• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.7 no.8
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• pp.195-202
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• 2018

With the development of location-based applications such as smart phones and GPS navigation, active research is being conducted to protect location and trajectory privacy. To receive location-related services, users must disclose their exact location to the server. However, disclosure of users' location exposes not only their locations but also their trajectory to the server, which can lead to concerns of privacy violation. Furthermore, users request from the server not only location information but also multimedia information (photographs, reviews, etc. of the location), and this increases the processing cost of the server and the information to be received by the user. To solve these problems, this study proposes the EGTC (Enhanced Grid-based Trajectory Cloaking) technique. As with the existing GTC (Grid-based Trajectory Cloaking) technique, EGTC method divides the user trajectory into grids at the user privacy level (UPL) and creates a cloaking region in which a random query sequence is determined. In the next step, the necessary information is received as index by considering the sub-grid cell corresponding to the path through which the user wishes to move as c(x,y). The proposed method ensures the trajectory privacy as with the existing GTC method while reducing the amount of information the user must listen to. The excellence of the proposed method has been proven through experimental results.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.282-287
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• 2011

Bacterial pustule (BP) is a leaf disease of soybean that is most common in Korea. Inoculation of 8ra, pathogen strain, to resistant and susceptible cultivars for finding the BP resistance gene (rxp) was much tried but the sequence of the exact gene is not found. This research performed in order to confirm the rxp gene near molecular marker by using the resistant and susceptible cultivars. Soybean BP resistance gene which related to region of near molecular marker could select the resistant cultivar. For the near molecular marker of rxp, reference genomics data available at sequenced Phytozome was used for designing molecular markers. The rxp was mapped between Satt372 and Satt486 on chromosome 17. According to previous study, rxp released in find mapping 7.2 Mbp to 7.3 Mbp on chromosome 17. In this study, we developed 3 random markers near from 6.6 Mbp to 7.3 Mbp on chromosome 17 identified to increase the genetic resolution of the rxp gene region using resistant and susceptible cultivars. Particularly, Rxp17-700 marker was mostly coincided resistance and susceptible genotype to rxp. This result suggests that Rxp17-700 marker will be more tightly linked to rxp gene.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.576-587
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• 2024

In this study, diverse bacterial strains were isolated from fermented foods to screen those with antibacterial activity. Among them, one strain, identified as Bacillus vallismortis MCBL 1012 through 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, was selected for its bacteriocin production. The culture supernatant of B. vallismortis MCBL 1012 showed antibacterial activity, mainly against Gram-positive bacteria. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that bacteriocin treatment led to cellular content leakages in Listeria monocytogenes KCCM 40307, Enterococcus faecium KCCM 12118, and Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3065. PCR analysis confirmed B. vallismortis MCBL 1012 harbored subtilosin A gene (sbo A). Antibacterial activity was decreased by proteolytic enzymes like proteinase K, subtilisin A, and α-chymotrypsin. The bacteriocin demonstrated stability at 40℃ and 60℃ for 120 min, and up to 80℃ for 60 min, with rapid activity loss at 100℃. It retained full antibacterial activity within a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 and was not affected by up to 100% organic solvents like ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile, and tetrahydrofuran. Nevertheless, activity decreased with more than 40% isopropanol and 80% acetone. Most tested inorganic salts and detergents had no effect on antibacterial activity except, CuSO₄ and NiSO₄ at specified concentrations. The bacteriocin exerted its antibacterial effect through bactericidal action against L. monocytogenes KCCM 40307. The bacteriocin was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE anion exchange chromatography, and RP-HPLC. The purification resulted in a final yield of 0.03% and a 283.7-fold increase in specific activity. MALDI-TOF MS analysis determined the exact molecular weight of purified bacteriocin to be 3,326.1 Da.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics B
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• v.33B no.11
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• pp.140-149
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• 1996

