• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1009-1017
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• 2008

For the effective use of exopeptidase from squid viscera as food processing aids, the viscera of Argentina shortfin squid (Illex argentinus) were fractionated by various methods such as acetone treatment, ammonium sulfate treatment, anion exchange chromatography, and gel filtration. The positive exopeptidase fractions were obtained from the fraction II treated by cold acetone ($30{\sim}40%$, w/w), the fraction V by ammonium sulfate ($60{\sim}70%$ saturation), the fraction II (0.2 M NaCl) by anion exchange chromatography, and the fraction I ($30{\sim}50\;kDa$) by gel filtration. The specific activities of positive fractions from viscera of I llex argentinus against substrates were higher to LeuPNA than to ArgPNA. Total activity and recovery against LeuPNA of positive fraction by gel filtration were 1,867 U and 30.69%, respectively, which were the highest among those of positive fraction. The results suggested that the gel filtration chromatography method was the most efficient method for the fractionation of exopeptidase from viscera of Illex argentinus.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.536-540
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• 2001

Hepatic lipid peroxide contents were examined in bromobenzene-treated rats firstly after the oral administration of MeOH extract of Kalopanax pictus stem bark its n-BuOH fraction, EtOAc fraction and an alkaline hydrolysate of the n-BuOH fraction, and secondly after the intraperitoneal administration of hederagenin monodesmosides and bisdesmosides. Two hederagenin monodesmosides, kalopanaxsaponin A (KPS-A) and sapindoside C, exhibited significant anti-lipid peroxidation effects after intraperitoneal administration at doses of $10-30{\;}{\mu}mole/kg$, whereas their bisdesmosides did not exhibit any significant activity. These results suggest that it is the hederagenin monodesmosides that are responsible for anti-lipid peroxidation in vivo. The activity of KPS-A was established by the observation of decreased aminopyrine N-demethylase activity and increased epoxide hydrolase activity.

• Plant Resources
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.188-193
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• 2005

In order to discern the possibility of functional food product or ingredient of a new medicine, the leaf parts and fruit parts of Prunus mume was partitioned with various solvents and their antioxidative activity was measured. When the antioxidative activity of MeOH extracts of leaf parts and fruit parts of Korea and China was compared, all of them showed the highest antioxidative activity in EtOAc fraction. In case of Korean Prunus mume leaf parts showed that quantity required for $RC_{50}$ to be $27.04{\mu}g$ in EtOAc fraction and in case of China Prunus mume leaf parts, it was $23.31\;{\mu}g$ which is similar to that of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol ($22.14\;{\mu}g$) and showed the highest activation. In case of Prunus mume fruit parts MeOH extract, Korean fruit showed $29.16\;{\mu}g$, and Chinese fruit showed $31.21\;{\mu}g$ in EtOAc fraction and thus Korean fruit extract showed a higher activity of antioxidant than the Chines fruit extract. When the antioxidative activity between the fruit parts and leaf parts of Prunus mume was compared, the leaf parts showed a higher antioxidative activity.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.51-55
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• 2020

The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in gene expression after incubation of cells with soluble fraction from different silk mat layers. A silk cocoon from Bombyx mori was separated into 4 layers of equal thickness. The layers were numbered from 1 to 4 (from the inner to outer layer). Each silk mat was placed into normal saline and collected soluble fraction. They were administered to RAW264.7 cells, and changes in the expression of genes were evaluated by cDNA microarray analysis. Layer 1 and 4 groups showed significantly higher expression of BMP-2 at 8 h after administration of soluble fraction (P < 0.05). Runx2 expression was significantly higher in Layer 4 group at 8h (P < 0.05). The silk mat from the innermost and outermost portion of the silkworm cocoon showed a significant change in the expression of genes that are associated with osteoinduction such as BMP-2 and runx2.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.339-347
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the development of bovine nuclear transfer (NT) embryos cultured in serum-free conditions. Bovine NT embryos cultured in various culture conditions were compared blastocyst development, total cell number and apoptosis using TUNEL assay. In experiment 1, blastocyst rates of NT embryos were significantly higher (P<0.01) in FBS (22.0％) and BSA (26.6％) groups than in PVA (6.3％) group. Total cell number was significantly higher in FBS (78.4$\pm$19.4) and BSA (90.9$\pm$29.1) groups than in PVA group (46.0$\pm$0.0). Apoptotic cell number was significantly fewer in FBS (3.1$\pm$1.4) and BSA (1.7$\pm$1.4) groups than in PVA group (7.0$\pm$20.0) However, all of results were not different between the FBS and BSA group. In experiment 2, blastocyst rates of NT embryos were significantly higher (P<0.05) in fatty acid free-BSA (FAF-BSA) group (26.8％) than in fraction V-BSA group (11.2％). Total cell number were somewhat higher in FAF-BSA group (89.8$\pm$30.7) than in fraction V-BSA group (88.1$\pm$19.3). Apoptotic cell number were somewhat fewer in FAF-BSA (1.7$\pm$1.5) group than in fraction V-BSA group (4.2$\pm$2.9). These findings suggest that serum free condition were effective for the in vitro development of bovine NT embryos. Therefore, we concluded that fatty acid free-BSA has beneficial effect in development bovine NT embryos and can be use as a serum substitute.

