• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.180-186
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• 1985

Field and phytotron experiments were conducted to determine the effect of morphological growth stage and environmental temperature on Weender components and net energy lactation (NEL) in corn cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Pioneer 931 and Sioux at Munich Technical University from 1978 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum were grown for 42 days at 4 temperature regimes (30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C) and mid-summer sunlight over 13 hour days. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Accumulation of crude protein in maize and sorghum plants was associated with leaf weight ratio and leaf area ratio ($P{\leq}0.1%$). Crude protein in the plants were shown to have a greate synthesis rates at early growth stages. The highest concentration of crude protein were found at 3-leaf stage with 31.4% and 33.9% for maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. Synthesis of crude fiber was increased after growing point differentiation markedly and were shown the highest concentration at heading stage with 28.4% and 31.5% for maize and sorghum, respectively. During the maturities, the crude fiber contents in maize were, however decreased and shown a value of 19.5% at physiological maturity, while that of sorghum were increased continuously. 3. NEL value in maize and sorghum plants were declined as morphological development and shown the lowest at growing point differentiation with 5.82 MJ (maize) and 5.46 MJ/kg (sorghum). During the late maturity, the NEL value of maize were increased markedly and shown a value of 6.70 MJ and 6.94 MJ/kg for milkstage and maturity stage, respectively, while NEL value in sorghum were not increased markedly. 4. Net energy lactation in maize and sorghum plants were associated with synthesis rate of non-structural carbohydrates, especially mono- and disaccharose while cell-wall constituents and crude fiber lowerd NEL contents ($P{\leq}0.1%$). 5. NEL accumulation and starch value were decreased under temperature. The NEL concentration of 4-leaf sorghum under different environmental temperatures of 30/25, 25/20, and 18/8 degree C were 4.87 MJ, 5.46 MJ and 5.81 MJ/kg, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.335-342
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• 1994

This study was undertaken at Gowa, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, as part of a larger forage genetic resource evaluation project. The experimental program consisted of a field experiment where grass and legume species were grown in monocultures and the dry matter yield, rumen bag digestibility (RBDMD) and N content of leaf and stem components were monitored in the wet and dry seasons. Eight species of grass (Brachiaria decwnbens cv. Basilisk. Panicum maximum cv. Riversdale, Urochloa pullulans CPI 41192, Imperata cylindrica from Maiwa, South Sulawesi, Digitaria milanjiana CPI 41193, Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Malopo, Heteropogon contorlus and Setaria sphacelata cv. Splenda) were studied. P. maximum was the highest yielding grass in the wet season and B. decumbens in the dry season. The highest RBDMD in the whole plants were U. pulluians, P. maximum, S. sphacelata and D. milanjiana after 2 weeks regrowth in cycle I and S. sphacelata, B. decumbens, D. milanjiana and C. ciliaris in cycle 2. When total digestible DM was calculated for the whole of cycle I, P. maximum, B. decumbens and S. sphacelata were superior, but B. decumbens produced over twice as much as the other species in the dry season (cycle 2). The leaf N concentration of all grasses exceeded 1.0% (6.25% crude protein) in the regrowth in cycle I but did not exceed 0.5% in the dry season regrowth (cycle 2).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 1990