Cursive characters are written on an economical principle to reduce the motion of a pen in the limit of distinction between characters. That is, the pen is not lifted up to move for writing a next stroke, the pen is not moved at all, or connected two strokes chance their shapes to a similar and simple shape which is easy to be written. For these reasons, strokes and korean alphabets are not only easy to be changed, but also difficult to be splitted. In this paper, we propose a curvature stroke modeling method for splitting and matching by using a structural primitive. A curvature stroke is defined as a substroke which does not change its curvanture. Input strokes handwritten in a cursive style are splitted into a sequence of curvature strokes by segmenting the points which change the direction of rotation, which occur a sudden change of direction, and which occur an excessive rotation Each reference of korean alphabets is handwritten in a printed style and is saved as a sequence of curvature strikes which is generated by splitting process. And merging process is used to generate various sequences of curvature strikes for matching. Here, it is also considered that imaginary strokes can be written or omitted. By using a curvature stroke as a unit of recognition, redundant splitting points in input characters are effectively reduced and exact matching is possible by generating a reference curvature stroke, which consists of the parts of adjacent two korean alphasbets, even when the connecting points between korean alphabets are not splitted. The results showed 83.6% as recognition rate of the first candidate and 0.99sec./character (CPU clock:66MHz) as processing time.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.284-294
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• 2006

Objective: Activating mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 (FGFR2) have been shown to cause syndromic craniosynostosis such as Apert and Crouzon syndromes. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the resultant phenotypes induced by the two distinctive bone-targeted gene constructs of FGFR2, Pro253Arg and Cys278Phe, corresponding to human Apert and Crouzon syndromes respectively. Methods: Wild type and a transgenic mouse model with normal FGFR2 were used as controls to examine the validity of the microinjection. Micro-CT and morphometric analysis on the skull revealed the following results. Results: Both Apert and Crouzon mutants of FGFR2 induced fusion of calvarial sutures and anteroposteriorly constricted facial dimension, with anterior crossbite present only in Apert mice. Apert mice differed from Crouzon mice and transgenic mice with normal FGFR2 in the anterior cranial base flexure and calvarial flexure angle which implies a possible difference in the pathogenesis of the two mutations. In contrast, the transgenic mice with normal FGFR2 displayed normal craniofacial phenotype. Conclusion: Apert and Crouzon mutations appear to lead to genotype-specific phenotypes, possibly causing the distinctive sites and sequence of synostosis in the calvaria and cranial base. The exact function of the altered FGFR2 at each suture needs further investigation.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.187-201
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• 2011

KOSPI200 index is the Korean stock price index consisting of actively traded 200 stocks in the Korean stock market. Its base value of 100 was set on January 3, 1990. The Korea Exchange (KRX) developed derivatives markets on the KOSPI200 index. KOSPI200 index futures market, introduced in 1996, has become one of the most actively traded indexes markets in the world. Traders can make profit by entering a long position on the KOSPI200 index futures contract if the KOSPI200 index will rise in the future. Likewise, they can make profit by entering a short position if the KOSPI200 index will decline in the future. Basically, KOSPI200 index futures trading is a short-term zero-sum game and therefore most futures traders are using technical indicators. Advanced traders make stable profits by using system trading technique, also known as algorithm trading. Algorithm trading uses computer programs for receiving real-time stock market data, analyzing stock price movements with various technical indicators and automatically entering trading orders such as timing, price or quantity of the order without any human intervention. Recent studies have shown the usefulness of artificial intelligent systems in forecasting stock prices or investment risk. KOSPI200 index data is numerical time-series data which is a sequence of data points measured at successive uniform time intervals such as minute, day, week or month. KOSPI200 index futures traders use technical analysis to find out some patterns on the time-series chart. Although there are many technical indicators, their results indicate the market states among bull, bear and flat. Most strategies based on technical analysis are divided into trend following strategy and non-trend following strategy. Both strategies decide the market states based on the patterns of the KOSPI200 index time-series data. This goes well with Markov model (MM). Everybody knows that the next price is upper or lower than the last price or similar to the last price, and knows that the next price is influenced by the last price. However, nobody knows the exact status of the next price whether it goes up or down or flat. So, hidden Markov model (HMM) is better fitted than MM. HMM is divided into discrete HMM (DHMM) and continuous HMM (CHMM). The only difference between DHMM and CHMM is in their representation of state probabilities. DHMM uses discrete probability density function and CHMM uses continuous probability density function such as Gaussian Mixture Model. KOSPI200 index values are real number and these follow a continuous probability density function, so CHMM is proper than DHMM for the KOSPI200 index. In this paper, we present an artificial intelligent trading system based on CHMM for the KOSPI200 index futures system traders. Traders have experienced on technical trading for the KOSPI200 index futures market ever since the introduction of the KOSPI200 index futures market. They have applied many strategies to make profit in trading the KOSPI200 index futures. Some strategies are based on technical indicators such as moving averages or stochastics, and others are based on candlestick patterns such as three outside up, three outside down, harami or doji star. We show a trading system of moving average cross strategy based on CHMM, and we compare it to a traditional algorithmic trading system. We set the parameter values of moving averages at common values used by market practitioners. Empirical results are presented to compare the simulation performance with the traditional algorithmic trading system using long-term daily KOSPI200 index data of more than 20 years. Our suggested trading system shows higher trading performance than naive system trading.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.308-319
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• 2003

