• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.401-409
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• 2013

Smilax china L., a native plant found in Asian countries, has several medicinal properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer effects. Although the root of the plant is commonly used as traditional herbal medicine in Korea and China, the medicinal properties of the leaves have not gained the same attention. In this study, we analyzed the antioxidant activity, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory effect and lipid accumulation inhibition effect of Smilax china L. leaf water extract (SCLE) and its solvent fractions. SCLE was fractionated by using a series of organic solvents, including ethylacetate (EA) and n-butanol (BuOH). The EA fraction had the highest total polyphenol content ($440.20{\pm}12.67$ mg GAE/g) and total flavonoid content ($215.14{\pm}24.83$ mg QE/g). The radical scavenging activity $IC_{50}$ values of the EA fraction for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzthiazoline)-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) were 0.022 mg/mL and 0.13 mg/mL, respectively. Further, SOD-like activity and reducing power values of the EA fraction were higher than those of the other fractions. However, both the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase and lipid accumulation inhibition assays showed that the BuOH fraction ($83.35{\pm}4.18%$ at 1 mg/mL) and water extract ($11.27{\pm}2.67%$) were more effective than the EA fraction ($64.13{\pm}6.35%$, and $45.66{\pm}7.20%$). These results provide new insights into the potential anti-diabetic and anti-obesity effects of Smilax china L. leaf.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.526-531
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• 2009

This study was conducted to identify the optimum condition for dehydration and storage for maintaining the seed vigor in pelleted carrot seeds. The water content of solid materials of un-pelleted seeds was 4.9% (F.W. basis), and that of pelleted seeds was 24%. When we dehydrated pelleted seeds for 3 hr at $25^{\circ}C$, $35^{\circ}C$, and $45^{\circ}C$, all seeds were dehydrated to 5% - the same level of water content as that before pelleting. Pelleted seeds did not show any significant difference in germination from un-pelleted seeds, and neither was there any significant time or germination difference between pelleted and un-pelleted seeds at the tested dehydration temperatures. However, the $T_{50}$ value of pelleted seeds increased about 3 days larger than that of un-pelleted seeds. Germination speed of pelleted seeds in which the dehydration period was prolonged at $45^{\circ}C$ was delayed compared to those prolonged at $25^{\circ}C$ or $35^{\circ}C$ for the same period. The optimum dehydration condition, which could be applied for large scale in the industry, was dehydration at $35^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr, and the optimum storage temperature which could maintain the seed performance was $5^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 1996

This research was carried out to clarify effects of cultural condition on the content of Alisol B-monoacetate, whose function is antihypercolesterol in blood, and yield in Alisma Rhizomes. When the corm part of Alisma Rhizomes was extracted by shaking extraction at $25^{\circ}C$ and reflux extraction at $40^{\circ}C$ to $100^{\circ}C$ four times, the total content of Alisol B-monoacetate was 0. 402%, 0. 425% and 0. 402% at $25^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. The recovery rate was 97% by three times extraction at $25^{\circ}C$, and 96% and 97% by three times extraction at $40^{\circ}C$ and $60^{\circ}C$ respectively. When the corm was harvested on Oct. 30, the content of Alisol B-monoacetate was 0. 46% but it was increased to 0. 71% on Nov. 30. In the case of Oct. 30, the corms of $S(4{\sim}14g\; FW)$ size were determined to contain the highest level of Alisol B-monoacetate (0. 53%), and the content was decreased as the corn size was increased. This tendency was also adopted on Nov. 30. On the other hand, the content of crude protein and starch was changed rarely by the period of harvest. When the planting depth was $0{\sim}1cm$, the yield was the highest as 206kg/10a, and the yield was decreased as the planting depth was deep. The variation of the content of Alisol B-monoacetate was small as 0. 33% to 0. 39% by planting depth. From the above results it could be concluded that the optimum time for harvest of Alisma Rhizomes is Nov. 30 and the optimum planting depth is $0{\sim}1cm$.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.254-261
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate effects of silicate fertilizer application on red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) productivity with improving soil chemistry under plastic film house in paddy field. METHODS AND RESULTS: The silicate fertilizer was applied as 0, 100, 200, and 300 kg/10a as basal dressing before transplanting pepper plant seedlings. Cultivar of the pepper plant was Cheon-Ha-Dae-Se. Amounts of inorganic fertilizer applied as $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$=19.0-6.4-10.1kg/10a was estimated depending on soil test values. After applying 50% of nitrogen, 100% of phosphorus, and 60% of potassium fertilizers as basal dressing, the seedlings of pepper plant were transplanted. The rests of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers were applied as side-dressing after the first, second, and fourth harvests of red pepper. When comparing selected chemical properties of soils between before transplanting and after final(the fifth) harvest, soil pH, available $P_2O_5$, and exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ increased with increasing the applications of silicate fertilizer, whereas electrical conductivity(EC) decreased. However, exchangeable $K^+$ was higher with the treatments of 100 and 200 kg/10a, and exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ was higher with 300 kg/10a application. In addition, nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations of red pepper collected from the first harvesting stage decreased with increasing the applications of silicate fertilizer, but potassium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations in red pepper were highest with 300 kg/10a application. Yield of red pepper increased between 9.0 and 11.8% with the applications of silicate fertilizer. Marketable fruit rate of res pepper was highest(97.3%) with 200 kg/10a application. CONCLUSION: The application of silicate fertilizer as basal dressing in paddy-converted fields improved soil chemistry and increased red pepper productivity.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.365-372
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the Physiochemical Properties of loin and rump in the native horse meat from Jeju. In the analysis of chemical composition of loin and rump, the result showed $72.2\%\;and\;73.8\%$ in moisture content $20.1\%\;and\;21.2\%$ in crude protein, $2.42\%\;and\;3.08\%$ in crude Int and $0.13\%\;and\;0.14\%$ in crude ash respectively. Glutamic acid was 3,275mg/100g and 3,577mg/100g in loin and rump each and it had highest result in amino acid analysis. K content was 388.0mg/100g which showed highest result in mineral analysis and next contents were P>Na>Mg>Ca. Oleic acid had highest result in fatty acid composition which were $62.64\%\;and\;63.77\%$ in loin and rump respectively. Cholesterol content of loin and rump were 43.25 and 43.57 mg/100g but showed no significant differences to the part. pH of loin and rump were 5.60 and 5.75 which had no significant differences. Loin had Higher result than that of rump with no significant differences in WHC and springiness of texture analysis. Redness of rump was higher than that of loin. In the sensory evaluation, there were significant differences in the color and odor. Loin had higher result than that of rump in the overall palatability but showed no significant differences. With the result of this experiment native horse meat from Jeju could be understood as good meat resources.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2009

