• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.77-85
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• 1990

The application of remote sensing in small scale mapping has recently been widened to various fields such as information analysis of landuse, environmental conservation and natural resources. SPOT imagery, in particular, offers data which can be processed for 3-dimensional point determination. This is made possible by its high resolution, appropriate swatch width/altitude ratio and stereo imaging capabilities. This study aims to develop a suitable polymonial and an algorithm in the determination of exterior orientation which is essential in the 3-dimensional point determination of SPOT imgery. An algorithm is presented in this study to determine the exterior orientation of a preprocessed level lB film of the satellite image. It was found that a polynominal of 15 parameters is the best fit polynominal for exterior orientation determination, where 1st order line function is used for positon ($X_o$, $Y_o$, $Z_o$) and 2nd order line function is used for orientation (${\kappa}_o$, ${\phi}_o$, ${\omega}_o$).

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2015

Orientation corrections for Korean seismic stations were calculated by using ambient noise cross-correlation. This method uses Rayleigh waves extracted from ambient noise cross-correlation instead of teleseismic waveforms from earthquakes, which have been generally used for previous studies. The theoretical background of the method is that the phase of radial-vertical cross-correlation function should be the same as that of $90^{\circ}$ phase-shifted vertical-vertical cross-correlation function. The results calculated from stacked cross-correlograms from Jan. 2007 to Sep. 2008 are comparable to the previous results obtained from teleseismic waveforms. In addition, overall the standard deviations of orientation corrections are less than $5^{\circ}$. The temporal variation in orientation corrections calculated for every 30 days shows no significant change and also standard deviations of them are mostly less than $5^{\circ}$. This means that the orientations of stations used in this study have been kept constant during the period. The sensitivity test for stacking period of the ambient noise cross-correlation method shows that continuous ambient noise record of at least about 30 days is required for estimating reliable orientation corrections.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.31-41
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• 2016

A program code was developed to calculate block hydraulic conductivity of the 2-D DFN(discrete fracture network) system based on equivalent pipe network, and implemented to examine the effect of joint orientation distribution on the hydraulic characteristics of fractured rock masses through numerical experiments. A rock block of size $32m{\times}32m$ was used to generate the DFN systems using two joint sets with fixed input parameters of joint frequency and gamma distributed joint size, and various normal distributed joint trend. DFN blocks of size $20m{\times}20m$ were selected from center of the $32m{\times}32m$ blocks to avoid boundary effect. Twelve fluid flow directions were chosen every $30^{\circ}$ starting at $0^{\circ}$. The directional block conductivity including the theoretical block conductivity, principal conductivity tensor and average block conductivity were estimated for generated 180 2-D DFN blocks. The effect of joint orientation distribution on block hydraulic conductivity and chance for the equivalent continuum behavior of the 2-D DFN system were found to increase with the decrease of mean intersection angle of the two joint sets. The effect of variability of joint orientation on block hydraulic conductivity could not be ignored for the DFN having low intersection angle between two joint sets.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.1-21
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• 2000

This study was to examine the degree of market orientated effort by hospital type and size,. and analyzed the moderating effect of environments between market orientation and it's performance. First, there was no significant differences by hospital type, such public hospital, university hospital, and private hospital. However, the orders of market orientation implementation was university hospital. private hospital, and public hospital This finding suggest that university hospital and public hospital, should be market-oriented, or customer-oriented more now, relatively. Second, there were no significant differences in marketing as management policy by hospital types, i.e. public, university or private sector hospitals. However, as to the intensity of the implementation of the market-oriented approach, private hospitals came first, followed by the university hospitals, then the public ones. This finding suggests that university and public hospitals should be more market or customer oriented to compete in the market. Third, only the competitive environment does active moderating roll on hospital performance. The competitive environmental factor forces the organization to be more market oriented. This means the more you are positively situated in the competitive environment, the more you are looking for a market oriented approach. You become more aware of the value of customers and you become more focused on the customer satisfaction and thus become more patient oriented in every facet of decision making. And market oriented hospitals recognize the importance of utilization of high tech medical treatment skills and equipment in patient care. Fourth, according the analysis, market oriented effort gives more influence on hospital performance than the environmental factors. This means that the market oriented effort should become a culture of the hospital which seeks to out distance themselves from its competitors.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.39-62
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• 2022