Mechanical forces are known to have an effect on bone formation, maintenance and remodeling, and there is evidence that the development of the mandibular condyle in the rat or mouse is influenced by altered functional force. However, studies are lacking in molecular-biologic mechanism such as the identification of differentiation factor induced from functional force. Here a mouse model was used to investigate the functional stress-responsive gene or factors which is related to the altered force by comparing the expression genes of functional state and hypo-functional state of the mouse mandible. ICR mice were provisioned with either a soft, mushy diet (soft-diet group) or hard rat pellets (hard-diet group) beginning at weaning for the alteration of functional force and subsequently sacrificed at 89 days of age. Incisor of mice in group 1 were trimmed twice a week to reduce occlusal forces. After killing the animals, mandibular bone including condyle were collected for RNA extraction, subtractive hybridization, northern blot analysis and mRNA in-situ hybridization. The results as follows; 1. A total of 39 clones were sequenced, and 11 individual sequence types were subsequently identified by subtractive hybridization, as 28 clones were represented twice in the analyzed sets. 2. Consequently four candidate clones, FS-s (functional stress-specific)2, -5, -18, and -22 were identified and characterized by homolgy search and northern analysis. Four of these clones, FS-s2, -5, -18, and -22, were shown to be expressed differentially in the hard-diet group. 3. Histologic sections showed that osteoblastic activity along the bone trabeculae and active bone remodeling were significantly lower in soft than in hard diet animals. A soft diet seems to enable a longer period of endochondral ossification in the mandibular condyle. 4. Although the mRNAs of FS-s2, -5, -18, and -22 were expressed rarely by cells of the soft-diet group, highest expression was detected in the cells of the hard-diet group. Together with the above results, it is suggested that FS-s2, -5, -18, and -22 could act as an important factors controlling the tissue changes in response to functional stress. The exact functional significance of these findings remains to be established.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.947-955
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• 2020

The foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV), a member of the Aphthovirus genus in the Picornaviridae family, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs. During replication of the FMDV RNA (ribonucleic acid) genome, FMDV-encoding RNA polymerase 3D acts in a highly location-specific manner. This suggests that specific RNA structures recognized by 3D polymerase within non-coding regions of the FMDV genome assist with binding during replication. One such region is the cis-acting replication element (CRE), which functions as a template for RNA replication. The FMDV CRE adopts a stem-loop conformation with an extended duplex stem, supporting a novel 15-17 nucleotide loop that derives stability from base-stacking interactions, with the exact RNA nucleotide sequence of the CRE producing different RNA secondary structures. Here, we show that CRE sequences of FMDVs isolated in Korea from 2010 to 2017 exhibit A and O genotypes. Interestingly, variations in the RNA secondary structure of the Korean FMDVs are consistent with the phylogenetic relationships between these viruses and reveal the specificity of FMDV infections for particular host species. Therefore, we conclude that each genetic clade of Korean FMDV is characterized by a unique functional CRE and that the evolutionary success of new genetic lineages may be associated with the invention of a novel CRE motif. Therefore, we propose that the specific RNA structure of a CRE is an additional criterion for FMDV classification dependent on the host species. These findings will help correctly analyze CRE sequences and indicate the specificity of host species for future FMDV epidemics.

