• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.274-286
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• 2010

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of the rearing, health and nutrition services through intervention in GP-GC (grandparents-grandchildren) families. Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered in January 2008 and January 2009 to 55(70) grandparents of GP-GC families who received intervention services also GP-GC families that did not receive services. The study area was the city of Chunnam Province, South Korea. The intervention services were provided by electronic voucher one day per week. The questionnaire assessed the general characteristics of the grandparents, childcare stress and burden, health status (ADL, IADL, depression, subjective health status and fall index) and mini nutritional assessment(MNA). The data were analyzed using SPSS software and an F-test, Chi-squared test and t-test. Results: The stress of grandparents resulting from childcare was high, but depression in grandparents perceived by grandchildren was significantly lower in served GP-GC families than in non-served GP-GC families. Differences in scores of affection (t=2.12, df=116, p<.05), automatics (t=2.92, df=116, p<.01), realistic(t=2.24, df=116, p<.05), and level of depression(t=2.90, df=116, p<.01) were significant. Incidences of acute disease, IADL cognitive fuction and depression of grandparents were slightly higher. Intervention services for GP-GC families had an impact on the childcare attitude and health status of grandparents. The intervention services of nutrition for grandparents were not promoted, but the scoring for subjective nutrition status were statistically higher for the served group (t=18.230, p<.0001). Conclusions: This study found that intervention programs of childcare services and health and nutrition management are effective for grandparents of GP-GC families. Intervention services for GP-GC family should establish the political issue.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.125-134
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• 2007

In this paper, we analyze the orbital variation of the Korea Multi-Purpose SATellite-1(KOMPSAT-1) in a strong space environment due to satellite drag by solar and geomagnetic activities. The satellite drag usually occurs slowly, but becomes serious satellite drag when the space environment suddenly changes via strong solar activity like a big flare eruption or coronal mass ejections(CMEs). Especially, KOMPSAT-1 as a low earth orbit satellite has a distinct increase of the drag acceleration by the variations of atmospheric friction. We consider factors of solar activity to have serious effects on the satellite drag from two points of view. One is an effect of high energy radiation when the flare occurs in the Sun. This radiation heats and expands the upper atmosphere of the Earth as the number of neutral particles is suddenly increased. The other is an effect of Joule and precipitating particle heating caused by current of plasma and precipitation of particles during geomagnetic storms by CMEs. It also affects the density of neutral particles by heating the upper atmo-sphere. We investigate the satellite drag acceleration associated with the two factors for five events selected based on solar and geomagnetic data from 2001 to 2002. The major results can be summarized as follows. First, the drag acceleration started to increase with solar EUV radiation with the best cross-correlation (r = 0.92) for 1 day delayed F10.7. Second, the drag acceleration and Dst index have similar patterns when the geomagnetic storm is dominant and the drag acceleration abruptly increases during the strong geomagnetic storm. Third, the background variation of the drag accelerations is governed by the solar radiation, while their short term (less than a day) variations is governed by geomagnetic storms.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of soybean oil, tallow and coconut oil supplementation on growth performance, serum lipid changes and nutrient digestibility in weaned pigs. One hundred twenty cross-bred [(Yorkshire×Landrace)×Duroc, 6.92±0.01kg average initial BW] were used in a 35 d growth trial. Dietary treatments included CON (5% soybean oil), T0.5 (4.5% soybean oil+0.5% tallow), C0.5 (4.5% soybean oil+0.5% coconut oil) and C1.0 (4.0% soybean oil+1.0% coconut oil). For the whole period and from d 14 to 35, G/F was increased in C0.5 and C1.0 treatments compared with T0.5 treatment (P<0.05). ADG and ADFI were not affected by treatments. On d 14, C1.0 treatment was higher in serum HDL-cholesterol than C0.5 treatment and atherogenic index was increased in C0.5 treatment compared to T0.5 and C1.0 treatments. Digestibility of fat was improved for pigs fed C1.0 diet compared with those fed T0.5 diet on d 35. However, there were no significant differences in digestibilities of DM, N and DE. In conclusion, feeding diets containing soybean and coconut oils in weaned pigs increased feed efficiency and fat digestibility than feeding those containing soybean oil and tallow.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 1975

