• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2022

This study describes an analytical method based on LC-MS/MS for the quantitation of 5 fluoroquinolones (Enrofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin, Marbofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Danofloxacin) in meat, and was applied to 230 meat samples for validation. Quantitation was performed based on a matrix-matched calibration to compensate for the matrix effect on the electrospray ionization. Good linear calibrations (R²≥0.998) were obtained for all fluoroquinolones at 6 concentrations of 1~50 ㎍/kg. Satisfied recoveries of all fluoroquinolones were demonstrated in spiked meat at three levels from 10 to 50 ㎍/kg. The recoveries ranged between 75.8~99.2% in beef, 80.1~99.6% in pork and 72.2~99.8% in chicken, respectively. The limits of quantitation (LOQs) for fluoroquinolones ranged from 0.7 to 3.2 ㎍/kg. We also monitored fluoroquinolones residue in the sample (beef 107, pork 71, chicken 52) using LC-MS/MS. Residues of fluoroquinolones which exceeded maximum residue limits (MRL) were not exceed in any of the 230 samples.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.56 no.5
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• pp.196-201
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• 2013

Fluoroquinolones are an important class of antibiotics that are widely used in adult patients because of their broad spectrum of activity, good tissue penetration, and oral bioavailability. However, fluoroquinolone use in children is limited because juvenile animals developed arthropathy in previous experiments on fluoroquinolone use. Indications for fluoroquinolone use in patients younger than 18 years, as stated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, include treatment of complicated urinary tract infections and postexposure treatment for inhalation anthrax. In Korea, the systemic use of fluoroquinolones has not been approved in children younger than 18 years. Although concerns remain regarding the adverse musculoskeletal effects of fluoroquinolones in children, their use in the pediatric population has increased in many circumstances. While pediatricians should be aware of the indications and adverse effects of fluoroquinolones, recent studies have shown that the risk for musculoskeletal complications in children did not significantly increase following fluoroquinolone treatment. In addition, fluoroquinolones may be particularly helpful in treating multidrug-resistant infections that have not responded to standard antibiotic therapy in immunocompromised patients. In the present article, we provide an updated review on the safety and current recommendations for using fluoroquinolones in children.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2011

This systematic review was conducted to assess the clinical effect of ocular fluoroquinolones used for the treatment of bacterial conjunctivitis. A literature search for randomized controlled clinical trials registered up to January 2010 based on PubMed database, using the following search terms: conjunctivitis and fluoroquinolones (besifloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, lomefloxacin, ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin) were performed. Pooled data on the clinical resolution and bacterial eradication rates derived from selected 16 studies were reported as the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) compared with placebo. Early clinical resolution and microbiological eradication rates in placebo were 28% and 62% respectively. Fluoroquinolones were significantly effective comparing to placebo: early RR 1.94 (95% CI 1.60~2.34) and late RR 1.30 (1.19~1.43) in clinical resolution rates, and early RR 1.75 (1.58~1.94) and late RR 1.28 (1.18~1.39) in microbiological eradication rates. Besifloxacin, ciprofloaxain and moxifloxacin in clinical resolution, and besifloxacin and levofloxacin in microbiological eradication showed higher RRs than pooled overall fluoroquinolones' RRs. New quinolones had higher antibacterial potencies for all pathogens isolated from bacterial conjunctivitis and resistant isolates than old generation quinolones. In conclusion, ocular 7 fluoroquinolones were all effective than placebo for bacterial conjunctivitis and there were differences between quinolones in early and late clinical resolutions and microbiological eradications, and no differences in safety comparing to placebo.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.1
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• pp.124-127
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• 1999

Bifidobacterium infantis K-525 isolated from healthy Korean was susceptible to rifampicin and fluoroquinolones and resistant to other antituberculosis agents. When the preparation of this strain is taken as a therapeutics for human intestinal disorders with rifampicin or fluoroquinolones, its therapeutic effect can not be expected. So, B, infantis RFR-525 resistant to rifampicin was obtained by treating the parent B. infantis 525 with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. B. infantis OFR-525 was produced by serial passage of B. infantis RFR-525 on agar with 2-fold minimal inhibitory concentration of ofloxacin. B. infantis OFR-525 was resistant to antituberculosis agents and fluoroquinolones up to 4∼128 fold higher than that for the original strain. The resistance of B. infantis OFR-525 against rifampicin and ofloxacin was maintained in vivo and in vitro. Conclusively, B. infantis OFR-525 can be regarded as a promising strain which can be developed as the preparation for the treatment of the intestinal disorders of the tuberculosis patients under rifampicin and ofloxacin therapy.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1042-1046
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• 2008

The fluoroquinolones are an important group of antibiotics widely used in the treatment of various infectious diseases in adults, as a result of an excellent spectrum of activity, good tissue penetration and convenient ways of administration. In recent decades, there has been extensive development, clinical investigation, licensure and use of fluoroquinolone antibiotics. However, the use of fluoroquinolones in children has been limited because of their potential to induce arthropathy in juvenile animals. Despite class label warnings against use in children, prescriptions for quinolone antibiotics to treat infections in children have become increasingly prevalent. The main use of fluoroquinolones in pediatrics should be, understandably, in serious life-threatening infections for which other antibiotics therapies are not effective or available. While most of the published studies failed to detect an increased rate of articular adverse effects in children treated with fluoroquinolones, an increase in the use of these compounds, particularly in community-acquired lower respiratory infections, could accelerate the emergence of multidrug-resistant (including fluoroquinolone) pneumococcal strains. This review will discus the main issues related to the use of fluoroquinolones in children, the major problems of resistance developing among these compounds, with special emphasis on the potential side effects and skilled use of these alternative potent drugs in pediatric infection.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2008

