• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.257-265
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• 2024

In this study, we applied AEC(Auto Exposure Control), which is used in many chest examinations, to evaluate whether medical devices inserted into the body affect the dose and image quality of chest images. After attaching three HIMD(Human implantable medical devices) to the ion chamber, the Monte Carlo methodology-based program PCXMC(PC Program for X-ray Monte Carlo) 2.0 was applied to measure the effective dose by inputting the DAP(Dose Ares Product) value derived from the Pacemaker and CRT and Chemoport Additionally, to evaluate image quality, we set three regions of interest and one noise region on the chest and measured SNR and CNR. The final study results showed significant differences in DAP and Effective dose. There was a significant difference between Pacemaker and CRT when AEC was applied and not applied. (p<0.05) When applied, the dose increased by 37% for Pacemaekr and 52% for CRT. Chemoport showed a 10% increase in effective dose depending on whether AEC was applied, but there was no significant difference. (p>0.05) In the image quality evaluation, there was no significant difference in image quality between all HIMD insertions and AEC applied or not. (p>0.05) Therefore, when the HIMD was inserted into the chest during a chest x ray and overlapped with the ion chamber sensor, the effective dose increased, and there was no difference in image quality even at a low dose without AEC. Therefore, when performing a chest X-ray examination of a patient with a HIMD inserted, it is considered that performing the examination without applying AEC is a method that can be considered to reduce the patient's radiation exposure.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.240-252
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• 2024

The distribution status of the nature monument species, Hemibarbus mylodon, was investigated from 2021 to 2024 in Geumgang River and Mujunamdae Stream (a tributary of the Geumgang River). In 2021 to 2023, five individuals from Gemgang River upstream were collected by Geumsan-gun, Chungchangnam-do. In 2021 to 2024, 1,592 induviduals juvenile from seven sites were collected by surveying 15 sites from Mujunamdae Stream. The main habitat of juvenile was about 0.3~1.5 meters water deep, 0.14~0.16 meters per second in the middle-upper stream of rock and sand bottom with slow rapids and pools. The age groups for H. mylodon estimated by the frequency distribution of total length in after spawning season (May) to October indicated the 10~65 mm is 0-year old, 75~90 mm is 1-year old group. In addition, over the 120 mm group is 2-years old, the 190~250 mm is more than 3-years old group. In 2024, we identified 35 spawning place from six sites were sites were collected by surveying 15 sites. Spawning place at the river bottom were top of the rapids, 30~60 cm (mean 48.2 cm) water deep, and the place was covered with stone and gravel, water velocity was 0.13~0.34 (mean 0.25 m/sec) meter per second. The spawning place size of the gravel piles was as follows: length 35~48 cm (mean 40.7 cm), width 25~37 cm (mean 34.5), and height 5~12 cm (mean 8.6 cm). Thus, H. mylodon reintroduced to Mujunamdae Stream has successfully settled down and increase in abundance within the natural habitat.

• Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.51-67
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• 2024

Objective : This study investigated trends in the use of assessment tools by occupational therapists working with adults and older adults. Methods : Occupational therapists were surveyed to gather data on general characteristics, assessment tool usage, assessment time and frequency, usage trends by area, and education. The tools were categorized by the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF) into Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL), and play and leisure for occupations, and cognitive functions, motor functions, and psychosocial aspects for client factors. Data from 98 respondents were analyzed using frequency analysis and one-way ANOVA with SAS. Results : Most surveyed occupational therapists worked in university or general hospitals (40.82%). The assessment time per patient was under 30 min (62.25%), and re-assessment frequency was one~three months (68.38%). The most frequently used assessment tools by the OTPF were as follows: ADL: Modified Barthel Index (94.90%), IADL: Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (31.63%), cognitive functions: Mini-Mental Status Examination (89.80%), visual perception: Motor-free Visual Perception Test (56.12%), dementia: Global Deterioration Scale (63.27%), motor functions: Jamar Dynamometer & Pinch Gauge (59.18%), dysphagia: Video Fluoroscopic Swallowing Study (28.57%), physical examination: Range of Motion (59.18%), and psychosocial: Geriatric Depression Scale (33.67%). Conclusion : This study identified the use and rationale of assessment tools for occupational therapy in adults and older adults. These findings aim to enhance the curriculum and continuing education of occupational therapists.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.12-21
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• 2024