F$\ddot{u}$r die Erforschllng der Variationen bei der Naturpopulationen der Pinus densifiora wurden drei Populationen aus Chuwangsan (Kyong-buk), Anmyondo (Chung-nam) und Odaesan (Kangwon) Ausgewiiblt. Bei je 20 Individuen jeder Population wurden die Variationen von der Eigenschaft der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt, von der anatomischen und morphologischen Eigenschaft der Kiefernadel und von der Holzqualit$\ddot{a}$t an Bohrsp$\ddot{a}$nen untersucht. Das Ergebnis der Untersuchung konnte in den folgenden sechs Punkten formuliert werden. 1. Von den Eigenschaften der $\ddot{a}$usseren Gestalt ist die Geradheit des Baumstamms, der Durchmesser der Zweige und der Winkel der Verzweigung in der Odaesan Population wlinschenswerter als in anderen Populationen. 2. Es wird festgestellt, dass sich die drei Nadelmerkmale, Anzahl der Z$\ddot{a}$hne je 0.5 cm, Anzahl der Stomata-Reihen und Anzahl der Harzkan$\ddot{a}$le, sowohl zwischen den Populationen als auch zwischen den Individuen signignifikant unterscheiden. 3. Bei der Betrachtung des Harzkanal Index, der Schichtanzahl der Hypodermis und der Entfernung der Fibrovasalb$\ddot{u}$ndel wird aufgezeigt, dass sich alle drei gepr$\ddot{u}$ften Populationen geringf$\ddot{u}$gig von der normalen Kiefer unterscheiden. 4. Zwischen den Populationen ergibt sich ein Unterschied im Prozentanteil des Spatho lzes und im spezifischen Geswicht, jedoch zeigt die Breite der Jahresrings und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge keinen Unterschied. Das spezifische Gewicht und die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der Individuen jeder Population ist signifikant verschieden. 5. Bei dem Alter 11-20 ist der Prozentanteil des sp$\ddot{a}$tholzes am gr$\ddot{o}$ssten und wird aber danach immer geringer bis zum Alter 30; sp$\ddot{a}$ter zeigt sich dann keine sichtbare Ver$\ddot{a}$nderung mehr. Das spezifische Gewicht sich vergr$\ddot{o}$ssert bei der Zunahme des Jahresrings, nimmt aber dann in Anmyondo und Odaesan Populationen beim Alter 21-30 wieder ab. Die Tracheidenl$\ddot{a}$nge der drei Populationen besitzen die Neigung, sich nach der zunahme der Jahresringe zu vermehren. 6. Mit diesen hier behandelten Charakteren werden ganz allgemeinen die Unterschiede der drei Kiefer populationen festgestellt. Diese Ergebnisse sind sehr bemerkenswert betrachtet vom genetischen Gesichtspunkt der waldbaumpopulation.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.44-47
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• 2013

Purpose: There are several methods of measuring SUV in PET/CT imaging including $SUV_{bw}$ which uses the body weight, $SUV_{bsa}$ which that uses body surface area and $SUV_{lbm}$ which uses lean body mass. Currently, Seoul National University Hospital uses $SUV_{bw}$ method which minimizes the variability. In this study, we compared and analyzed the correlation between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ according to patients' body mass index. Materials and Methods: Using Biograph mCT40 (Siemens, Germany), we conducted $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT imaging on 70 patients (41 males, 29 females; ages $58.04{\pm}12.44$). We classified the patients as underweight (BMI<20), normal weight (20$${\leq_-}$$BMI<25), overweight (25$${\leq_-}$$BMI<30), obese (30$${\leq_-}$$BMI<35) and severely obese (35$${\leq_-}$$BMI) according to the patient's sex, age and BIM. Then, bone, liver and lungs were set as ROI for calculation of maximum values of $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$, through Syngo.via VA11A analysis program. Results: Comparing the five groups divided according to the BMI by the standard differences between $SUV_{bw}$ to $SUV_{bsa}$, $SUV_{max}$ was measured to be $0.66{\pm}0.15$, $0.78{\pm}0.35$, $0.77{\pm}0.21$, $1.00{\pm}0.44$, $1.53{\pm}0.38$ for bones in underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese and severely obese groups, respectively. For liver, values of $SUV_{max}$ were $1.64{\pm}0.16$, $2.06{\pm}0.34$, $2.19{\pm}0.21$, $2.52{\pm}0.21$ and $2.74{\pm}0.40$ in the same order. And for lung, values of $SUV_{max}$ were $0.69{\pm}0.33$, $0.54{\pm}0.17$, $0.62{\pm}0.23$, $0.83{\pm0.29}$, $1.03{\pm}0.30$. Conclusion: By comparing and analyzing the differences between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ in this study, it was found that the differences between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ increased as patient's BMI increased. Thus, there is room for error in the values of SUV depending on the methods of calculations, and appropriate methods must be applied according to the circumstances in clinical settings.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.498-514
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• 2018

