• Toxicological Research
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2019

Cadmium is a strong toxic heavy metal which presents in paints and liquid wastes and causes oxidative stress in fish. On the other hand, lead is widely used for different purposes, e.g. lead pipes, it targets vital organs such as liver and kidney causing biochemical alterations. The present study evaluates the effects of 60 days exposure to Cd and Pb either single or combined together in African catfish. Sixty-four fishes were divided into 3 groups and exposed to $CdCl_2$ (7.02 mg/L) or $PbCl_2$ (69.3 mg/L) or a combination of them along with control group. Activities of acid phosphatase (ACP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) were estimated. Moreover, gill, liver and kidney were assayed for activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Individual exposure showed that both Cd and Pb significantly decreased LDH activity and SOD activity in the kidney. Pb significantly increased G-6-PDH activity and decreased GSH level in the gill. CAT activity in liver and kidney elevated significantly on Cd exposure while lead caused a significant depletion in the liver and significant elevation in the kidney. Both Cd and Pb significantly increased MDA levels in liver and kidney while Pb increased its level in gills. The combined exposure resulted in normalization of LDH, G-6-PDH activity, and CAT activity in liver and kidney as well as GSH level in both tissues and MDA in gill and kidney. The combination increased SOD activity and MDA level in liver and decreased SOD activity in kidney and GSH level in gills. In conclusion, the antioxidant system of African catfish was adversely affected by prolonged exposure to Cd and Pb. The combined exposure caused less damage than individual exposure and returned most parameters to those of controls.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.127-132
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• 2021

Background: Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. Methods: Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. Results: Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20-40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = -2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. Conclusion: The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.52-59
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• 2007

The present study was designed to assess whether dietary inorganic and organic selenium (Se) could affect antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST), and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, in the intestine, serum, liver, and gastrocnemius muscle of Korean native goats. A total of eighteen Korean native goats was allotted into three dietary groups, consisting of basal diet (CON), or basal diet with either 0.25 ppm inorganic (IOSEL) or 0.25 ppm organic Se (ORSEL), and fed the corresponding diets for 5 wks. Growth performance, including body weight and total gain, and blood biochemical profiles, including GSH-Px, were not significantly different between the three dietary groups. Also, the specific activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and GST, and the level of MDA in the intestinal mucosa and liver from goats were not substantially affected by either inorganic Se or organic Se. However, goats fed the diet containing organic Se showed a significant increase in GSH-Px and GST activities in the gastrocnemius muscle compared with those fed the basal diet. In conclusion, increased muscle GSH-Px and GST activities suggest that dietary organic Se may affect, at least in part, the antioxidant defense system in muscle of Korean native goats under the conditions of our feeding regimen.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.61.1-61.16
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• 2020

Background: Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) are bioactive substances extracted from P. notoginseng that are widely used to treat cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and interstitial diseases. PNS have the functions of scavenging free radicals, anti-inflammation, improving blood supply for tissue and so on. Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PNS on the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Using an oxidative stress model of PCV2 infection in a porcine lung cell line (3D4/2 cells) and mice, the levels of nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), total glutathione (T-GSH), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and the activities of xanthine oxidase (XOD), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) were determined to evaluate the regulatory effects of PNS on oxidative stress. Results: PNS treatment significantly reduced the levels of NO and ROS, the content of GSSG and the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS (p < 0.05), while significantly increasing GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG in infected 3D4/2 cells (p < 0.05).Similarly, in the in vivo study, PNS treatment significantly decreased the level of ROS in spleen lymphocytes of infected mice (p < 0.05), increased the levels of GSH and T-GSH (p < 0.05), significantly decreased the GSSG level (p < 0.05), and decreased the activities of XOD, MPO, and iNOS. Conclusions: PNS could regulate the oxidative stress of immune cells induced by PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo.

