• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.171-176
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• 1999

Background: Effect of nitric oxide on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammation is controversial. From our previous experiment, NOS inhibitor, L-NAME given during the induction period decrease mechanical hyperalgesia occured by Freund's complete adjuvant induced inflammation. In addition, we attempted to analyze the effects of L-NAME on mechanical hyperalgesia after the development of inflammation by Freund's complete adjuvant in rat paw. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into four groups; control (normal saline), and three different doses of L-NAME (0.1 mg, 1 mg, 10 mg). Inflammation was induced in rats by injecting 0.15 ml of Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) intraplantarly. Rats showed typical hyperalgesia within twelve hours after injection and maintained this for about one week. Tests were done 2 days after injection of FCA. After the baseline test either L-NAME or saline was injected under light halothane anesthesia. Effect of L-NAME on hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring mechanical hyperalgesia at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120 minutes. Same experients were repeated on normal rats. Results: When injected at the site of inflammation, L-NAME caused dose dependent decrease in mechanical hyperalgesia. However, normal rats also showed increased mechanical threshold after L- NAME injection. Conclusions: Although L-NAME reduces FCA induced mechanical hyperalgesia, this result may solely be due to inhibition of nitric oxide production and need to be further determined.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.194-200
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• 1998

Background: Effect of nitric oxide on the hyperalgesia induced by inflammation is controversial. We attempted to find out the peripheral effects of nitric oxide (NO) on hyperalgesia induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) induced inflammation. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups; control, low dose NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 500 ug), high dose L-NAME (5 mg). Inflammation was induced by injecting 0.1 ml of FCA intraplantarly, which shows typical hyperalgesia within twelve hours after injection and maintained for about one week. Drugs were injected 2 hours before, just before, and 3, 6, 9, 12 hours after the injection of FCA. Effect of L-NAME on hyperalgesia was assessed by measuring mechanical hyperalgesia and spontaneous pain for 3 days. Results: When injected at the site of inflammation, L-NAME caused dose dependent reduction of spontaneous hyperalgesia. Mechanical hyperalgesia was also reduced by high dose L-NAME (p<0.05). After systemic injection of high dose L-NAME in the back, no significant difference was noticed. Conclusions: This suggest that L-NAME reduces FCA induced hyperalgesia via peripheral action.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.475-480
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• 2005

This study is designed to find out the effect of Corydalidis Tuber Carthami Flos Paeoniae Radix Rubra mixed water extract on adjuvant arthritis, and to check the stability for Corydalidis Tuber Carthami Flos Paeoniae Radix Rubra mixed water extract about the liver. At first, rats were devided into four groups; Normal(Non-treated group with FCA), Control(Group administrated saline everyday for 1 week after treatment of FCA), Sample A(group administrated Corydalidis Tuber Paeoniae Radix Rubra Carthami Flos mixed water extract $9mg/200{\sim}220g$ everyday 1 week after treatment of FCA) and Sample B(Group administrated Corydalidis Tuber Paeoniae Radix Rubra Carthami Flos mixed water extract $18mg/200{\sim}220g$ everyday 1 week after treatment of FCA). After then, separated searches were made on the change of edema rate, the number of WBC, the contented quantities of total protein, total bilirubin, GOT, GPT in the serum. Result : In the right planter edema, both of Sample groups showed a decrease with statistical significance in comparison with control group. In the WBC count, Sample B group showed a decrease with statistical significance in comparison with control group and also sample A group showed a decrease, but did not show statistical significance. In the serum total protein, both of samples did not show statistically significant decrease in comparison with the control group. In the serum total bilirubin, GOT and GPT, both of samples did not show any harmful change about the liver in comparison with the control group. According to the above results, it is concluded that Corydalidis Tuber Paeoniae Radix Rubra Carthami Flos mixed water extract had the therapeutic effect of anti-inflammation in adjuvant arthritis with no injury to liver.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-14
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• 2013

Objectives The object of this study was to observe the favorable anti-arthritic effects of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) on Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced arthritic Wistar rats. Methods Rheumatoid arthritis was induced by intradermal injection of FCA, and 300, 150 or 750 mg/kg of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) were orally administered once a day for 14 days from 14 days after FCA treatments, and 15 mg/kg of dexamethasone was intraperitoneally administered as reference drug in this experiment. All rats were sacrificed at 14 days after continuous oral treatment of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) or intraperitoneal administration of dexamethasone, and changes on the body weight, knee circumferences, gross arthritis score, inflammatory tissue prostaglandin (PG) $E_2$ levels were monitored with cartilage collagen components and glucosaminoglycans compositions - chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid in the present study. Results As results of FCA treatment, classic rheumatoid arthritis featuring dramatical decreases on the body weights, cartilage collagen contents and bone glucosaminoglycans-chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate and hyaluronic acid contents, with increases on the knee circumferences, gross arthritis scores and inflammatory tissue $PGE_2$ levels. However, these changes from FCA-induced rheumatoid arthritis were clearly reduced by treatment of dexamethasone and both two different dosages of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 and 150 mg/kg in the present study. Although FCA-induced arthritis were more favorably inhibited by treatment of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg as compared with Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg, marked decreases of body weights were detected in dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats, and Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg showed similar preserve effects on the cartilage glucosaminoglycan compositions in this study. Conclusions The results obtained in this study suggest that over 300 and 150 mg/kg of Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) showed favorable anti-arthritic effects on the FCA-induced arthritis mediated by suppression of $PGE_2$, a inflammatory mediator. However, detail mechanism studies should be conduced in future with the screening of the biological active compounds in this herb. Although overall anti-inflammatory effects Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg were lowered than those of dexamethasone 15 mg/kg treated rats, Samki-eum ($s\bar{a}nq\grave{i}-y\check{i}n$) 300 mg/kg treated rats showed similar preserve effects on the cartilage glucosaminoglycan compositions in this experiment.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.22-33
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• 1993