Silage productivity of 7 corn and 3 sorghum hybrids was determined at two planting dates differing in rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infection rates in the southern part of Korea where RBSDV is prevalent. 1. Percent stand was similar between two planting dates, but that of corn hybrids (85.0-99.5 %) was higher compared with sorghum (59.8-82.3 %). Culm length of corn hybrids at April 23 planting was longer compared with May 20 planting, but that of sorghum hybrids was similar between two planting dates. 2. RBSDV infection rate of corn hybrids at April 23 planting was lower compared with May 20 planting, but sorghum was not infected at both planting dates. Among corn hybrids Suweon 19 was most severely infected, but Suweon 99 was least infected at both planting dates. 3. Percent ear bearing plants and earltotal dry matter (TDM) ratio of corn hybrids at April 23 planting was higher than those of May 20 planting. Among the corn hygrids percent ear beraring plants, ear/TDM ratio of Suweon 19 was lowest at both planting dates due to severe RBSDV infection. Ear/TDM ratio of sorghum hybrids was below 17.8 % due to sterility and partially bud damages. 4. Silage yield at April 23 planting was higher than that at May 20 planting and sorghum hybrids outyielded corn hybrids. Silage yield of Suweon 19 and Jinjuok was lowest due to severe RBSDV infection. 5. Crude protein was similar regardless planting dates, species, and varieties except the lowest P 931. Ether extract at April 23 planting was lower then that at May 20 and corn was lower compared with sorghum hybrids. Crude fiber and nitrogen free extracts(NFE) was similar between planting dates. Crude fiber of corn was lower, but NEF was higher compared with sorghum, but similar among hybrids in a species. 6. In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) at May 20 planting was higher than that of April 23 planting and corn was higher than sorghum hybrids. Digestible dry matter (DDM) of both corn and sorghum at April 23 planting was higher than that of May 20 planting. At April 23 planting DDM of all corn and sorghum hybrids was similar, but DDM of Suweon 19 and Jinjuok was lower than other corn and sorghum hybrids.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.365-380
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• 2009

Flora of vascular plants in mountains located at Wonju-si and Hoengseong-gun areas such as Chiak-san(1,288m), Taegi-san(1,261.4m), Obong-san(1,126.2m), Eungbong-san(1,094.9m), Eodab-san(789.4m), Deokgo-san(521.2m), Deokga-san(700.5m) and Seongji-bong(791m) was investigated from April, 2008 to May, 2009, and results from the previous researches in which voucher specimens had been presented from Balgyo-san(998.4m), Oeum-san(930.4m), Baekun-san(1,037.1m) and Chiak-san(1,288m) were included in the list of vascular plants from these areas. This investigations resulted in 804 taxa consisted of 680 species, 1 subspecies, 111 varieties, and 12 forms of 383 genera under 97 families, and totally in 973 taxa (21.14% of all vascular plants in Korea) of 818 species, 1 subspecies, 138 varieties and 16 forms of 418 genera under 105 families on addition of voucher specimens in the previous researches. Forests of the investigated areas were generally mixed of Pinus densiflora and deciduous trees. The areas with comparatively excellent vegetation were valley from Guryong-sa (temple) to Biro-bong (summit) via Seryeom-pokpo (fall) in Mt. Chiak-san, and Keunseong-gol (valley) and eastern slope from Taegibungyo-teo to Naksu-dae (fall) in Mt. Taegi-san. 10 families with abundantly collected species were Compositae, Graminae, Rosaceae, Ranunculaceae, Leguminosae, Cyperaceae, Liliaceae, Saxifragaceae, Umbelliferae and Labiatae in order, and they occuied 49.12% of all collected taxa. Endemic plants found in these areas were 38 taxa including Hanabusaya asiatica, Megaleranthis saniculifolia, and Pyrus ussuriensis var. diamantica, and rare and endangered ones were 24 taxa including Hanabusaya asiatica, Viola websteri, Viola diamantica, and Patrina saniculaefolia. Specially designated plants by the Ministry of Environment were 88 taxa including 12 taxa of 5th degree such as Woodsia intermedia, Hanabusaya asiatica, Equisetum pratense, Iris koreana, Lilium cernum, Trillium tschonoskii, Magnolia kobus(cultivated), Gastrodia elata, Polypodium virginianum, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Megaleranthis saniculifolia and Viola websteri. 47 taxa of alien plants were found. As to 609 taxa (13.23% of all vascular plants in Korea) of useful plants, 334 taxa for the edible, 269 taxa for the medicinal, 127 taxa for the ornamental, 332 taxa for the forage, 3 taxa for the industrial raw material, 31 taxa for the timber and 13 taxa for the fiber were classified, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.6 s.73
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• pp.871-878
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• 2005