Physiological responses (hematological factors, cortisol, glucose, osmolality, $Na^+$, $K^+$ and $Cl^-$) in starry flounder Platichthys stellatus were investigated during freshwater acclimation in the conditions of different speeds in salinity change with acute-decrease (AD) or stepwise-decrease (SD I and II). In AD of acute-decrease salinity, hematocrit (Ht), red blood cell (RBC) and hemoglobin (Hb) were rapidly increased more than SD I of stepwise-decrease salinity. But in case of SD II, Ht, RBC and Hb were no significant difference from beginning to end of this experiments. In AD, cortisol level significantly increased from $2.1{\pm}1.0{\mu}g/mL$ at the beginning to $13.7{\pm}0.2{\mu}g/mL$ at 6 hours and recovered to the basal levels ($3.1{\mu}g/mL$) at 10 days. In SD I, cortisol level was significantly increased from $2.1{\pm}1.0{\mu}g/mL$ at the beginning to $13.6{\pm}0.6{\mu}g/mL$ at 6 hours and recovered to the basal levels ($3.1{\pm}0.4{\mu}g/mL$) at 10 days. In SD II, cortisol level was a little increased from $2.1{\pm}1.0{\mu}g/mL$ at the beginning to $10.5{\pm}2.5$, $10.8{\pm}5.6{\mu}g/mL$ at 6, 12 hours and recovered to the basal level at 48 hours. Glucose level of AD, SD I, II were no significant difference from beginning to end of this experiments. Osmolality was $286.8{\pm}3.3\;mOsm/kg$ at the beginning. In SD II of stepwise-decrease, osmolality was no significant difference during rearing in freshwater (FW). But AD of stepwise-decrease and SD I of stepwise-decrease, osmolality was a little decreased end of this experiments. In AD of acute-decrease, only $Cl^-$ level was showed no significant difference from beginning to end of experiment and $Na^+$, $K^+$ levels were decreased. In case of SD I, $Cl^-$ level was showed no significant difference from beginning to end of experiment and $Na^+$, $K^+$ levels were decreased.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.122-128
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• 2001

In order to find out the effect of nitrogen fertilizers on soil pH, EC, $NO_3-N$ and lettuce growth, this study was conducted by pot experiment in plastic film house condition. The square-pot which was $42{\times}54.5{\times}22cm$ in length, width and height, respectively, was filled with two kinds of soils in different soil EC as $0.20dS\;m^{-1}$ and $1.13dS\;m^{-1}$. Seven kinds of nitrogen fertilizers (urea, potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, complex fertilizer A(11-10-10) and complex fertilizer B(12-12-12)) were treated in same standard rate of nitrogen for lettuce, transplanted the six lettuce seedlings of 10 days grown per pot, and have been grown for 38~44 days with three times harvesting. Soil pH was increased with the potassium and calcium nitrate treatments and decreased with ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, complex fertilzer A and B, and the pH of urea treatments was kept the same value as the pH of before experiment. The growing status of lettuce seedling were surveyed during the early period after transplanting and withering of seedling was occured in all treatments. The withering rates were 10% in soil of EC $0.20dS\;m^{-1}$ and 44% and 42% in complex fertilizer and ammonium sulphate treaments, respectively, in soil of EC $1.13dS\;m^{-1}$. $NO{_3}^-$ contents of lettuce were about $1,000{\sim}2,000mg\;kg^{-1}$ based on fresh weight and these contents were considered to be lower to compare the $NO{_3}^-$ level of EU countries.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.1
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• pp.37-71
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• 2021

