• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2013

Purpose: Maxilla and mandible have different patterns of cortical and trabecular bone and different bone mineral densities, even though both are components of the jaw bone. However, cellular differences between maxilla- and mandible derived osteoblasts (OBs) have rarely been studied. We hypothesize that maxilla- and mandible-derived OBs show different responses to $17{\beta}$-estradiol (E2), which is one of the critical factors for bone formation. This study compares skeletal site-specific cell responses between maxilla- and mandible-derived human OBs to E2. Methods: Maxilla- and mandible-derived OBs derived from an identical donor were separately isolated from a total of five normal healthy subjects aged 18~44 years old, cultured with a treatment of 100 nM estrogen. The responses between maxilla- and mandible-derived OBs to E2 were evaluated and compared using cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG), ALP, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and estrogen receptor ${\alpha}$ ($ER{\alpha}$). Results: E2 did not have any distinct effects on the proliferation of both types of OBs. Mandible-derived OBs exhibited higher ALP activity than maxilla-derived OBs in the non-treated condition, which was common in all tested individuals. ALP activities of both types of OBs showed a minor increasing tendency with the treatment of E2, even though there was no statistical significance in some specimens. The gene expression of OB by E2 was diverse, depending on the individuals. There was increased expression of OPG, IGF-1, or $ER{\alpha}$ gene in the part of subjects, which was more repeated in maxilla-derived OBs. In particular, OPG or ALP induction by E appeared less frequently in mandible-derived OBs. Conclusion: Current results revealed that E2 affects maxilla- and mandible-derived OBs into facilitating the osteogenic process despite individual differences. Mandible-derived OBs are less sensitive to bone-forming gene expression by E2.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2009

Objective : The aim of this study is to verify the effects of group sensory integrative intervention for sensory motor ability, behaviors in children with developmental delay. Method : The subjects were five children with developmental delays aged between 3 and 5. All Children participated in 26 sessions of group sensory integrative intervention. Children' behavior during testing was observed to assess the sensory motor ability, behaviors, the clinical observation. One group pretest- posttest design was used to verify the effect of group sensory integrative intervention. The observed children' behavior during testing were tested by the Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test. Results : There is no significant difference in the clinical observation between pre and post intervention. However, subjects showed the significant difference in Social interaction(Z=-2.121, p=.034), Attention(Z=-2.032, p=.042), total score in Behavior during testing(Z=-2.032, p=.042). Conclusions : The result in this study suggested that the sensory integrative intervention is effective in facilitating the social skills and improving the attention and behaviors. On the other hand, there is no effect in sensory motor ability. It is difficult to generalize the conclusion because the number of the subject was limited and the environmental confounding factors has not been controlled. Therefore, it is needed to supplement these limitations in the future study.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.235-242
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• 1993

8-Fluorociprofloxacin(8-FCP) is an investigational quinolone derivative that is substituted with fluorine at the C-8 position of ciprofloxacin(CP). It was found that the in vitro activity of 8-FCP against Gram(+) bacteria was more potent that of CP, but the opposite against Gram(-) bacteria was true. However, 8-FCP showed better in vivo efficacy than CP against representative Gram(-) organisms, E. coli and K pneumoniae. In an attempt to seek for factors causing this discrepancy in the antibacterial activities, a comparative pharmacokinetic study of 8-FCP and CP was conducted in mice and rats treated either intravenously or orally at a single dose of 30 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetic parameters in mice were as follows; the mean peak serum concentrations(C$_{max}$) following i.v. and oral doses were 12.4 and 5.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for 8-FCP, and 9.5 and 2.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for CP, respectively. The terminal half-life(t$_{1/2\beta}$) was 72.9 min for 8-FCP, and 98.2 min for CP, and the oral bioavailability(F) was 89.9% for 8-FCP, and 50.5% for CP. In rats, the mean ($\pm$SD) $C_{max}$ after i.v. administration were 11.6$\pm$1.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for 8-FCP, and 10.2$\pm$1.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for CP, whereas oral administration produced $C_{max}$ of 5.9$\pm$1.8 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for 8-FCP and 1.1$\pm$0.9 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml for CP, respectively. The t$_{1/2\beta}$ was 67.9$\pm$8.4 min for 8-FCP, and 76.4$\pm$7.2 min for CP. The F was 88.6$\pm$6.3% for 8-FCP, and 40.7$\pm$6.5% for CP. Marked differences were observed between the two quinolones in the $C_{max}$ and the area under the concentration-time curve obtained after oral administration in mice and rats. The extent of 8-FCP absorption in both mice and rats was approximately 2-fold higher than that of CP, suggesting that the fluorine atom attached to C-8 plays an important role in facilitating oral absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.60
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• pp.52-74
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• 2012

