ARL).

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.289-295
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• 2005

In this study, the cultural medium used for the efficient production of $\gamma$-PGA with a newly isolated Bacillus sp. RKY3 was optimized. It was necessary to supplement the culture medium with L-glutamic acid and an additional carbon source in order to induce the effective production of $\gamma$-PGA. The amount of $\gamma$-PGA increased with the addition of L-glutamic acid to the medium. The addition of 90 g/L L-glutamic acid to the medium resulted in the maximal yield of $\gamma$-PGA (83.2 g/L). The optimum nitrogen source was determined to be peptone, but corn steep liquor, a cheap nutrient, was also found to be effective for $\gamma$-PGA production. Both the $\gamma$-PGA production and cell growth increased rapidly with the addition of small amounts of $K_2HPO_4$ and $MgSO_4\cdot7H_{2}O$. Bacillus sp. RKY3 appears to require $Mg^{2+}$, rather than $Mn^{2+}$, for $\gamma$-PGA production, which is distinct from the production protocols associated with other, previously reported bacteria. Bacillus sp. RKY3 may also have contributed some minor $\gamma$-PGA depolymerase activity, resulting in the reduction of the molecular weight of the produced $\gamma$-PGA at the end of fermentation.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.299-304
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• 2000

The activated immune systems with lipopolysaccharide(LPS) were evaluates by ${\gamma}$- globulin levels in domestic cats. Especially, cats were in a stress condition, which was unfamiliar environmental change. Effect of continuous unfamiliar environmental stressor was a diminution of production of serum total globulin auld ${\gamma}$- globulin on feline infectious peritonitis(FIP) vaccination. The ${\gamma}$-globulin production on FIP vaccination more increased in LPS treated 77ups than non-LPS treated group. Also. the ${\gamma}$-globulin production on FIP vaccination was maintained in LPS treated group under stress condition. These results imply that that the ${\gamma}$-globulin can be produced under a stress condition by mitogen like as LPS.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.704-708
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• 2005

Poly-y-glutamate (${\gamma}$-PGA) has great potential as a biodegradable polymer in a broad range of industrial fields such as food, cosmetics, medicine and water treatment. In order to isolate ${\gamma}$-PGA producers that are suitable for specific industrial applications, 653 Bacillus-like strains were isolated from 439 varieties of three Korean fermented foods, Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang, which were collected from different regions across Korea. A very high level of ${\gamma}$-PGA production was demonstrated in 4.7%, 1.8%, and 3.0% of the Bacillus-like strains isolated from Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang samples, respectively, which produced a viscous substance to such extent that it overflowed to the lid of the plate on the glutamate-dependent ${\gamma}$-PGA production plates. On glutamate-independent ${\gamma}$-PGA production plates, 5.1%, 5.9%, and 6.1% of Bacillus-like strains isolated from Cheongkukjang, Doenjang, and Kochujang samples, respectively, showed high production. The maximum ${\gamma}$-PGA production yields were 32.5 g/L and 5 g/L, depending on the purification methods in the glutamate-dependent media, with the higher yield resulting from a simple precipitation of ${\gamma}$-PGA by either methanol or ethanol and dialysis. The viscous substance produced by each strain showed different morphological characteristics, suggesting that isolated ${\gamma}$-PGA producers could produce various types of ${\gamma}$-PGA.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.138-147
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• 2003