Fluoroquinolones have been widely used since the development of nalidixic acid because of the excellent spectrum of activity, superior tissue penetration, and convenient route of administration. Despite such advantages, the usage in children is limited by concerns of toxicity to cartilage, damage to joints in animal studies, and an increase in antibiotic resistance. However, pediatric use has been increasing under certain circumstances with no report of such adverse effects. Further study is required prior to recommendation for general use of fluoroquinolones in children. The careful administration of fluoroquinolones is recommended only in limited circumstances, such as failure of primary antibiotics and lack of alternative antibiotics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.521-526
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• 2010

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was established for the determination of fluoroquinolones in milk. Protein was removed by using trichloroacetic acid in order to increase a mean recovery of milk. The extracts were using $Strata^{TM}$-X solid-phase extraction cartridge. The analytes were detected by HPLC on a $C_{18}$ column. HPLC method with fluorescence detection system (Ex: 278 nm, Em: 456 nm) provided a high degree of sensitivity in detecting fluoroquinolones. The limits of quantitation (LOQ) and mean recoveries of fluoroquinolones were 40 ${\mu}g$/kg and 73.6-95.2% (ofloxacin), 10 ${\mu}g$/kg and 77.3-91.9% (norfloxacin), 20 ${\mu}g$/kg and 91.6-94.3% (ciprofloxacin), 10 ${\mu}g$/kg and 81.0-87.8% (enrofloxacin), 10 ${\mu}g$/kg and 71.3-81.0% (sarafloxacin), 10 ${\mu}g$/kg and 89.4-90.8% (orbifloxacin), 2 ${\mu}g$/kg and 69.4-85.5% (danofloxacin).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.351-356
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• 1996

The preparation of Enterococcus faecalis RSI is used as a therapeutics for human intestinal disorders. However, the microbe in this preparation is usually very sensitive to rifampicin and fluoroquinolones. If this preparation is taken with rifampicin or fluoroquinolones, its therapeutic effect can not be expected. E. faecalis RFR11, containing resistance to rifampicin was obtained by MNNG mutation method. Serial passage of E. faecalis RFR11 produced E. feacalis OFR16 on agar with 2-fold minimal inhibitory concentration of ofloxacin produced. E. feacalis OFR16 was resistant to fluoroquinolones up to 8-256 fold higher than that for the original strain. E. faecalis OFR16 also exhibited identical characteristics with the parent strain when they were tested for lactic acid formation and growth inhibition of E. coli MB4-5737 and Shigella sonnei MB4-10411. From in vitro test, it was identified that rifampicin and ofloxacin is not inactivated by certain factors of E. faecalis OFR16. Conclusively. E. faecalis OFR16, rifampicin and fluoroquinolones resistant mutant, is an efficient strain that has insensitivity against rifampicin and fluoroquinolones and original biochemical characteristics of the parent strain.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.385-395
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the residue level of fluoroquinolones in hen's general eggs and specific eggs by microbiological assay method and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. HPLC separation was carried out by reversed phase chromatography on a Symmetry $C_{18}$ (250${\times}$4.6 mm, $5{\mu}m$ particle size) with a phase composed of distilled water (containing 0.4% triethylamine and phosphoric acid) : Methanol (780 : 220, v/v), pumped isocratically at a flow rate of 1.0ml/min. A fluorescence detector was utilized with an excitation wavelength of 278nm and an emission wavelength of 456nm. The calibration curves were linear $({\gamma}^2{\geq}0.999)$ over a concentration range of $0.025{\sim}0.4{\mu}g/ml$. Average recoveries of the five fluoroquinolones in whole eggs at fortified levels of $0.05{\sim}0.2{\mu}g/g$ were ranged mean $78.1{\sim}91.7%$ and low coefficient of variation was less than 10% for all analysed samples. The limits of detection and limits of quantification for whole eggs were $1.2{\sim}6.0ng/g$ and $2.3{\sim}9.1ng/g$, respectively. Only one hen's general eggfrom chicken farm in Incheon was detected with the residual fluoroquinolones (Microbiological assay method; 1 of 47 general eggs) ; the range of residual concentration enrofloxacin was 0.12ppm. Those in food stores were detected with the residual fluoroquinolones (Microbiological assay method; 4 of 88 general eggs) ; the ranges of residual concentration enrofloxacin were $0.15{\sim}2.2 ppm$, ciprofloxacin $0.01{\sim}0.06ppm$, and hen's specific eggs (40) in food stores were not detected. For the microbiological assay method of fluoroquinolones in hen's eggs, as the results of comparative analysis, the disc diffusion method with E coli may be a little highly detected for the residual fluoroquinolones.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.763-769
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• 1994

Bifidobacterium bifidum, one strain of medical preparation being on the market for human intestinal disorders, was sensitive to rifampicin and fluoroquinolones. If this preparation is taken with rifampicin and fluoroquinolones, its therapeutic effect can't be expected. Serial passage of B. bifidum RFR61, which was obtained by MNNG mutation method, on agar with 2-fold minimal inhibitory concentration of ofloxacin produced B. bifidum OFR9 with minimal inhibitory contentrations of fluoroquinolones up to $4{\sim}256-fold$ higher than that for the original strain. B. bifidum OFR9 produced almost the same amount of organic acid as parental strain. This strain showed growth inhibitory activity against E. coli NM522, Shigella dysenteriae ATCC9752 and E. coli 078. No inactivations of rifampicin and ofloxacin by this resistant mutant strain were found.