Legislation needs to be understood within a political, societal relationship among lawmaking bodies rather than by legal provision itself. In order to examine features and functions of communication in the process of legislation, this study conducted focus group interviews with experts as well as in-depth individual interviews. The result of this research as follows: First, the study found that although the domestic legislative process has been made by active interactions among lawmaking subjects, it was hard to conclude that this procedure is providing effective and productive legislative agenda because of chaotic communications made along the process. Second, the study found that national legislative process has been gradually moving, although restricted, to an open political space, the National Assembly, from a closed space, the executive branch. Third, the study found a remarkable feature including growing influence of experts groups and civic organizations in the legislative process. It is a significant change that legislative staff such as National Assembly aides, investigators, expert committeemen and deputy director generals played a role of "insiders," unnoticeably influencing the legislative process, and that civic organizations and NGOs, which have been excluded in the previous legislative processes, emerged as a new influencing circle in the process. Lastly, the study found that media organizations, in the process of developing agenda, had a strong impact on the National Assembly as a subject forming public issues and as a messenger of the legislative agenda while they played a limited role in affecting the government. This study discusses why communication in the domestic legislative process is important and what are some hindering and facilitating factors in the process.

• Journal of East Asia Management
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.29-49
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• 2020

In an intensively competitive global market, small-and medium-sized firms are puzzled about how to develop sustainable competitive advantages against global rivalries, thus leading satisfactory economic performance. However, despite the roles and contributions of such small-and medium-sized firms in the local community and national economies in Japan, little guidance has been offered to the practical issues related to their strategic behaviors toward global management. To fill this notable knowledge gap, this study aims to investigate the conditions in which how Japanese small-and medium-sized could dominates global market, which is one of key challenges in the literature of small business and entrepreneurship. To obtain better insights to this research area, this study undertakes an in-depth interview survey with I.S.T (Industrial Summit Technology) Corporation that shows off the highest global market share (40 per cent) with seamless polyimide tube product widely used in office automation equipment (e.g., copiers and printers). This method of survey is designed to deeply understand historical considerations about how I.S.T Corporation could dominate in the global market of such seamless polyimide tube product. Based on findings drawn from an interview, this study identifies five major factors enabling I.S.T Corporation to be a competitive global hidden company: vision sharing through founder's entrepreneurship, core competence, strategic network, risk management, and employee engagement. Specifically, to become a global hidden champion, sharing the vision motivating employees to partake in shaping company's future will be the first step on the road to global success through founder's entrepreneurship. However, in order to achieve such a vision, the importance of company's core competence cannot be overemphasized, which differentiates your customer solution with those of competitors. As such, a group of experts will be naturally formed and demonstrates your expertise in the global market, thereby building sustainable competitiveness. On the other hand, to maintain sustainable competitiveness, it is necessary to make up for the weaknesses small-and medium-sized firms suffer from competitive resources while strengthening their own strengths through strategic networks with external organizations. Here, every company has to understand the critical role of risk management, which is essential in this process of being global company so as not to lose your own strengths. Last but not least, do not forget the significant effects of employee engagement in firm performance. To enhance employees' engagement, a company has to create an ideal organization culture which fits into company's history and personality. In doing so, such organization culture can allow the vision and strategy to be implemented into detailed business tactics while facilitating employees to challenge the status quo by experimenting with creative ideas.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.459-469
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• 2016