This experiment was performed to examine the allelopathy effect of allelochemical substance on the crop plants. According to the experiment of the allelochemical substances in Hypochaeris radicata by HPLC, there are the differences at each part of plants. However, it is ascertained that there are 14 kinds of phenolic compounds ingredients that are $\rho$-hydroxybenzoic acid, chlorogenic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, syringic acid, salicylic acid, $\rho$-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, naringin, hesperidin, myricetin, trans-cinnamic acid, quercetin and naringenin. The chemicals like caffeic acid, ferulic acid, and naringenin are commonly included. The result of the chemical experiment shows that there are the differences at each season and part of plants. The leaves in May and blossoms and roots in July contain lots of phenolic acids. It is very high contents such as salicylic acid 2085.6 ${\mu}g/g$ and quercetin 1522.0 ${\mu}g/g$, especially in roots of plants. The result on the growth of crop plants treated by the aqueous extract of Hypochaeris radicata shows that the value of the control group and the test group are same in some cases. However, because the treat value of test group is towel'than that of control group in all items of the experiment, it is cofirmed that the growth of crop plants was inhibited and that the inhibitory effect was increased as its density of treatment was increased. The result of change in quantity shows that there are the differences at each kind of crop plants, but the inhibitory effect was increased as its concentration of treatment was increase with entire. As results, it is confirmed that H. radicata has the allelopathy effect to the crop plants. Especially the inhibitory effect on growth is high in gramineous crop, italian ryegrass and leguminous crop. purple alfalfa.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2002

A field experiment was carried out to compare the nitrate nitrogen concentration, sugar content and animal intake of low $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrids (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) grown under application of animal manure in 1995. The application amount of animal manure were 40MT in cattle manure, and 30MT/ha in swine and poultry manure. The four NLCF's recommended hybrids used in this study were Pioneer 988, TE-Haygrazer and NC+ 855 (heading type), and Jumbo(headless type). The nitrate nitrogen concentration of forage was 365mg/kg at 50~60cm of plant height, 501mg at 100~120cm, and 502mg at 200~220cm, regardless of animal manure type and cultivar. The nitrate nitrogen concentration of NC+ 855 and P 988 was 519 and 526mg, respectively, and were higher than that(317mg) of Jumbo(P<0.05). The nitrate nioogen concentration of stems was 376mg, and significantly higher than that(135mg) of leaves(P<0.05) regardless of cultivar, and lower parts of stems and leaves were higher than those of upper parts of plants. The sugar contents of four $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrids were ranged between 3.1 and $3.7^{\circ}$ in cattle manure, 2.9 and $3.3^{\circ}$ in swine manure, and 2.8 and $4.9^{\circ}$ in poultry manure. The sugar content of NC+ 855 was the highest as $3.9^{\circ}$, p 988 was second as $3.4^{\circ}$, and then TE-Haygrazer and Jumbo were lower as $3.2^{\circ}$ and $2.9^{\circ}$, respectively. Animal intake of sorghum ${\times}$ sudangrass hybrids P 988 and NC+ 855 were slightly higher than those of Jumbo and TE-Haygrazer grown under application of cattle manure. Also the average intake of P 988 was a little higher than that of Jumbo. However, there were no significant differences of forage intake among few recommended $sorghum{\times}sudangrass$ hybrids.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.772-777
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• 2018

To understand the adaptability of Leymus chinensis forage grass to environmental stresses, we analyzed the $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity based on several antioxidant enzymes and total phenolics content, including peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and catalase (CAT), in shoots and roots subjected to salt and dehydration stresses during seedling growth. After NaCl or PEG treatment, plants showed reduced seedling growth under over 200 mM NaCl or 30% PEG treatment condition in shoots and roots compared with the control condition. In addition, plants showed high enzymatic activity of CAT in the shoots, whereas they exhibited high activity levels of APX and POD in the roots in both the NaCl and PEG treatment conditions. These results seem to indicate that Leymus chinensis seedlings responding to salt and dehydration stresses during initial growth is associated with enhanced activity of $H_2O_2$ scavenging antioxidant enzymes in the shoots or roots. The plants also showed high levels of total phenolics under NaCl treatment, with a high concentration in both the shoots and roots. Our results showed that the induced activity patterns of APX in the roots and CAT in the shoots indicate that low $H_2O_2$ levels were mainly maintained through tissue-specific redox homeostasis involving enzymes such as APX and CAT during salt and dehydration stresses. This study highlights the importance of antioxidant enzymes in the establishment of Leymus chinensis seedlings under high salinity conditions, such as typical desertification.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-135
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• 1985