• 약학회지
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.314-320
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• 2009

We examined metabolic conversion of cysteine into glutathione (GSH) and taurine in rat liver under oxidative stress. Administration of tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BHP) into the portal vein of male rats resulted in a rapid elevation of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities, which decreased gradually in 24 hr. Hepatic cysteine concentration was reduced in 3 hr, and recovered progressively, reaching a level greater than 200% of the normal value in 24 hr. GSH was increased both in liver and blood at 9 hr after t-BHP challenge, whereas hypotaurine or taurine was not altered. $\gamma$-Glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS) activity was increased from 9 hr after t-BHP treatment, but protein expression of the GCS-heavy subunit was not changed in liver. Activity or expression of cysteine dioxygenase was not affected by t-BHP treatment. Taken together, these data show that an acute oxidant challenge to the rats may induce upregulation of cysteine availability and GCS activity, resulting in an enhancement of hepatic GSH synthesis, but the increased cysteine level does not stimulate taurine synthesis via cysteine sulfinate pathway. It is indicated that the regulation of GSH and taurine biosynthesis from cysteine is not solely dependent on the cysteine concentration in rat liver under oxidative stress.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.333-342
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• 2003

STZ(50mg/kg BW)을 대퇴부 근육에 주사하여 당뇨를 유발시킨 당뇨 흰쥐(Sprague Dawley, 수컷)에서 10% 부추 첨가식이가 혈액과 적혈구, 간조직의 지질과산화 정도와 항산화 효소계 활성 및 GSH 수준에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험군은 정상군, 당뇨대조군, 당뇨부추군의 3군 (n=10)으로 나누었으며 4주간 사육한 후 실험에 이용하였다. STZ로 유발된 당뇨대조군의 적혈구, 간과 LDL의 TBARS와 conjugated dienes 함량은 대조군에 비해 증가하였으나, 당뇨부추군에서는 적혈구의 conjugated dienes 수준이 유의적으로 감소하였고(p<0.05), 간과 LDL의 TBARS 수준은 당뇨대조군에 비해 다소 감소하여 정상대조군과 차이를 보이지 않았다. 간에서의 항산화 효소계 중 SOD 활성은 대조군에 비해 당뇨대조군에서 증가하였고, catalase 활성은 당뇨대조군에 비해 부추를 섭취한 당뇨군에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. GSH-px와 GSH-red 활성은 대조군에 비해 당뇨대조군에서 유의적으로 감소하였으나(p<0.05), 당뇨부추군에서는 다소 증가하였다. 간의 GSH 함량은 대조군과 당뇨대조군에 비해 당뇨부추군에서 유의적으로 증가하였으며(p<0.01), 혈장의 GSH 함량은 대조군에 비해 당뇨군에서 유의적으로 감소하였다(p＜0.05). GOT와 GPT 활성은 정상대조군에 비해 당뇨대조군에서 급격히 증가하였으나 당뇨부추군에서는 정상군 수준으로 감소하였다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 볼 때, 부추는 간의 항산화효소계를 활성화시키고 간조직의 GSH수준을 높게 유지하여 고혈당과 STZ로부터 유발된 산화적 스트레스(지질과산화)를 해소함으로써 당뇨로 인한 합병증 예방 및 치료를 위한 식품자원으로 활용이 가능한 것으로 사료된다.도 및 동맥경화지수를 낮추는 효과가 있고, HDL- 콜레스테롤 농도를 증가시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.각된다. 7) 발병부위는 대부분 막성유리연의 중간부 및 전방부 1/3에서 발생하였고 수술 결과는 저류낭종 82례 중 25례(30.5%)에서만 낭종의 파열 없이 완전제거가 가능하였으며 유표피낭종 30례 중에서는 21례(70.0%)에서 완전제거가 가능했던 것으로 나타나 저류낭종이 유표피낭종에 비해 낭종을 파열시키지 않고 완전히 제거하는 것이 더욱 어려움을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 저류낭종의 경우 낭종의 절제가 어려운 경우 수술방법으로 조대술(marsupialization)을 시행하는 것도 의미가 있을 것으로 사료된다. 8) 수술 전 후의 음성만족도를 비교한 조사 결과 조사가 가능했던 82례 중 49례(52.0%)에서 만족할 만한 결과를 보였다고 답하여 성대 폴립수술 후의 만족도와 유사한 결과를 보였다.14%, V. mimicus 10%, V. parahaemolyticus 4%, E. coli O157:H7 48%에서 증식되지 않았지만 S. typhimurium은 50%에서도 집락이 검출되었다. 젖산의 경우 V. vulnificus 2%, V. cholerae non-O1 3%, V. mimicus 4%, V. parahaemolyticus 3%, S. typhimurium 14%, E. coli O157:H7 17%에서 증식되지 않았다. 식초와 젖산은 낮은 농도에서 생선회 식중독 유발에 주 원인균이 되는 Vibrio 속의 생육을 억제하였고, S. typhimurium과 E. coli O157:H7의 생육은 비교적 약하게 나타났다.은 고농도로 갈수록 심한 영향을 미쳤으며 저 농도 에서도 폭로시간이 길어짐에 따라 나타나는 SO$_2$의영향이

