Safety and Health at Work

Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (산업안전보건연구원)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effect of Occupational Exposure to Herbicides on Oxidative Stress in Sprayers

  • Intayoung, Unchisa (Toxicology Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University) ;
  • Wunnapuk, Klintean (Toxicology Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University) ;
  • Kohsuwan, Kanyapak (Toxicology Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University) ;
  • Sapbamrer, Ratana (Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University) ;
  • Khacha-ananda, Supakit (Toxicology Unit, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University)
  • Received : 2020.06.03
  • Accepted : 2020.09.26
  • Published : 2021.03.30
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

Background: Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. Methods: Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. Results: Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20-40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = -2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. Conclusion: The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.

Keywords

Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Thailand grant no. 107-2563 and 108-2563. The funding body had no role in the design and execution of this study or interpretation of the data. The help rendered by Pha Chap health promoting hospital during this study is gratefully acknowledged.

References

  1. Wong PK. Effects of 2,4-D, glyphosate and paraquat on growth, photosynthesis and chlorophyllea synthesis of Scenedesmus quadricauda Berb 614. Chemosphere 2000;41:177-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(99)00408-7
  2. Yassin MM, Alshanti TA. Effect of pesticides on kidney function and serum protein profile of farm workers in Gaza Strip. AMBS 2016;2(1):21-7.
  3. Damalas CA, Eleftherohorinos IG. Pesticide exposure, safety issues, and risk assessment indicators. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2011;8(5):1402-19. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8051402
  4. Prado-Lu JLD. Pesticide exposure, risk factors and health problems among cutflower farmers: a cross sectional study. J Occup Med Toxicol 2007;2:9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6673-2-9
  5. Tope AM, Panemangalore M. Assessment of oxidative stress due to exposure to pesticides in plasma and urine of traditional limited-resource farm workers: formation of the DNA-adduct 8-hydroxy-2-deoxy-guanosine (8-OHdG). J Environ Sci Health B 2007;42(2):151-5. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601230601123276
  6. Jashni HK, Novin L, Poorahmadi M. Effect of the herbicide Glyphosate on renal tissues in adult female rats. J Jahrom Univ Med Sci 2013;11(4):9-16.
  7. Castello PR, Drechsel DA, Patel M. Mitochondria are a major source of paraquat-induced reactive oxygen species production in the brain. J Biol Chem 2007;282(19):14186-93. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M700827200
  8. Bukowska B. Toxicity of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide molecular mechanisms. Pol J Environ Stud 2006;15(3):365-74.
  9. Pizzimenti S, Toaldo C, Pettazzoni P, Dianzani MU, Barrera G. The "two-faced" effects of reactive oxygen species and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal in the hallmarks of cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010;2(2):338-63. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers2020338
  10. Tesch GH. Review: serum and urine biomarkers of kidney disease: a pathophysiological perspective. Nephrology (Carlton) 2010;15(6):609-16. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1797.2010.01361.x
  11. Ayala A, Munoz MF, Arguelles S. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2014;2014:360438. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/360438
  12. Rahman I, Kode A, Biswas SK. Assay for quantitative determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels using enzymatic recycling method. Nat Protoc 2006;1(6):3159-65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2006.378
  13. Forman HJ, Zhang H, Rinna A. Glutathione: overview of its protective roles, measurement, and biosynthesis. Mol Aspects Med 2009;30(1-2):1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2008.08.006
  14. Sengupta A, Manna K, Datta S, Das U, Biswas S, Chakrabarti N, et al. Herbicide exposure induces apoptosis, inflammation, immune modulation and suppression of cell survival mechanism in murine model. RSC Adv 2017;7: 13957-70. https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27883C
  15. Luo L, Wang F, Zhang Y, Zeng M, Zhong C, Xiao F. In vitro cytotoxicity assessment of roundup (glyphosate) in L-02 hepatocytes. J Environ Sci Health B 2017;52(6):410-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2017.1293449
  16. Islam F, Wang J, Farooq MA, Khan MSS, Xu L, Zhu J, et al. Potential impact of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on human and ecosystems. Environ Int 2018;111:332-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2017.10.020
  17. Agrawal A, Sharma B. Pesticides induced oxidative stress in mammalian systems. Int J Biol Med Res 2010;1(3):90-104.
  18. Ranjbar A, Pasalar P, Sedighi A, Abdollahi M. Induction of oxidative stress in paraquat formulating workers. Toxicol Lett 2002;131:191-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4274(02)00033-4
  19. Babu DHS, Jayaraman DrP, Aarthy P. Screening of ach ease inhibition in blood and plasma and brain of Wistar rats by Neurella D (combination pesticide). Int J Pharma Bio Sci 2010;1(4):574-8.