A statistical analysis for 3651 genetic resources collected from China (1,542), Japan (1,409), Korea (413), and India (287) was conducted using normal distribution, variability index value (VIV), analysis of variation (ANOVA) and Ducan's multiple range test (DMRT) based on a data obtained from NIRS analysis. In normal distribution, the average protein content was 8.0%, whereas waxy type amylose and common rice amylose were found to be 8.7% and 22.7%, respectively. The protein contents ranged from 5.4 to 10.6% at the level of 95%. The waxy amylose and common rice amylose ranged from 5.9 to 11.5%, and from 16.9 to 28.5% at 95% confidence level, respectively. The VIV was 0.59 for protein, 0.64 for low amylose, and 0.81 for high amylose contents. The average amylose contents were 18.85% in Japanese, 19.99% in Korean, 20.27% in Chinese, and 25.46% in Indian resources, while the average protein contents were found to be 7.23% in Korean, 7.73% in Japanese, 8.01% in Chinese, and 8.17% in Indian resources. The ANOVA of amylose and protein content showed significant differences at the level of 0.01. The F-test for amylose content was 158.34, and for protein content 53.95 compared to critical value 3.78. The DMRT of amylose and protein content showed significant difference (p<0.01) between resources of different countries. Japanese resources had the lowest level of amylose contents, whereas, the lowest level of protein content was found in Korean resources compared to other origins. Indian resources showed the highest level of amylose and protein contents. It is recommended these results should be helpful to future breeding experiments.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1981

Recent trends in design standards development in some European countries and U.S.A. have encouraged the use of probabilistic limit sate design concepts. Reliability based design criteria such as LSD, LRFD, PBLSD, adopted in those advanced countries have the potentials that they afford for symplifying the design process and placing it on a consistent reliability bases for various construction materials. A reliability based design criteria for RC flexural members are proposed in this study. Lind-Hasofer's invariant second-moment reliability theory is used in the derivation of an algorithmic reliability analysis method as well as an iterative determination of load and resistance factors. In addition, Cornell's Mean First-Order Second Moment Method is employed as a practical tool for the approximate reliability analysis and the derivation of design criteria. Uncertainty measures for flexural resistance and load effects are based on the Ellingwood's approach for the evaluation of uncertainties of loads and resistances. The implied relative safety levels of RC flexural members designed by the strength design provisions of the current standard code were evaluated using the second moment reliability analysis method proposed in this study. And then, resistance and load factors corresponding to the target reliability index(${\beta}=4$) which is considered to be appropriate level of reliability considering our practices are calculated by using the proposed methods. These reliability based factors were compared to those specified by our current ultimate strength design provisions. It was found that the reliability levels of flexural members designed by current code are not appropriate, and the code specified resistance and load factors were considerably different from the reliability based resistance and load factors proposed in this study.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 2000