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제41권5호
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• pp.475-483
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• 1994

연구배경 : N-acetylcysteine(ACE)은 임상에서는 객담용해제로 널리 쓰이고 있으나 시험관내 실험 또는 동물실험에서 ACE는 염증세포에서의 산소유리기를 감소시키고, 세포내 강력한 항산화기능을 갖고있는 glutathione(GSH)의 합성을 촉진한다고 알려졌다. 저자들은 만성폐쇄성폐질환 환자에게 통상 투여용량인 매일 600mg씩 1주일간 ACE를 투여했을때 말초혈액내 호중구의 superoxide 분비, chemotaxis 등의 기능에 변화가 오는지 또는 혈장의 GSH 농도가 증가되는지를 살펴보고 동시에 시험관내 실험으로 정상인의 호중구에 ACE를 가했을때 ACE의 농도에 따라 superoxide나 GSH의 양에 변화가 오는지를 관찰하였다. 방법 : ACE 투여 전, 후에 만성폐쇄성폐질환 환자의 말초혈액에서 호중구를 분리하여 PMA로 자극하거나 안했을때의 superoxide 분비를 분광광도계로, luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence를 luminometer로, 혈장의 GSH 농도를 분광광도계로 각각 측정하였다. 한편 정상인의 호중구를 분리하여 $10^{-2}-10^{-5}$ mole의 ACE와 혼합배양시의 superoxide, chemiluminescence 및 GSH를 각각 같은 방법으로 측정하였다. 결과 : ACE를 투여하기 전, 후의 말초혈액내 호중구의 superoxide 분비는 $1.97{\pm}1.75nM/1.4{\times}10^6\;cells/15min$, $2.75{\pm}2.14nM$이었고 PMA로 자극하였을때는 $67.52{\pm}13.41nM$, $67.99{\pm}13.54\;nM$로서 각각 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 호중구의 chemiluminescence도 ACE 투여전, 후에 $2.64{\pm}2.29mV$, $2.91{\pm}3.58mV$이었고 PMA로 자극하였을때는 $40.76{\pm}30.09mV$, $37.33{\pm}30.03mV$로서 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 호중구의 chemotaxis를 chemotactic index로 비교하였을때 ACE투여전, 후에 $55.71{\pm}16.34$, $59.68{\pm}11.57$이었고 혈장의 GSH는 $0.37{\pm}0.17nM/4{\times}10^5cells$, $0.39{\pm}0.18nM$로서 역시 유의한 차이가 없었다(p>0.05). 정상인의 호중구를 분리하여 $10^{-5}-10^{-2}$ mole의 ACE와 동시배양하며 PMA로 자극하였을때 superoxide는 ACE를 가하지 않은 대조군에서의 $56.54nM/1.4{\times}10^6\;cells/15min$에 비해 ACE의 $10^{-2}$ mole에서 37.0nM로서 유의하게 감소하였고 ACE의 농도에 따라 감소하는 양상을 보였다(r=-0.269, p<0.05). 호중구의 GSH 농도는 대조군의 $0.27nM/4{\times}10^5\;cells$에 비하여 ACE의 $10^{-3}$ mole에서 0.35nM, $10^{-2}$ mole 에서 1.15 nM로서 유의하게 증가하여 ACE의 농도에 따라 증가하였다(r=0.72, p<0.01). 결론 : ACE를 만성폐쇄성폐질환 환자에게 매일 600mg씩 1주일간 투여하였을때 말초혈액내 호중구의 superoxide 분비, chemotaxis에 영향을 주지 않았고 혈장의 glutathione 농도에도 변화가 없었다. 그러나 정상인의 호중구를 분리하여 ACE와 같이 배양한 실험에서 ACE는 농도에 비례하여 호중구의 superoxide 분비를 억제하였고 GSH를 증가시켰다. 이상으로 미루어 ACE는 염증세포에서의 superoxide 분비를 억제하고 GSH를 증가시킴으로서 oxidant-antioxidant 간의 불균형으로 야기되는 ARDS, 폐기종, 간질성폐질환등의 치료에 이용될수 있을것으로 생각되나 폐기종을 포함한 만성폐쇄성폐질환의 치료에 이용되기 위해서는 ACE의 혈중농도 또는 폐포세척액내의 농도를 충분히 증가시키는 방법이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 1996