The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of gibberellin on improving seedling growth characteristics and enhancing strawberry quality in cutting propagation. Cuttings of the cultivar 'Seolhyang' were treated with GA₃ for 30 and 60 minutes at concentrations of 50, 100, and 150 mg·L^-1, with distilled water used for dipping as the control. Evaluation of seedling growth showed a positive correlation between the duration of gibberellin dipping and growth characteristics such as leaf number and SPAD value. Plant height, petiole length, leaf length and width, and leaf area varied significantly based on the interaction between dipping time and concentration. Crown diameter exhibited differences depending on the dipping time, with cuttings producing superior seedlings having a diameter of 8.0 mm or more for all treatments except the 30-minute, 100 mg·L^-1 treatment. The T/R ratio was significantly lower in the 30-minute, 50 mg·L^-1 treatment, indicating the highest plant vigor. Quantum yield was lower at a concentration of 150 mg·L^-1, showing a decreasing trend with increasing gibberellin concentration. Nonphotochemical quenching was significantly smaller in the 30-minute, 150 mg·L^-1 treatment, indicating an effective reduction of stress in the cuttings. Antioxidant content was highest in the 30-minute, 50 mg·L^-1 treatment and the 60-minute, 150 mg·L^-1 treatment. Moreover, the results of post-transplanting growth assessment showed no negative effect of gibberellin on flowering induction. Therefore, it was confirmed that gibberellin treatment during the cutting propagation of 'Seolhyang' strawberries had a positive effect on the production of high-quality seedlings. Dipping the cuttings in 50 mg·L^-1 gibberellin for 30 minutes is considered to be the most suitable method for improving growth and quality compared to the control.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.163-171
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• 2024

This study was aimed to investigate the effects of layer-by-floor environmental conditions and lower shelf supplemental lighting on the productivity of fresh shoots when growing rosemary in multi-layer cultivation. The 10-cm cuttings from stock plants of common rosemary (Rosemarinus officinalis) were planted in a 128-hole tray, rooted, and then transplanted into pots of 750, 1,300, and 2,000 mL. Afterwards, they were placed on multi-layer shelves (width × length × height: 149 × 60 × 57 cm, 3-layer) in a two-linked greenhouse and cultivated using the sub-irrigation. The productivity of young shoots by layer of the multi-layer shelf was the highest on the third floor (top floor), but productivity decreased sharply after September due to stem lignification caused by excessive light during the summer. Conversely, the lower two layers exhibited faster growth rate of young shoots until the late cultivation period, but the quality decreased due to stem softening and leaf epinasty. To address the excessive light problem on the third floor during the summer, shading was implemented at 30% opacity in July and August, resulting in a 210% increase in rosemary young shoots count and a 162% increase in fresh weight per unit area compared to the unshaded control. To improve the lighting deficiency on the lower layer, supplemental lighting with LED at 30 W increased rosemary young shoot harvest by 168% from June to September compared to no supplemental lighting, but it decreased productivity after September. Therefore, when growing rosemary in multi-layer, it is judged that intensive production of young shoots is possible if the third floor (top layer) is shaded with 30% of light from July to August to prevent stem lignification, and the lower layer is temporarily supplemented with LED 30 W from June to September to increase young shoot growth.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.231-241
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• 2024

