• 임상간호연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.245-254
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• 2013

Purpose: This study was done to examine predictive validity of Critical Care Non-verbal Pain Scale (CNPS) and develop criteria for pain assessment using CNPS with critically ill patients who have communication problems. Methods: Data were collected from intensive care units at three major general hospitals in Seoul and Kyunggi province. During each observation, a nurse assessed pain severity using CNPS ratings (range 0-9) at four treatment stages: at rest, during central catheter dressing change (nonpainful procedure), position change and suctioning (routine painful procedures). Patients also assessed their pain using a self-report 4-point VRS-4. Results: There were significant differences between the four treatment stages except between "at rest" and "nonpainful procedure". Strong correlations were found between CNPS and VRS-4 for "at rest" (r=.552, p<.001), central catheter dressing change (r=.505, p<.001), position change (r=.709, p<.001), and suctioning (r=.662, p<.001). ROC curve analysis of CNPS based on 3 point on VRS-4 showed the cutoff point was 3 for CNPS, the starting point for pain management with 73% sensitivity, 92.2% specificity, 73% positive predictive value, and 92.8% negative predictive value. Conclusion: Results indicate that CNPS is a valid tool for measuring pain in critically ill patients with communication problems and 3 point should be the standardized pain treatment point.

• 예술인문사회 융합 멀티미디어 논문지
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.329-337
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• 2017

본 논문에서는 서포트 벡터 머신의 중요한 파라미터인 C와 σ값을 빠르고 정확하게 찾는 탐색 방법론을 제안한다. 기존에 알려진 격자 탐색 방식은 모든 경우를 비교하기 때문에 탐색속도가 느리다. 이러한 문제점을 개선하기 위해 본 논문에서는 탐색속도 향상을 위한 딥 서치 방식을 제안한다. 1단계에서는 C-σ 정확도지표를 4등분 한 뒤 각 영역의 중간 값을 탐색하여 가장 정확도 값이 높은 지점을 시작 지점으로 선택한다. 2단계에서는 선정된 시작지점을 다시 4등분한 뒤 정확도 값이 가장 큰 지점을 새로운 탐색지점으로 지정한다. 3단계에서는 탐색지점에 이웃한 8개의 지점들을 탐색하여 정확도 값이 가장 높은 곳을 새로운 시작 지점으로 선정한 뒤 해당 지점을 4등분하여 정확도 값을 계산한다. 마지막 단계에서는 이웃 지점의 값들보다 탐색지점의 정확도지표 값이 최댓값이 될 때까지 진행한다. 최댓값을 만족하지 않을시 2단계에서부터 반복하며 입력된 레벨 값만큼 반복을 진행한다. 베어링의 결함 및 정상 데이터를 사용하여 비교한 결과, 제안한 Deep search 알고리즘은 기존 알고리즘 보다 성능 및 탐색시간에서 우수성을 보였다.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.308-318
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• 2009

This study makes clear Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御)'s medical thoughts Yi-philosophically. Yi-philosophy(易學) since ancient times is occupied by fundamental problems of various fields of Oriental Science. Confusian Medicine Reseachers of Zhang Jie-Bin(張介賓), Zhang Nan(章楠), Zhu Zhen-Heng(朱震亨) was seriously affected by Yi-philosophy(易學) and Confucianism(儒學). But I don't think that the majority of their medicine theories are occupied by Yi-philosophy(易學) and Confucianism(儒學). But Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) studied medicine thoughts on the basis of Tu Shu Yi(圖書易) in almost whole medicine theories and clinical contents. Therefore this study researched medical thinkings of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) on Yi-philosophical medical viewpoint Tu Shu Yi(圖書易)-scientifically. Especially in this paper the author examined a characteristic point in medical thoughts of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御), the difference of existing medicine on Nei-Jing(內經) and Yi-medicine of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御), a commonness of medicine principles of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) and Li Ji-Ma(李濟馬)), medicine theories of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) on Tu Shu Yi(圖書易) and a background of Yi-philosophical medical standpoint. The results was summarized as follows; First, Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御)'s standpoint on five phase is that the relation of earth and wood fire metal water is form and use(體用). Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) insists that the earth represents existence itself and wood fire metal water is concepts that represents actual states. Second, the concept of Four-Constitution of Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) and Li Ji-Ma(李濟馬) is same. Third, Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) doesn't have a standpoint of five-phase on Nei-Ching Medicine, but a standpoint of five-phase on Yi-philosophy. Fourth, water, fire, metal, wood is Four-Constitution that middle qi transformed. Fifth, the middle qi is yang-earth and yin-earth of the spleen and stomach, the physiological function of four viscera is maintained by the movement of ascending and descending of yin and yang earth. Sixth, The middle qi is main role of Four-Constitution. Exchanging of water and fire and the movement of ascending and descending of metal and wood depends on the earth. Seventh, generally medicine researchers speak that human mind is a main role of psycho-function of heart, but Huang Yuan-Yu has the standpoint of spleen-stomach oriented seven emotions not human-mind oriented viewpoint. It represents that a existing thinking of heart-earth center is changed to medical viewpoint of spleen-earth center. Eighth, There is enough ground for controversy on where is the middle point of human in five viscera. Is that spleen or heart? Huang Yuan-Yu(黃元御) insists that the spleen and stomach is middle point, but the standpoint in Four-Constitution medicine of Li Ji-Ma(李濟馬) is that middle point is heart.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.3357-3368
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• 1994