  20. Lian N, Gou L, Wang Q, Peng S, Xu P. Combined cytotoxicity mechanism of chlorpyrifos and carbofuran pesticides in vitro. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2017;46(4): 621-7.
  21. Fu D-J, Li P, Song J, Zhang S-Y, Xie H-Z. Mechanisms of synergistic neurotoxicity induced by two high risk pesticide residues e chlorpyrifos and Carbofuran via oxidative stress. Toxicol Vitro 2019;54:338-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tiv.2018.10.016
  22. Shukla S, Jhamtani RC, Dahiya MS, Agarwal R. Oxidative injury caused by individual and combined exposure of neonicotinoid, organophosphate and herbicide in zebrafish. Toxicol Rep 2017;4:240-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxrep.2017.05.002
  23. Cacciatore LC, Nemirovsky SI, Guerrero NRV, Cochon AC. Azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos, alone or in a binary mixture, produce oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in the freshwater gastropod Planorbarius corneus. Aquat Toxicol 2015;167:12-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.07.009
  24. Mishra V, Srivastava N. Organophosphate pesticides-induced changes in the redox status of rat tissues and protective effects of antioxidant vitamins. Environ Toxicol 2015;30(4):472-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.21924
  25. Peluso I, Raguzzini A. Salivary and urinary total antioxidant capacity as biomarkers of oxidative stress in humans. Pathol Res Int 2016;2016:5480267. https://doi.org/10.1155/2016/5480267
  26. Dosemeci M, Alavanja MC, Rowland AS, Mage D, Zahm SH, Rothman N, et al. A quantitative approach for estimating exposure to pesticides in the agricultural health study. Ann Occup Hyg 2002;46(2):245-60. https://doi.org/10.1093/annhyg/mef011
  27. Khoubnasabjafari M, Ansarin K, Jouyban A. Reliability of malondialdehyde as a biomarker of oxidative stress in psychological disorders. Bioimpacts 2015;5(3):123-7. https://doi.org/10.15171/bi.2015.20
  28. Chirico S. High e performance liquid Chromatography e based thiobarbituric acid tests. Methods Enzymol 1994;233:314-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0076-6879(94)33035-2
  29. Wafa T, Nadia K, Amel N, Ikbal C, Insaf T, Asma K, et al. Oxidative stress, hematological and biochemical alterations in farmers exposed to pesticides. J Environ Sci Health B 2013;48(12):1058-69. https://doi.org/10.1080/03601234.2013.824285
  30. Saad-Hussein A, Abdallah MS, Shahy EM, Fouda MS, Abdel-Aleem AMM. Synergistic oxidative effects of smoking and pesticides exposure on reproductive male sex hormones. Res J Biol Sci 2018;18(8):450-7. https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2018.450.457
  31. Abd-Alrahman SH, Elhalwagy ME, Kotb GA, Farid H, Farag AA, Draz HM, et al. Exposure to difenoconazole, diclofop-methyl alone and combination alters oxidative stress and biochemical parameters in albino rats. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014;7(10):3637-46.
  32. Astiz M, Arnal N, Alaniz MJTd, Marra CA. Occupational exposure characterization in professional sprayers: clinical utility of oxidative stress biomarkers. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 2011;32(2):249-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2011.05.010
  33. Li Q, Peng X, Yang H, Wang H, Shu Y. Deficiency of multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 enhances renal accumulation of paraquat and deteriorates kidney injury in mice. Mol Pharm 2011;8(6):2476-83. https://doi.org/10.1021/mp200395f
  34. Gunatilake S, Seneff S, Orlando L. Glyphosate's synergistic toxicity in combination with other factors as a cause of chronic kidney disease of unknown origin. Int J Environ Res Publ Health 2019;16(15).
  35. Wang L, Liu Z, Zhang J, Wu Y, Sun H. Chlorpyrifos exposure in farmers and urban adults: metabolic characteristic, exposure estimation, and potential effect of oxidative damage. Environ Res 2016;149:164-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.05.011
  36. Sapbamrer R, Khacha-Ananda S, Sittitoon N, Wunnapuk K, Seesen M, Sidthilaw S, et al. A longitudinal follow-up study of oxidative stress and DNA damage among farmers exposed to pesticide mixtures. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2019;26(13):13185-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04650-z
  37. Kasuba V, Milic M, Rozgaj R, Kopjar N, Mladinic M, Zunec S, et al. Effects of low doses of glyphosate on DNA damage, cell proliferation and oxidative stress in the HepG2 cell line. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017;24(23):19267-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9438-y
  38. Lee J, Ji K, Kim B, Park S, Kim P-G. Changes in urinary MDA and 8-OHdG concentrations due to wearing personal protective equipment and performing protective behaviors among agricultural workers in Korea. J Environ Health Sci 2017;43(6):467-77. https://doi.org/10.5668/jehs.2017.43.6.467
  39. Suntres ZE. Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Toxicology 2002;180: 65-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0300-483X(02)00382-7
  40. Mueangkhiao P, Siviroj P, Sapbamrer R, Khacha-Ananda S, Lungkaphin A, Seesen M, et al. Biological variation in kidney injury and kidney function biomarkers among farmers in Lamphun province, Thailand. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2020;27(11):12386-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-07661-3

Cited by

  1. Oxidative Damage Induced by Phototoxic Pheophorbide a 17-Diethylene Glycol Ester Encapsulated in PLGA Nanoparticles vol.10, pp.12, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121985