• KIPS Transactions on Computer and Communication Systems
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.155-164
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• 2018

Many malicious programs have been compressed or encrypted using various commercial packers to prevent reverse engineering, So malicious code analysts must decompress or decrypt them first. The OEP (Original Entry Point) is the address of the first instruction executed after returning the encrypted or compressed executable file back to the original binary state. Several unpackers, including PinDemonium, execute the packed file and keep tracks of the addresses until the OEP appears and find the OEP among the addresses. However, instead of finding exact one OEP, unpackers provide a relatively large set of OEP candidates and sometimes OEP is missing among candidates. In other words, existing unpackers have difficulty in finding the correct OEP. We have developed new tool which provides fewer OEP candidate sets by adding two methods based on the property of the OEP. In this paper, we propose two methods to provide fewer OEP candidate sets by using the property that the function call sequence and parameters are same between packed program and original program. First way is based on a function call. Programs written in the C/C++ language are compiled to translate languages into binary code. Compiler-specific system functions are added to the compiled program. After examining these functions, we have added a method that we suggest to PinDemonium to detect the unpacking work by matching the patterns of system functions that are called in packed programs and unpacked programs. Second way is based on parameters. The parameters include not only the user-entered inputs, but also the system inputs. We have added a method that we suggest to PinDemonium to find the OEP using the system parameters of a particular function in stack memory. OEP detection experiments were performed on sample programs packed by 16 commercial packers. We can reduce the OEP candidate by more than 40% on average compared to PinDemonium except 2 commercial packers which are can not be executed due to the anti-debugging technique.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.59-93
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• 2006

Wolseong in Gyeongju is a historic fortress site of Silla constructed under the reign of Pasanisageum that played politically and militarily important roles. The moat surrounding Wolseong had a function of protecting the fortress in wartimes but became a part of gardening in the unified Silla era. Lots of relics have been excavated from Wolseong moat since 1985. Among them a great number and kinds of convex roofing tiles are regarded as invaluable sources to show different aspects of Silla, from its earlier time through to the unified and on. Roofing tiles were widely used for national buildings such as royal palaces, temples and fortresses and even for other popular architecture and have been dug out a lot more than any other relics. Research on them, however, has been done poorly. Vigorous study is in progress with increasing number of roofing tiles coming from many recent excavations, though it has been limited to the studies on general genealogy of patterns and manufacture processes. Thus this essay seeks to find which are dongbeomwas, roofing tiles of a same mold, out of convex tiles with the pattern of a unilobed lotus flower dug out of Wolseong moat. It also attempts to identify dongbeomwas by examining detail characteristics of roofing tiles which have been confusingly termed as yusawa, similar roofing tiles, or donghyeongwa, roofing tiles of the same shape. The significance of identifying dongbeomwas could be emphasized by various facts resulting from researches on dongbeomwas; the ways to identify them correctly, their time sequence and their excavated sites. In conclusion, dongbeomwas were identified out of many kinds of convex tiles. If they were excavated from the same site, they share some common features. The sites where they were dug out also tell what changes were made with passage of time and what relations they had with neighboring Anapji. Since roofing tile molds haven't been found yet, the only way to identify dongbeomwas is to examine details of roofing tiles. Dongbeomwas excavated in Wolseong moat help to discuss the time of each district of it. Meanwhile it should be noted that the term 'dongbeomwa' be used only after exact examining.