Total pressure losses required to calculate the total-to-total efficiency are estimated by integrating empirical loss coefficients of four loss mechanisms along the mean-line of blades as follows; blade profile loss, secondary flow loss, end wall loss and tip clearance loss. The off-design points are obtained on the basis of Howell's off-design performance of a compressor cascade. Also, inlet-outlet air angles and camber angle are obtained from semi-empirical relations of transonic airfoils' minimum loss incidence and deviation angles. And nominal point is replaced by the design point. It is concluded that relatively simple loss models and Howell's off-design data permit us to calculate the off-design performance with satisfactory accuracy. And this method can be easily extended for off-design performance prediction of multi-stage compressors.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 1993년도 하계학술대회 논문집 A
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• pp.134-136
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• 1993

This paper presents a novel and efficient method to calculate the critical point of voltage collapse. Conjugate gradient and modified Newton-Raphson methods are employed to calculate two pairs of multiple load flow solutions for two operating conditions, i.e., both +mode and -mode voltages for two loading conditions respectively. Then these four voltage magnitude-load data sets of the bus which is most susceptible to voltage collapse, are fitted to third order polynomial using Lagrangian interpolation in order to represent approximate nose curve (P-V curve). This nose curve locates first estimate of the critical point of voltage collapse. The procedure described above is repeated near the critical point and the new estimate will be very close to the critical point. The proposed method is tested for the eleven bus Klos-Kerner system, with good accuracy and fast computation time.

• 한국재난정보학회 논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.476-483
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• 2013

본 연구는 자동차 파쇄 잔재물의 활용성을 알아보고자 폐차과정에서 발생되는 폐나일론 섬유를 아스팔트 콘크리트에 첨가하여 일반 아스팔트 콘크리트와의 피로수명 비교, 경제성 분석을 실시하였다. 4점 휨 피로 시험을 수행한 결과 일반 아스팔트 대비 피로수명이 10% 향상되었으며, 이를 통해 경제성 분석을 실시하여 35년간 약 5.4억 원의 유지보수비용에 대한 비용 절감을 가져 오는 것으로 확인 되었다. 폐나일론 섬유 보강 아스팔트는 비용절감 효과와 더불어 폐자재의 환경처리비용 이점과 활용성 측면에서의 친환경적 공법으로 생애주기비용분석에서보다 더 큰 경제적, 사회적 효과가 발생 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.87-94
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were 1) to determine the changes between pre-treatment and post-treatment of four groups of 15 persons each and 2) to compare the effect of conventional transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation(TENS) and laser at auricular acupuncture points on experimental pain threshold measured at the wrist. Sixty healthy adult men and women(M:32, F:28), aged 20 to 28 years, were assigned randomly to one of four groups. Group 1 received TENS to the appropriate auricular point for wrist pain, Group 2 received laser to the appropriate auricular point for wrist pain, Group 3 received placebo TENS to the appropriate auricular point for wrist pain, Group 4 received no treatment and served as controls. Experimental pain threshold at the wrist was determined with a painful electrical stimulus before and 20 minutes after ear stimulation. Group 1 was the only group that showed a stastically significant increase (p<0.05) in pain threshold after treatment whereas the Group 2,3 and 4 did not. These results suggest that TENS has the capability to higher pain threshold but laser does not.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.237-252
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• 2023

The article describes the development of a novel dissipative bracing connection device (identified by the acronym DRBrC) for concentrically braced frames in steel and composite structures. The origins of the device trace back to the seminal work of Kelly, Skinner and Heine (1972), and, more directly related, to the PIN-INERD device, overcoming some of its limitations and greatly improving the replaceability characteristics. The connection device is composed of a rigid housing, connected to both the brace and the beam-column connection (or just the column), in which the axial force transfer is achieved by four-point bending of a dissipative pin. The experimental validation stages, presented in detail, consisted of a preliminary testing campaign, resulting in successive improvements of the original device design, followed by a systematic parametric testing campaign. That final campaign was devised to study the influence of the constituent materials (S235 and Stainless Steel, for the pin, and S355 and High Strength Steel, for the housing), of the geometry (four-point bending intermediate spans) and of the loading history (constant amplitude or increasing cyclic alternate). The main conclusions point to the most promising DRBrC device configurations, also presenting some suggestions in terms of the replaceability requirements.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2004년도 하계학술대회 논문집 C
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• pp.1634-1636
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• 2004

반도체 웨이퍼의 면저항을 정밀 측정하는 대표적인 두가지 방법인 4탐침(four point probe)방법과 van der Pauw방법으로 반도체 웨이퍼의 면저항을 비교평가 하였다. 4탐침방법에 의한 측정 시스템을 사용하여 웨이퍼의 전체 면에 대하여 면저항을 측정하고, 같은 웨이퍼의 가장자리 네 지점에 탐침 전극을 구성한 후 van der Pauw 방법으로 면저항을 측정한 결과 4탐침 방법에 의한 측정결과를 기준으로 1 %이하의 일치도를 나타냈다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.407-421
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• 2016

This paper presents numerical modeling of the structural behavior of CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) strengthened RC (reinforced concrete) beams under four-point bending. Simulation of debonding at the CFRP-concrete interface was focused, as it is the main failure mode of CFRP strengthened RC beams. Here, cohesive layer was employed to model the onset of debonding, which further helps to describe the post debonding behavior of the CFRP strengthened RC beam. In addition, the XFEM approach was applied to investigate the effects of crack localization on strain field on CFRP sheet and rebar. The strains obtained from the XFEM correlate better to the test results than that from CDP (concrete damaged plasticity) model. However, there is a large discrepancy between the experimental and simulated loaddisplacement relationships, which is due to the simplification of concrete constitutive law.