Discovering innovative startups that use public technologies from universities and government-funded research institutes is crucial for maintaining national competitiveness. Advancing public R&D technology, discovering entrepreneurs from research institutes, and fostering and investing in deep-tech startups are very important at the national level. However, there is a lack of research on activating startups using public technologies, and research analyzing each governance entity is needed to activate the innovation startup ecosystem. Therefore, this study conducted an empirical analysis of the priorities for revitalizing the innovation startup ecosystem among researchers, research institutes, innovative startups, and the government, which constitute the public technology governance. The results of this study revealed that the sustainability of innovative startups (0.308), government innovation startup activation (0.298), research institutions discovering and fostering startups (0.221), and researcher's characteristics (0.173) were the most significant factors in the public R&D technology innovation startup ecosystem. And the sub-factors of researcher's characteristics, seizing business opportunities (0.305) was most important, and creating a startup-friendly culture (0.293) was most important among the sub-factors of research institutions discovering and fostering startups. Investment funds and procurement (0.373) was the most critical sub-factor for the sustainability of innovative startups, while a dedicated fund for public technology (0.305) was the most important among the sub-factors of government schemes for promoting innovative startups. A total of 20 factors were analyzed sequentially according to their importance in the weights for evaluation factors and sub-factors. By sub-factor, investment and financing for innovative startups (0.115), dedicated government fund for public technology (0.091), securing high-quality human resources for innovative startups (0.078), improving government regulations and permits related to innovative technologies (0.074), and creating a startup-friendly culture in research institutions (0.065) were the most important. This result emphasizes the significance of securing competitiveness to become a sustainable public technology startup. In addition, based on entrepreneurship experience, 'dedicated funding for public technology' was most important for the group with startup experience, while the group with no experience needed more 'investment and funding'. Furthermore, By region, 'improving government regulations and permits' was the highest priority in the Seoul metropolitan area, while 'attracting investment and financing' was the most important in Daejeon. Therefore, the results of this research, it is important to give policy priority to innovative startup companies in order to activate the innovation startup ecosystem in the public technology sector. The political and practical implications were derived that long-term (10 years or more) investment and funding for deep tech companies and the establishment of public technology-only funds are the most urgent and important.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.141-158
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• 1994

To provide better health care services to the rural population, the government has made the Community Health Practitioner(CHP) a regular government official from April 1, 1992. This study was carried out to study the impact of officialization of CHP on the activities and management system of Primary Health Post(PHP). Fifty PHPs were selected by two stage sampling, cluster and simple random, from 595 PHPs in Kyungnam and Kyungpook provinces. Data were collected by a personal interview with CHPs and review of records and reports kept in the PHPs. The study was done for the periods of January 1-March 31, 1992 (before officialization) and January 1-March 31, 1993 (after officialization). Ninety-six percent of the CHPs wanted to become a regular government official in the hope of better job security and higher salary. The proportion of CHPs who were proud of their iob was increased from 24% to 46% after officialization. Those CHPs who felt insecure for their job decreased from 30% to 10%. Monthly salary was increased by 34% from 802,600 Won to 1,076,000 Won and 90% of the CHPs were satisfied with their salary, also more CHPs responded that they have autonomy in their work planning, implementation of plan, management of the post, and evaluation of their activity. There were no appreciable changes in such CHPs' activities as assessment of local health resources, drawing map for the catchment area, utilization of community organization, grasping the current population structure in the catchment area, keeping the family health records, individual and group health education, and school health service. However, the number of home visits was increased from 13.6 times on the average per month per CHP to 27.5 times. More mothers and children were referred to other medical facilities for the immunization and family planning services. Average number of patients of hypertension, cancer, and diabetes in three months period was decreased from 12.7 to 11.6, from 1.5 to 1.2, and 4.3 to 3.4, respectively. Records for the patient care, drug management, and equipment were well kept but not for other records. The level of record keeping was not changed after officialization. The proportion of PHPs which had support from the health center was increased for drug supply from 14.0% to 30.0%, for consumable commodities from 22.0% to 52.0%, for maintenance of PHP from 54.0% to 68.0%, for supply of health education materials from 34.0% to 44.0%, and supply of equipment from 54.0% to 58.0%. Total monthly revenue of a PHP was increased by about 50,000 Won; increased by 22,000 Won in patient care and 34,700 Won in the government subsidy but decreased in the membership due and donation. However, there was no remarkable changes in the expenditure. The proportion of PHPs which had received official notes from the health center for the purpose of guidance and supervision of the CHPs was increased from 20% to 38% during three months period and the average number of telephone call for supervision from the health center per PHP was increased from 1.8 to 2.1 times(p<0.01). However, the proportion of PHPs that had supervisory visit and conference was reduced from 79% to 62%, and from 88% to 74%, respectively. The proportion of CHPs who maintained a cooperative relationship with Myun Health Workers was reduced from 42% to 36%, that with the director of health center from 46% to 24%, that with the chief of public health administration section from 56% to 36%, and that with the chairman of PHP management council from 62% to 38%. Most of the CHPs (92% before and 82% after officialization) stated that the PHP management council is not helpful for the PHP. CHPs who considered the PHP management council unnecessary increased from 4% to 16%(p<0.05). Suggestions made by the CHPs for the improvement of CHP program included emphasis on health education, assurance of autonomy for PHP management, increase of the kind of drugs that can be dispensed by CHPs, and appointment of an experienced CHP in the health center as the supervisor of CHPs. The results of this study revealed that the role and function of CHPs as reflected in their activities have not been changed after officialization. However, satisfaction in job security and salary was improved as well as the autonomy. Support of health center to the PHP was improved but more official notes were sent to the PHPs which required the CHPs more paper works. Number of telephone calls for supervision was increased but there was little administrative and technical guidance for the CHP activities.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2015