• School Mathematics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.191-212
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• 2012

In the field of arithmetic in mathematics education, there has been lack of fine-grained investigations addressing the relationship between students' construction of division knowledge with fractional quantities and their whole number division knowledge. This study, through the analysis of part of collected data from a year-long teaching experiment, presents a possible constructive itinerary as to how a student could modify her unit-segmenting scheme to deal with various fraction measurement division situations: 1) unit-segmenting scheme with a remainder, 2) fractional unit-segmenting scheme. Thus, this study provides a clue for curing a fragmentary approach to teaching whole number division and fraction division and preventing students' fragmentary understanding of the same arithmetical operation in different number systems.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the antioxidative activities and tyrosinase inhibition effects of fractions from the distilled water extract of Inonotus obliquus. Moreover, GC-MS based analysis with trimethylsilyl (TMS) derivatization was carried out for active compound in the extract of I. obliquus. In DPPH radical scavenging ability, $SC_{50}$ values of the ethyl acetate fraction was 0.393 mg/ml as a result of the most effective than other fractions. Meanwhile, aqueous fraction showed higher effect in tyrosinase inhibitoty activity. In GC-MS based analysis with TMS derivatization, 7 compounds including syringic acid, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid were observed in ethyl acetate fraction, and oxalic acid is the main compound in aqueous fraction. As a result, it was confirmed that oxalic acid in aqueous fraction from the distilled water extract of I. obliquus was a compound showing tyrosinase inhibition effect.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.33 no.4 s.131
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• pp.372-375
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• 2002

Mutagenic acivity of essential oils was tested using Salmonella typhimurium TA100 in the presence or absence of 59 fraction prepared from the mouse liver. Growth inhibitory effect of the oils on the bacteria was measured to warrant the mutagenic effect. Most oils were (round to be very strongly toxic against the bacteria at a high dose $(2,000{\mu}g/plate)$. At lower doses than this concentration, the Curcuma longa oil was found to be the most mutagenic with S9 fraction whereas it was not mutagenic without the fraction suggesting that this oil could undergo activation for the mutagenicity by cytochrome P45O. However, the mutagenicity of the Eugenia caryohpylata oil was disappeared under S9 fraction. Other oils obtained from Cinnamomum cassia, Chrysanthemum sibiricum, Paeonia moutan the flower of Artemisia princeps var. Orientalis, Allium sativum, were not mutagenic. This result suggested that antimutagenicity assay on the essential oil is necessary for the biological available substances.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.195-203
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• 2006

An antagonistic strain, Burkholderia MP-1, showed antimicrobial activity against various filamentous plant pathogenic fungi, yeasts and food borne bacteria (Gram-positive and Gram-negative). The nucleotide sequence of the 16S rRNA gene (1491 pb) of strain MP-1 exhibited close similarity (99-100%) with other Burkholderia 16S rRNA genes. Isolation of the antibiotic substances from culture broth was fractionated by ethyl acetate (EtOAc) solvent and EtOAc-soluble acidic fraction. The antibiotic substances were purified through a silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS column chromatography, and high performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Four active substances were identified as phenylacetic acid, hydrocinnamic acid, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate methyl ester by gas chromatographic-mass spectrum analysis. The minimum inhibition of concentration (MIC) of each active compound inhibited the growth of the microorganisms tested at 250 to $2500{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$. The antimicrobial activity of crude acidic fraction at 1 mg of dry weight per 6 mm paper disc was more effective than authentic standard mixture (four active substances were mixed with the same ratio as acidic fraction) over a wide range of bacterial test.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.44-51
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• 2005

Fractional composition and mobility of some heavy metals in sediments from Okdong stream are investigated. The fractional scheme for heavy metals in the sediment was established for five chemically defined heavy metal forms as adsorbed fraction, carbonate fraction, reducible fraction, organic fraction, and residual fraction. The most abundant fraction heavy metals in the sediments is reducible and secondly abundant is organic fraction. Adsorbed fraction is minor part of the total heavy metals. Mobilization of heavy metals in the sediments from Okdong stream occur $19.8{\sim}56.7%$ of total cadmium concentrate. The most abundant fraction of the sediment metal is organic fraction in Cu, Pb metals investigated. Labile fraction of sediment metals are $0.5{\sim}48.5%$ of total Zn, $2.6{\sim}48.1%$ of total Pb, and $0.2{\sim}36.9%$ of total Cu, respectively. Most of labile fraction consists of reducible fraction for Cd, Zn, adsorbed fraction for Pb, reducible fraction for Cu, adsorbed fraction for Ni. The Mobilization of Zn and Cu is most likely to occur when oxygen depletes and that of Pb and Ni occurs when physical impact, oxygen depletion and pH reduction.