The purpose of this study is to classify the subtypes of perpetrators of school violence based on their psychological characteristics. In order to classify the students, questionnaires/interviews which consist of 6 factors (Cognitive Impulsivity, Unplanned Impulsivity, Depression, Anxiety, Peer Conformity, and Self assertion) and 19 questions were administered to 86 perpetrators of school violence. Then, a two-step cluster analysis was performed with the survey results of 74 perpetrators. As a result, three clusters were identified and named as follows: 1) Impulsive Vulnerability, 2) Emotional Vulnerability, and 3) Social Vulnerability. Scrutinizing the detailed characteristics of each cluster, the first cluster, Impulsive Vulnerability, showed higher scores on Cognitive Impulsivity and Unplanned Impulsivity, compared to the other two clusters, while Depression and Anxiety scores were lower. The second cluster, Emotional Vulnerability, showed higher scores on Depression and Anxiety, while Cognitive Impulsivity and Unplanned Impulsivity scores were lower. The third cluster, Social Vulnerability, showed the highest score on Peer Conformity among the three clusters. However, Self assertion scores were the lowest in this cluster, and Cognitive Impulsivity, Unplanned Impulsivity, depression, and anxiety scores were lower than in the others. This study will provide a useful insight for facilitating teachers and parents' understanding of the psychological characteristics of school violence perpetrators and thereby contributing to effective intervention.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.78-96
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze the emergency health care utilization using status according to income class. The target was the 2011 data out Korea Health Panel's raw data. 2011 data composed of total 17,035 people from total 5,741 households. This study set total 1,101 adults over full-20-years old having used an emergency health care utilization as its analysis target. In order to find out the number of emergency health care utilization use according to income class and the influential factors on emergency health care utilization cost, this study conducted the multiple regression analysis. And in order to more accurately analyze the emergency health care utilization use status depending on the income class and the features of emergency health care utilization use status, this study developed Models. As the result, this study found following findings. First, as the income class was lower, the gender was male, the age was lower, and the user has spouse, the user was not a business owner or a paid worker, the user is a house owner, the emergency medical facility type was a clinic, the means of transportation was others rather than 119 ambulance, the reason visiting emergency medical facility was belonged to others rather than accidents or poisoning, then the number of emergency was increased. Second, as the user was in higher income class, received the health insurance benefits, the using medical facility was general hospital, used 119 ambulance more often, stay days in emergency was shorter, then health care utilization cost was increased. In this study investigating the data out of Korea Health Panel, it was found that while the number of emergency health care utilization use was increased in the lower income class, but the emergency health care utilization cost was increased for higher income class. It is considered that this finding was caused from the facts that lower income class was more often exposed to dangers for physical health, so the number of emergency health care utilization use was increased, but their health care utilization cost was decreased because of their economic burdens against various examinations and their difficulties to pay such costs, comparing to that of higher income class. Therefore, in order to solve unequal problem of emergency health care utilization use between lower and higher income classs, it is required to set suitable solutions like the disease prevention effort by facilitating national health check-up programs, the enhancement of public health services in quantity and quality, the emergency health care utilization securing policy at using medical facilities, the promotional, educational activities about emergency health care utilization delivery system, the enhanced accessibility of emergency health care utilizations and emergency medical facilities.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.64 no.4
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• pp.57-87
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to develop the first social work skills inventory in Korea. Based upon the literature review of social work skills, the examination of an existing scale, and the comments from professionals in this field, 57 preliminary items were developed. Preliminary items were evaluated with a total of 370 social workers who were working in various fields of social work in Seoul and surrounding areas. A series of exploratory factor analyses were conducted to find out the optimal structure of the scale. After deleting 30 items with low factor loadings or being cross-loaded, the scale is composed of five factors. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the factor structure of the scale obtained by exploratory factor analysis. The first factor was named preparatory and assessing skills to be mostly used in the beginning phase of th social work process, the second factor was named change facilitating skills to be used to strengthen motivation to change, third factor was named ending and evaluating skills to be used to terminate the professional relationship and evaluate the outcome of the relationship, the fourth factor was named resource linking and utilizing skills to be used to utilize resources in order to solve clients' problems and the fifth factor was named ethical practice skills. Each component of the social work skills inventory is found to be reliable and valid. In sum, the social work skills inventory is an instrument encompassing basic skills necessary for social work process, skills for ethical social work practice, and skills necessary for utilizing environmental resources.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.417-433
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• 2006

Purpose : Platelet rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous material with many growth factors, such as BMPs, PDGF, $TGF-{\beta}_1$, $TGF-{\beta}_2$, VEGF, and IGF, facilitating bone healing process. The prominent osteoconductive activity and the biodegradable nature of beta-tricalciumphosphate (${\beta}-TCP$) for bone grafts in animal experiments have been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of PRP on the osteogenesis of ${\beta}-TCP$. Materials & Methods : Two artificial calvarial bone defects were made in 32 rabbits which were divided into 2 groups. In one group of 16 rabbits, autogenous bone / ${\beta}-TCP$ was grafted on each side of cranial bone defect. In the other group of 16 rabbits, mixture of ${\beta}-TCP$ and PRP / PRP alone was grafted on each side of the cranial bone defect. The animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after surgery. The specimens were harvested and examined histologically and immunohistochemically by the expression of BMP2/4/7, PDGF, VEGF and $TGF-{\beta}_1$. Results : The mean volume of new bone formation was significantly higher at 4, 8, 12 weeks in autogenous graft than that in ${\beta}-TCP$. The BMP2/4 expression was significantly higher at 4 weeks in autogenous bone graft and at 4 weeks in mixture of ${\beta}-TCP$ and PRP and at 12 weeks in ${\beta}-TCP$. The expression of BMP7, PDGF, VEGF and $TGF-{\beta}_1$ showed no significant difference in autogenous, ${\beta}-TCP$, mixture of ${\beta}-TCP$ and PRP, and PRP alone during grafted bone regeneration. Conclusion : The results showed that PRP had no additional value in promoting healing process of ${\beta}-TCP$ grafts.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.167-183
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• 2016

This study has recognized easy payment service as one of the new types of application of information and communication technologies and proposed a modified acceptance intention model by adding perceived risk factor based on the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology(UTAUT) and then explored those variables that effect the acceptance intention of consumers. The results of this study can be summarized as the followings. First, expectation on the efforts, social impact have positive effect on the acceptance intention and perceived risk has negative effect on the acceptance intention but expectation on the efforts and promotion condition were found to have no effect on the acceptance intention. Second, among the factors suggested, social impact was found to have more effect of causing the acceptance intention of users than expectation on the efforts and perceived risk. Third, it was found that there is a significant association between the acceptance intention and use behavior of users of easy payment service. This means that, as was reviewed in the preceding researches, the acceptance intention affects actual acceptance behavior of users either directly or indirectly. Fourth, even though innovation resistance has regulation effect on the relationship between expectation on efforts or social impact and acceptance intention, it was found to have no regulation effect on the relationship between perceived risk and acceptance intention.