Rapeseed is a typical winter crop, and its freezing stress tolerance is a major feature for winter survival. Therefore, it is important to comprehend clearly the physical and molecular mechanisms of rapeseed under freezing stress conditions. This study investigates the physical and transcriptome changes of two rapeseed lines, 'J8634-B-30' and 'EMS26', under cold acclimation and freezing temperature treatments. The proline content of 'J8634-B-30' at 5 ℃ increased 8.7-fold compared to that before treatment, and there was no significant change in that of 'EMS26' RNA-sequencing analysis revealed 5,083 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of 'J8634-B-30' under cold acclimation condition. Among the genes, 2,784 (54.8%) were up-regulated and 2,299 (45.2%) were down-regulated. The DEGs of 'EMS26' under cold acclimation condition were 5,831 genes, and contained 2,199 up-regulated genes (37.7%) and 3,632 down-regulated genes (62.3%). Among them, only DEGs annotated in the cold response-related signaling pathways were selected, and their expression in the two rapeseed lines was compared. Comparative DEGs analysis indicated that cold response related signaling pathways are proline metabolism and ABA (Abscisic acid) signaling. And ICE (Inducer of CBF expression) - CBF (C-repeat-binding factor) - COR (Cold-regulated) signaling were the significantly differentially expressed transcripts in the two rapeseed lines. The major induced transcripts of 'J8634-B-30' induced P5CS (Δ'-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase), which is related to proline biosynthesis, PYL (pyrabactin resistance-like protein, ABA receptor) and COR413 (cold-regulated 413 plasma membrane 1). In conclusion, these result provide a foundation for understanding the mechanisms of freezing stress tolerance in rapeseeds. Further functional studies should be performed on the freezing stress-related genes identified in this study, which can contribute to the transgenic and molecular breeding for freezing stress tolerance in rapeseed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.392-402
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• 2021

The present study investigated the effects of tillage practices (deep cultivation [DC] and conventional tillage [CT]) and extended planting dates (mid-June to July) for maize-onion rotation in paddy fields. The silage corn (Zea mays L.) cultivar 'Kwangpyeongok' and the waxy corn cultivar 'Ilmichal' were planted on June 14, July 3, and July 15 in 2019. In both maize, the plant height of June 14 planted was up to 100 cm greater than that of July 15 planted on August 16 and up to 40 cm on August 30. At 30 Days after planting, the leaf area index (LAI) of silage corn planted on July 3 and 15 greater than that of corn planted on June 14 due to high temperature in the early season; however, there were no differences in the LAI of waxy corn according to the planting date. Despite favorable temperature, plants sown on July 3 and 15 experienced high moisture stress during the seedling stage due to consistent rainfall, and waxy corn was highly sensitive to high moisture stress. The total yield of silage corn was 1,232 (845 in TDN), 860 (598 in TDN), and 765 (508 in TDN) DW kg·10a^-1 for plants sown on June 14, July 3, and July 15, respectively. The fresh marketable ear yield of waxy corn was 872, 814, and 525 FW kg·10a^-1 for plants sown on June 14, July 3, and July 15, respectively. After the completion of maize cultivation, onion seedlings (Allium cepa L.) were transplanted on November 12, 2019, and harvested on May 27, 2020. Neither summer tillage nor maize planting date affected onion growth or yield. The marketable onion yield was 8,305 and 7,848 kg·10a^-1 with DC and CT, respectively. In conclusion, DC did not improve maize growth or yield under paddy conditions. Mid-June to early July is a practical window for maize planting for growers in this region.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.34
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• pp.83-92
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• 2022

Purpose: To evaluate usefulness of Tomotherapy and Halcyon VMAT treatment in radiation therapy for bi-breast cancer Materials and Methods: For 10 patients with bi-breast cancer, volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) treatment plan was established using helical Tomotherapy(Accuray. USA) with field width of 5.0-cm and pitch of 0.287, and Halcyon(Varian Medical System, Palo Alto, CA, Version 3.0 USA) of 6arc and 8arc. Prescribed dose was 42.4 Gy/16, and V _40.3Gy of Planning Target Volume(PTV) was 90%. The quality of plan was evaluated by comparing the dose to tumor and normal organs, and the efficiency was evaluated by comparing total MU and beam on time. Results: About three treatment plans(Tomotherapy, Halcyon 6Arc VMAT, Halcyon 8Arc VMAT) , the mean homogeneity index(H.I) of PTV were 1.07, 1.10, 1.11, and the mean conformity index(C.I) of PTV were 1.21, 1.16, 1.17, respectively. The average value of the dose assessment item for a normal organ is V _5Gy(%) of both lung was 36.3, 31.2, 29.7, and V _15Gy(%) were 18.6, 15.5, 14.6, respectively. The mean heart dose(Gy) were 4.17, 2.69, 2.51. Total MU were (7498.6, 2494.2, 2471.5), and beam on time(sec) were 462.5, 195.4, 198.0. Conclusion: Halcyon VMAT showed similar quality of treatment plan compared to helical Tomotherapy, while also protecting normal organs. In addition, the efficiency of radiotherapy increased due to a decrease in Beam On Time and MU.