Environmental factors and phytoplankton community have been bimonthly investigated in order to clarify the bioecological characteristics of coral habitats around Moonsom at the southern Cheju Island from September 1995 to July 1996. Annual mean temperature and annual mean salinity were $17.4^{\circ}C$ and 34.06 psu, respectively, showing lower temperature-higher salinity in winter and higher temperature-lower salinity in summer, which means such conditions are inadequate for coral reef formation. Nutrient concentrations represent that total nitrogen ranged from $0.07{\sim}10.08\;{\mu}M$, phosphate from $0.05{\sim}1.70\;{\mu}M$, and silicate from $3.08{\sim}21.86\;{\mu}M$. The N/P ratio showed the range of 9.59-10.60 with decreasing offshore-ward, which means the phytoplankton community could be limited by nitrogen sources. Annual mean euphotic depth was 32.0m (18.9m-48.6m) with difference according to season and reveals the close relationship with the depth of coral distribution. Chlorophyll a concentrations of phytoplankton ranged from $0.12{\sim}1.51\;{\mu}g\;L^{-1}$ and standing crops from $1.5{\times}10^3{\sim}7.0{\times}10^5\;cells\;L^{-1}$, showing higher at inshore than at offshore with a blooming in May. A total of 128 species of phytoplankton occurred in all stations, representing 99 spp. of diatoms, 26 spp. of dinoflagellates, 2 spp. of silicoflagellates and 1 sp. of blue-green algae. Diatoms are main taxa in all seasons except for occupying by dinoflagellates in summer. Among dominant species, fParalia sulcata (Ehrenberg) Cleve and Cylindrotheca closterium (Ehrenberg) Lewin & Reimann were predominant and are likely to be main food sources for coral community. Annual mean species diversity index (H') was 1.84, showing lower than around the coast line of Cheju Island.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.576-582
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• 2003

During the Off-Pump Coronary Arterial Bypass surgery (OPCAB), the manipulation of the heart can depress cardiac contractility and cause hemodynamic instability. In this study, hemodynamic parameters were measured during operation and the laboratory and clinical data were investigated to evaluate their effects on postoperative outcome. Material and Method: From March 2001 to August 2002, 50 consecutive patients who underwent OPCAB were included in this study. During the same period, total number of CABG was 71 The blood pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, mixed venous oxygen saturation, and cardiac index were measured before manipulation, after application of stabilizer, and at the end of anastomosis. Postoperatively, we measured the cardiac enzymes such as CK-MB, troponin 1 and checked the amount of inotropes required, chest tube drainage, the amount of transfusion, duration of ventilator support, and duration of ICU stay. Result: The number of mean distal anastomoses was 2.8$\pm$0.9 per patient. On elevation and stabilization of the heart, systolic blood pressure was depressed and pulmonary artery pressure was elevated significantly, but during each anastomosis no significant changes were detected. The peak level of cardiac markers was 29.2$\pm$46.7 for CK-MB, 0.69$\pm$0.86 for troponin 1 on postoperative day f. Among the intraoperative hemodynamic parameters, the ischemic change of EKG and bolus injection of inotropes significantly affected the posteroperative cardiac enzymes. But, no difference other than the level of cardiac enzymes between the two groups with or without the ischemic change of EKG and bolus injection of inotropes was noticed. Conclusion: The significant hemodynamic changes occurred when the heart was elevated and stabilized, however during anastomoses there were no significant changes. Serum cardiac enzymes rose significantly in the group that showed the ischemic charge of EKG or needed the bolus injection of inotropes for maintaining hemodynamic stability intraoperatively, but it did not affect the postoperative outcome. In conclusion, the ischemic change of EKG and the need for bolus injection of intropes during operation may be very indicative for probable ischemia.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2011

Purpose: The SUV is a widely used semi-quantitative index in PET for the estimation of radio-tracer accumulation in VOI. In this study, SUVs from three different PET/CT scanners were assessed, and differences between SUVs were evaluated. Materials and Methods: The PET/CT scanners which were assessed in this study were GEMINI, GEMINI TF 64 (Philips) and Biograph True Point True V 40 (Siemens). The NEMA PET phantom (Data Spectrum Corp., USA) was used to evaluate SUVs. The NEMA PET phantom has6.8 kg weight and three hot inserts. Two different activity distributions for the background and inserts were tested. The activity ratio were 3.7:3.7:7.4:11.1 MBq (1:1:2:3) and 1.85:7.4:9.25:11.1MBq (1:4:5:6) for each of background, insert 1, insert 2 and insert 3. Acquisition time was 2 minutes per bed position and NEMA PET phantom could be covered by two bed positions for all PET/CT scanners. The SUVs from each PET/CT scanner were compared with calculated true value. Results: For both activity ratios, all scanners showed similar results. The differences between each scanner were insignificant. Each scanner showed 91.2%, 85.9% and 87.2% of true SUV for GEMINI, GEMINI TF 64, Biograph True Point TrueV, respectively. Conclusion: For all scanners, SUVs were slightly lower than true value. However, the difference between scanners was insignificant. The SUVs from these scanners would be clinically meaningful if their consistent underestimation is kept in mind.