Arc sensor is indispensable to arc welding robot systems for compensating the joint misalignment such as mismatch of the workpiece, ill-conditioned positioner and thermal deformation during welding. Furthermore, the amount of these mismatches cannot be preivously expected, and changes from time to time. There are many kinds of seam trackers for correcting the welding path of the robot, where non-contact type sensors arc prevalently used in arc welding robot systems. In this study, an arc sensor was developed for GMA and FCA welding robot system. Since the arc sensor uses the arc characteristics during welding, the operating principle of the arc sensor must be adjusted according to the welding condition. Especially in GMA welding with the $CO_{2}$ shielding gas, the welding arc is not stable because of the short circuit and non-axial globular transfer mode of the molten droplet. In this study, the 2nd order least square curve fitting algorithm was adopted and the applicability of this algorithm was investigated for robot welding systems. For easy usage of the arc sensor, the operating parameters for arc sensor were limited to eight which can be easily determined by the operator.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.33-40
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to establish a predictive equation of transverse residual stress at the thick FCA butt weldment of large container vessel. The variables used were restraint degree, yield strength of base material, thickness of weldment and welding heat input. Restraint degree at the thick weldment of container ship having the various welding sequence was calculated using FEA. From the result, the H-type specimen was designed to reproduce the level of restraint degree at the actual weldment of containership. Based on the results, the predictive equations of the mean value and the distribution of transverse residual stress at each location of the weldment were established using dimensional analysis and multiple-regression method. The predictive equations were verified by comparing with those measured by XRD in the actual weldment of the ship.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1519-1534
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• 2016

In this paper, we study how to optimize the data shuffle phase by leveraging the flow relationship in datacenter networks (DCNs). In most of the clustering computer frameworks, the completion of a transfer (a group of flows that can enable a computation stage to start or complete) is determined by the flow completing last, so that limiting the rate of other flows (not the last one) appropriately can save bandwidth without impacting the performance of any transfer. Furthermore, for the flows enter network late, more bandwidth can be assigned to them to accelerate the completion of the entire transfer. Based on these characteristics, we propose the flow chasing algorithm (FCA) to optimize the completion of the entire transfer. We implement FCA on a real testbed. By evaluation, we find that FCA can not only reduce the completion time of data transfer by 6.24% on average, but also accelerate the completion of data shuffle phase and entire job.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2001

We have reported that kalopanaxsaponin A (KPS-A) Isolated from Kalopanax pictus have anti-rheumatoidal activity in the rat treated with Freunds complete adjuvant (FCA) reagent. In addition, it has been also reported that KPS-A is a potent antioxidant in the rheumatoidal rat. This research was undertaken to examine whether the saponins of KPS-A and -1 could adjust the abnormal lipid metabolisms and hematological changes in immunological diseases. KPS-A significantly inhibited the increases in both triglycerides and total proteins in addition to the decrease in total cholesterol induced by FCA reagent treatment. KPS-A treatment decreased the number of leucocytes elevated by FCA reagent treatment. Excess dose of the methanol extract produced no severe toxicity on the body weight, wet organ weights and hepatic functions. Since $LD_50$ value of K. pictus methanol extract was shown to be 4,033 ${mg/kg}$, it could be estimated to be a safe agent for anti-rheumatoidal herbal medicines.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.113-119
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• 2014

Due to the development of the petroleum refining technology and continuously increased demand from markets, a quantity of gasoline and diesel oil produced from a restricted quantity of crude oil has been increasing, and residual fuel to be used at marine diesel engines has been gradually becoming low quality. As a result, it was recently reported that trouble oils which cause abnormal combustion such as knocking with extreme noise and misfire from internal combustion engines were increasing throughout the world. In this study, an author investigated ignitability and combustion quality by using combustion analyzer with constant volume(FCA, Fuel Combustion Analyzer) and middle speed diesel engine about MDO(Marine Diesel Oil), HFO(Heavy Fuel Oil), LCO(Light Cycle Oil) and Blend-HFO which was blended LCO of 1000 liters with HFO of 600 liters. Moreover, for betterment of ignitability and combustion quality of injected fuels, multi-injection experiment was carried out in the diesel engine using Blend-HFO. According to the results of FCA analysis, ignitability and combustion quality was bad in the order of MDO

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

Low-Orbit satellite mobile networks can provide services through miniaturized terminals with low transmission power, which can be used as reliable means of communication in the national public disaster network and defense sector. However, the high traffic environment in the emergency preparedness situation increases the new call blocking probability and the handover failure probability of the satellite network, and the increase of the handover failure probability affects the QoS because low orbit satellites move in orbit at a very high speed. Among the channel allocation methods of satellite communication, the FCA shows relatively better performance in a high traffic environment than DCA and is suitable for emergency preparedness situations, but in order to optimize QoS when traffic increases, the new call blocking and the handover failure must be minimized. In this paper, we propose LEO-DBC (LEO satellite dynamic beam width control) technique, which improves QoS by adaptive adjustment of beam width of low-orbit satellites and call time of terminals by improving FCA-QH method. Through the LEO-DBC technique, it is expected that the QoS of the mobile satellite communication network can be optimally maintained in high traffic environments in emergency preparedness situations.