The effects of morphological development and environmental temperature on synthesis and accumulation behavior of cell-wall constituents were studied in maize cv. Blizzard and sorghum cv. Sioux and Pioneer 931 at Muenchen Technical University from 1979 to 1981. Various growth stages of maize and sorghum plants were grown on field and phytotron at 4 temperature regimes of 30/25, 25/20, 28/18 and 18/8 degree C and mid-summer sunlight over 13-hour days. The results are summarized as follow: 1. Cell-wall constituents in sorghum and maize plants were shown to have a great synthesis rates at early growth stage from growing point differentiation to final leaf visible. The highest concentration of cell wall contents were found at heading stage with 52-54% and 64-68% of neutral detergence fiber, and 30% and 45% of acid detergence fiber foe maize and sorghum, respectively. 2. The structural carbohydrates, cellulose and hemicellulose, were found as a main components of cell-wall constituents. Cellulose were mainly accumulated in stalks, while hemicellulose were an important cell wall components in leaves and panicle. 3. Synthesis rates of cell-wall constituents and non-strnctural carbohydrates were associated with increasing of temperature. Reserved carbohydrates such as fructosan, mono - and dissaccharose in plant were, however, declined when the temperature exceeded 30 deg C, during the accumulation of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin were increased continuously. 4. Cell-wall constituents lowered digestibility and net energy accumulation in sorghum and maize plants. In a in vitro and in vivo trial, it was found a negative correlation between digestion dry matter and cell wall constituents, especially cellulose and lignin.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 1986

The objective of this study was to find out the productivity of F_2 material derived from F_1 hybrid Maize (Zea mays L.) by multiplication and their response to plant population. Suweon 19 and Junju-Ok were grown at three population densities. Populations were ca. 8.3, 10.4 and 13.9 thousand plants per 10a. The results are summarized as follows; 1. The number of barren plants differed significantly for the two generations but other yield components comparisons were not significant at P(0.05). 2. Ear and TDN yield were higher from the $F_1$ hybird of Suweon 19 than from the F_2 material, while yields of Jinju-Ok and stover yield of both hybrids were not affected by generation. 3. Plant and ear height were not affected by population density but barren plants were increased at high population. Length and weight of a ear, and ear (including cobs)-to-stover ratio decreased with increased population. 4. Increasing population density resulted in significant decrease in ear and TDN yield, while stover yield not decreased.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.145-150
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• 1986

The experiments were conducted to study the influence of growth location and cutting microelements macro-and on managements in temperate grasses in Korea and West Germany from 1975 to 1979. The field trials were designed as split plot with three grass species of Dactylis glomerata L., Lolium perenne L. and Festuca pratensis Huds under three cutting regimes at grazing stage, silage stage and hay stage. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Concentrations of macro-and microelements in temperate grasses showed a different response to growth location and growing season. P concentration in the plants was decreased under hot stress in summer, whereas Mg and Na tended to be increased. The seasonal changes in K and Zn were not significant. 2. Morphological growth stage was to be found as an important factors influenced to mineral components. P and K contents in temperate grasses tended to be decreased as morphological development especially under high temperature in Suweon and Cheju. Ca and Mg were less affected by morphological stage and cutting managements. 3. Mean value of Ca/P ratio in the plants were 1.58, 1.33 and 1.21 for meadow fescue, perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass, respectively. Ca/P ratio in grasses tended to be increased as morphological development. 4. Zn deficiency in the plants occured in all grass species and experimental sites. Mean Zn concentration of the plant were 34.2%, 31.2% and 37.8% for Suweon, Cheju and Taekwalyong, respectivelly. Na deficiency occured in orchardgrass and meadow fescue, especially in taekwalyong. Cool temperature resulted in a decrease of Na absorption and accumulation.