Oxygen free radicals are highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons, which are produced with in aerobic cells in the course of normal metabolic events. Normally, aerobic cells are protected from the damage of free radicals by antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, GSH S-transferase and GSH reductase which scabvenge free radicals as well as nonenzymatic antioxidants such as ceruloplasmin, albumin and nontioxidants in order to elucidate antioxidative mechanisms of red ginseng. The treatment with total saponin of red ginseng significantly devreased the contents of malondialdehyde and total free radicals in the liver. On the other hand, total saponin of red ginseng significantly increased the activities of SOD, catalase and GSH reductase and nonprotein-SH level. These results suggest that total saponin of red ginseng exerts an antioxidative effect by increasing endogenous antioxidants.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate to influence of glutathione (GSH) on development and antioxidant enzyme activity in tetraploid porcine embryos. Tetraploid embryos were produced using parthenogenetic 2-cell embryo by electrofusion method. Tetraploid embryo development was observed every 24 hours and intracellular antioxidant enzyme activity was measured at 120 hours after electrofusion. The 4-cell to 16-cell stage tetraploid embryos was increased in 100 and $500{\mu}M$ GSH-treated groups compared control group at 48 hours (P < 0.05) but cleavage rates were not significantly different among the GSH treatment groups at 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours. Blastocyst formation was significantly increased by 300 and $500{\mu}M$ GSH at 120 hours in tetraploid embryos (P < 0.05). But blastocyst cell number were not significantly different among the GSH treatment groups ($16.4{\pm}0.8$, $16.8{\pm}2.6$, $18.5{\pm}2.8$ and $17.5{\pm}1.8$). The intracellular antioxidant enzyme level was increased in $500{\mu}M$ GSH compared to 0 and $100{\mu}M$ GSH (P < 0.05). We suggest that GSH may be improve development of tetraploid embryo in pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.799-810
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• 2004

본 연구는 셀레늄급원으로 셀레늄강화버섯 폐배지(Se-SMC)를 거세한우에 급여하였을 때, 도체특성, 혈중 GSH-Px활성 및 조직내 셀레늄축적에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다. 본 실험에 사용된 셀레늄급원은 유기셀레늄강화버섯을 생산한 후 폐기되는 버섯폐배지를 활용하였으며, 일반폐배지(SMC)를 조합하여 실험사료의 셀레늄 농도를 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9 ppm(건물기준)의 4처리구로 설정하였다. 실험동물은 비육후기 거세한우 20두(평균체중 613 kg, 20 ${\sim}$ 24개월령)를 공시하여, 처리구간 5두씩 배치하여 실험사료를 12주간 급여하였다. 실험기간 중 채혈하여 혈중 셀레늄농도와 혈장내 GSH-Px활성을 측정하였고, 근육(등심, 후지)과 간내 셀레늄함량과 도체특성을 측정하기위해 시험 후 도축하였다. Se-SMC의 보충으로 증가된 셀레늄수즌은 건물섭취량과 증체량에 영향을 미치지 않았고, 높은 농도의 처리군에서 중독증상은 발견되지 않았다. 도체특성 또한 처리구별 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 혈중 셀레늄농도와 혈장내 GSH-Px활성은 Se-SMC 급여수준이 증가함에 따라 직선적으로 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.01). 근육과 간내 셀레늄함량은 후지 및 간에서 사료중 셀레늄함량이 증가함에 따라 각각 건물 g당 0.27, 0.37, 0.40, 0.46$\mu$g 및 0.79, 1.40, 2.39, 3.10 $\mu$g를 나타내어 유의하게 증가하였다(P<0.05). 하지만, 등심내 셀레늄함량은 처리구간 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 이상과 같이 Se-SMC에 존재하는 셀레늄은 비육후기 거세한우에서 혈중 셀레늄농도와 GSH-Px활성을 유의하게 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라, 조직내 셀레늄함량을 증가시켜 저렴한 생산비로 셀레늄강화 쇠고기의 생산이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.