Objectives : In this study, we investigated the mechanism by which Chelidonium majus (CM) regulates nitric oxide (NO) production. Methods : Using mouse peritoneal macrophages, the mechanism by which CM regulates NO or tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ production was examined. NO release was measured by the Griess method. $TNF-{\alpha}$ production was measured by the ELISA method. The protein extracts were prepared and samples were analyzed for the inducible NOS(iNOS) expression and nuclear factor kappa $B(NF-{\kappa}B)$ activation by Western blotting. Results : When CM was used in combination with recombinant $interferon-{\gamma}{\;}(rIFN-{\gamma})$, there was a marked cooperative induction of NO production. CM had an effect on NO production by itself. The expression of the iNOS gene was increased in $rIFN-{\gamma}$ plus CM-stimulated peritoneal macrophages and almost completely inhibited by pre-treatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), an inhibitor of $NF-{\kappa}B$. The $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation was increased in rIFN-{\gamma} plus CM-induced peritoneal macrophages. The increased production of NO from $rIFN-{\gamma}$ plus CM-stimulated peritoneal rnacrophages was decreased by the treatment with $N^{G}-monomethyl-{_L}-arginine{\;}(N^{G}MMA){\;}N^{\alpha}-Tosyl-Phe$ chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) , and was almost completely inhibited by pre-treatment with PDTC. Furthermore, treatment with CM alone or rIFN-{\gamma} plus CM in peritoneal macrophages caused a significant increase in $TNF-{\alpha}$ production. PDTC decreased CM-induced $TNF-{\alpha}$ production significantly. After CM treatment in HT-29 or AGS cells, cell viability decreased. Conclusions : These findings demonstrate that CM increases the production of NO and $TNF-{\alpha}{\;}by{\;}rIFN-{\gamma}-primed$ macrophages and suggest that NF-B plays a critical role in mediating these effects of CM.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.590-594
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• 2011

The production of antileukemic enzyme methionine ${\gamma}$-lyase (MGL) in distinctly related bacteria, Citrobacter freundii and in their recombinants expressing the Vitresocilla hemoglobin (VHb) has been studied. This study concerns the potential of Citrobacter freundii expressing the Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) for the methionine ${\gamma}$- liyase production. Methionine ${\gamma}$- liyase production by Citrobacter freundii and its $vgb^-$ and $vgb^+$ bearing recombinant strain was studied in shake-flasks under 200 rpm agitation, culture medium and $30^{\circ}C$ in a time-course manner. The $vgb^+$ and especially the carbon type had a dramatic effect on methionine ${\gamma}$- liyase production. The $vgb^+$ strain of C. freundii had about 2-fold and 3.1-fold higher levels of MGL than the host and $vgb^-$ strain, respectively.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.251-257
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• 2006

The components of the media used to elicit the biosynthesis of $poly-{\gamma}-glutamic$ acid $({\gamma}-PGA)$ by Bacillus subtilis ZJU-7 were investigated, particularly the carbon and nitrogen sources Of the 7 carbon sources investigated, sucrose induced the highest rate of ${\gamma}-PGA$ productivity; among the nitrogen sources, tryptone had the best effect for ${\gamma}-PGA$ production. A $2^{6-2}$ fractional factorial design was used to screen factors that influence ${\gamma}-PGA$ production significantly, and a central composite design was finally adopted to formulate the optimal medium. ${\gamma}-PGA$ productivity improved approximately 2-fold when the optimal medium was used compared with the original nonoptimized medium, and volumetric productivity reached a maximum of 58.2 g/L after a 24-h cultivation period.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.537-543
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• 2003

The mouse interferon gene (MuIFN-${\gamma}$) was cloned and then used to transform Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Expressed MuIFN-$\{gamma}$ protein (MuIFN-${\gamma}$) was successfully secreted into culture medium due to the presence oi the signal peptide of rice amylase 1A. Two different promoters fused to MuIFN-${\gamma}$ were tested: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPD) promoter and a yeast hybrid ADH2-GPD (AG) promoter consisting of alcohol dehydrogenase II (ADH2) and GPD promoter. Using the hybrid promoter, the accumulation of MuIFN-${\gamma}$transcript was the highest after the 24 h cultivation, and then gradually decreased as the cultivation proceeded. However, both cell growth and recombinant MuIFN-${\gamma}$production reached their peaks after the 4-day cultivation. It was possible to produce 6.5 mg/l of MuIFN-${\gamma}$ without any changes in cell growth. Using GPD promoter, the MuIFN-${\gamma}$ transcript accumulation and the recombinant MuIFN-${\gamma}$ production followed the same pattern as the cell growth. However. compared to that of the hybrid promoter, the production of recombinant MuIFN-${\gamma}$ was 0.2 mg/l. The secreted MuIFN-${\gamma}$ had estimated molecular masses of 21 kDa and 23 kDa, which were larger than that of the encoded size due to glycosylation. The protection assay against the viral infection indicated that the recombinant MuIFN-${\gamma}$ was bioactive.