In 2014, on 31 August and 1 September, the emissions of $CH_4$, $CO_2$, and $O_2$ gases were measured six times using the closed chamber method from exposed tidal flat sediments in the same position relative to the low point of the tidal cycle in the Eoeun-ri, Taean-gun, on the Mid-western Coast of Korea. The concentrations of $CH_4$ in the air sample collected in the chamber were measured using gas chromatography with an EG analyzer, model GS-23, within 6 hours of collection, and the other gases were measured in real time using a multi-gas monitor. The gas emission fluxes (source (+), and sink (-)) were calculated from a simple linear regression analysis of the changes in the concentrations over time. In order to see the surrounding parameters (water content, temperature, total organic carbon, average mean size of sediments, and the temperature of the inner chamber) were measured at the study site. On the first day, across three measurements during 5 hours 20 minutes, the observed $CO_2$ flux absorption was -137.00 to $-81.73mg/m^2/hr$, and the $O_2$ absorption, measured simultaneously, was -0.03 to $0.00mg/m^2/hr$. On the second day using an identical number of measurements, the $CO_2$ absorption was -20.43 to $-2.11mg/m^2/hr$, and the $O_2$ absorption -0.18 to $-0.14mg/m^2/hr$. The $CH_4$ absorption before low tide was $-0.02mg/m^2/hr$ (first day, Pearson correlation coefficient using the SPSS statistical analysis is -0.555(n=5, p=0.332, pronounced negative linear relationship)), and $-0.15mg/m^2/hr$ (second day, -0.915(n=5, p=0.030, strong negative linear relationship)) on both measurement days. The emitted flux after low tide on both measurement days reached a minimum of $+0.00mg/m^2/hr$ (+0.713(n=5, p=0.176, linear relationship which can be almost ignored)), and a maximum of $+0.03mg/m^2/hr$ (+0.194(n=5, p=0.754, weak positive linear relationship)) after low tide. However, the absolute values of the $CH_4$ fluxes were analyzed at different times. These results suggest that rate for $CH_4$ fluxes, even the same time and area, were influenced by changes in the tidal cycle characteristics of surface sediments for understanding their correlation with these gas emissions, and surrounding parameters such as physiochemical sediments conditions.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.19-26
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• 2017

Objectives: In the Lung, the VMAT rotates continuously and examines radiation. That increases the low doses to normal lung. Due to that, the incidence of radiation pneumonia among radiation side effects may increase. The cause of radiation pneumonia is the lower dose area of the lungs. The H-VMAT was applied to patients who applied to reduce radiation in the lower doses of the lungs. We wanted to assess the usefulness of the H-VMAT by comparing the radiation doses to the low dose areas of the lungs and the normal organs. Materials and Methods: A total of 26 patients who applied for a H-VMAT procedure were applied to the patient. The prescription dose applied to total dose 44 Gy from 22 divisions. For each patient, a plan was implemented with Conventional RT, VMAT and H-VMAT. Conventional RT was carried out in four to five fields each, considering the size, location, shape, and location of the PTV. In the case of a VMAT plan, the two Half ARC, three Half ARC method and the two Full ARC were planned. The H-VMAT was planned by adding two Static fields in the VMAT, taking into account the dose of the lung and the tolerance dose of the organs. Results: In the NSCLC, the lung doses $V_5$ and $V_{10}$ of the lungs except for the treatment plan volume were the lowest with $55.40{\pm}13.39%$ and $32.05{\pm}11.37%$ of H-VMAT. And, in the SCLC, the lung doses of V5 and V10 were the lowest at $64.32{\pm}16.15%$ and $35.50{\pm}9.91%$, respectively. The spinal dose of VMAT in NSCLC was $21.15{\pm}4.02Gy$, which was 7.94 Gy lower than other treatment methods. The lowest spinal dose was delivered at $19.72{\pm}1.82Gy$ for SCLC. The mean dose delivered to the esophagus was also $17.44{\pm}2.04Gy$ and $17.84{\pm}9.20Gy$ in SCLC and NSCLC, respectively. Conclusion: When comparing the value of the surrounding normal organ dose, the VMAT showed that less doses were transmitted from the heart, esophagus and spinal cord than the rest of the treatment plan. However, it was similar to VMAT in normal organs except for the spinal cord. VMAT has increased doses of some normal organs but did not exceed the tolerance dose. It showed a low value in $V_5$, $V_{10}$. When comparing Conventional RT, VMAT, and H-VMAT, If the dose to the heart, esophagus and spinal cord is lower than the tolerance dose, it is thought to reduce the incidence of radiation pneumonia by applying H-VMAT that show the benefits of low doses of the lungs.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.35-46
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• 2016

Purpose : BoS(Base of Skull) Frame, the fixation tool which is used for the proton of brain cancer increases the lateral penumbra by increasing the airgap (the distance between patient and beam jet), due to the collision of the beam of the posterior oblique direction. Thus, we manufactured the fixation tool per se for improving the limits of BoS frame, and we'd like to evaluate the utility of the manufactured fixation tool throughout this study. Materials and Methods : We've selected the 3 patients of brain cancer who have received the proton therapy from our hospital, and also selected the 6 beam angles; for this, we've selected the beam angle of the posterior oblique direction. We' ve measured the planned BoS frame and the distance of Snout for each beam which are planned for the treatment of the patient using the BoS frame. After this, we've proceeded with the set-up that is above the location which was recommended by the manufacturer of the BoS frame, at the same beam angle of the same patient, by using our in-house Bos frame fixation tool. The set-up was above 21 cm toward the superior direction, compared to the situation when the BoS frame was only used with the basic couch. After that, we've stacked the snout to the BoS frame as much as possible, and measured the distance of snout. We've also measured the airgap, based on the gap of that snout distance; and we've proceeded the normalization based on each dose (100% of each dose), after that, we've conducted the comparative analysis of lateral penumbra. Moreover, we've established the treatment plan according to the changed airgap which has been transformed to the Raystation 5.0 proton therapy planning system, and we've conducted the comparative analysis of DVH(Dose Volume Histogram). Results : When comparing the result before using the in-house Bos frame fixation tool which was manufactured for each beam angle with the result after using the fixation tool, we could figure out that airgap than when not used in accordance with the use of the in-house Bos frame fixation tool was reduced by 5.4 cm ~ 15.4 cm, respectively angle. The reduced snout distance means the airgap. Lateral Penumbra could reduce left, right, 0.1 cm ~ 0.4 cm by an angle in accordance with decreasing the airgap while using each beam angle in-house Bos frame fixation tool. Due to the reduced lateral penumbra, Lt.eyeball, Lt.lens, Lt. hippocampus, Lt. cochlea, Rt. eyeball, Rt. lens, Rt. cochlea, Rt. hippocampus, stem that can be seen that the dose is decreased by 0 CGE ~ 4.4 CGE. Conclusion : It was possible to reduced the airgap by using our in-house Bos frame fixation tool for the proton therapy; as a result, it was possible to figure out that the lateral penumbra reduced. Moreover, it was also possible to check through the comparative analysis of the treatment plan that when we reduce the lateral penumbra, the reduction of the unnecessary irradiation for the normal tissues. Therefore, Using the posterior oblique the Brain cancer proton therapy should be preceded by decreasing the airgap, by using our in-house Bos frame fixation tool; also, the continuous efforts for reducing the airgap as much as possible for the proton therapy of other area will be necessary as well.