Purpose - Along with the growing awareness of environmental sustainability, international green entrepreneurship is expected to realize international sustainable development (ISD) by introducing ecological innovation results, using fewer resources consumption, and reducing negative environmental impacts. Building upon contingency theory and social network theory, this paper attempts to explore the role of home country-based networks (technology ties and business ties) as contingent factors that might impact the effectiveness of entrepreneurial orientation (EO) in promoting ISD among green ventures. Design/methodology - Original data were collected from 127 green ventures in China based on the random sampling technique. These green ventures mainly focus on the lower use of energy or materials, lower CO2 emissions, and higher ecological benefits located in the Fujian province, which highlights green economic growth and economic cooperation with international markets. Moderated hierarchical linear regression analysis was conducted to test our hypotheses concerning the main relationship between EO (innovativeness, proactiveness, and risk-taking) and ISD as well as the moderating effects of home country-based networks (technology ties and business ties) on the main relationship. Findings - Empirical results indicate that: first, both innovativeness and proactiveness positively affect ISD; second, both technology ties and business ties at home might significantly strengthen the positive relationship between innovativeness (or proactiveness) and ISD. However, this study did not find significant moderating effects of technology ties or business ties at home on the relationship between risk-taking and ISD. Originality/value - Since previous literature often gives more focus on the host country context of social networks, this study shifts to a home country-based network context. Therefore, our research might enrich the international green entrepreneurship literature by empirically investigating the contingent value of home country-based networks in the relationship between EO and ISD in the context of an emerging economy such as China.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.165-178
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• 2006

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Management Systems (EMS) are perceived by many to be separate environmental tools. EIA serves as a systematic and predictive tool for assessing the potentially significant impacts of developments on the environment. An EMS, on the other hand, is used to consider the key impacts of operational businesses on the environment. The main difference to note is that during the EIA process impacts on developments are predicted. A proposed development has yet to be built and therefore an element of uncertainty is associated with these assessments. With an EMS, the business or organization's processes are already in operation. Even though there is also an element of prediction involved, it is a comparatively easier task to investigate what the environmental impacts of these processes are. However, in contrast with the orientation of EIA to further development actions, EMS involves the review, assessment and incremental improvement of an existing organization's environmental effects. EMS can thus be regarded as a continuation of EIA principles into the operational stage of a policy, plan, program and project. EIA may be carried out without fully supporting necessary informations to EMS.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.99-108
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• 1983

Diurnal acid fluctuation, stomatal resistance, and solar radiation with regard to the cladode orientation were investigated in Opuntia lanceolata Haw. growing at WPeolryeong-ri, Hallim-eup, Chejudo, Korea. Diurnal changes of titratable acidity showed the typical CAM pattern in all investigated cladodes. Water tissue in the cladode had the same pattern of acid fluctuation as mesophyll tissue. Stomatal resistance was low during the night, increased rapidly to be a peak right after sunrise and decreased again thereafter. The southern side of the cladode showed higher stomatal resistance than the northern side during the day time. It suggests that the stomata of the northern side opens under diffuse radiation. The amount of solar radiation varied depending upon the cladode orientation. It is thought that C4 acids move inter and intra mesophyll tissues in the cladode through the unknown pathways. RuBP carboxyulase activity in the cladode was very high at 14:00, but was not significant at 01:00. PEP-carboxylase had high activities both at 14:00 and at 01:00. The results of this study showed the possibility that O. lanceolata Haw. had the C3, C4 and CAM photosynthetic patterns under the environmental conditions at Weolryeong-ri.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.249-261
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• 2012

Olivine is a dominant mineral in the upper mantle and is elastically very anisotropic. When olivine is deformed under stress at high pressure and high temperature, lattice preferred orientation (LPO) is formed. It is known that the LPO of olivine is affected by water, stress, and pressure. In this paper, I reviewed the papers dealing with the effects of water, stress, and pressure on the LPO of olivine, summarized the papers on the LPOs of olivine in natural mantle rocks, and discussed its implications for seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. In addition, I also described four types of LPOs of orthopyroxene recently found in natural spinel lherzolite.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.77-100
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• 2020

This study conducted a qualitative study on 23 seniors over 55 years old to understand the digital behavior of seniors in the online education acceptance environment. Grounded Theory methodology was applied to the initial enrollment behavior, login behavior, and utilization behavior of online education program. Through the process of open coding, axis coding, and selective coding, the framework in the online education environment of the senior generation was finally derived. As a causal conditions for the senior generation to participate in the online education environment, goal orientation, relationship orientation, leisure orientation and external compulsory were derived, and shadow work appeared as the central phenomenon. Also, contextual conditions resulted in social change, physical and cognitive aging, and psychological atrophy. The intervening conditions included digital device acceptance, educational attitudes, environmental factors, and self-efficacy. Based on this, the action/interactions strategy formed a positive and negative attitude toward shadow work. As a result, positive response behavior, compromising behavior, and shadow work avoidance behavior were shown. It is hoped that this study will be reflected in future researches for the use of digital devices of the elderly and the expansion of online education participation and government policy.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.125-132
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• 1987

The bundle adjustment used in photogrammetric data reduction is based on the collinearity condition. Photogrammetry has been used in many non-topographic applications. Due to the necessities of having fiducial marks and knowing initial approximations for interior and exterior orientation elements in bundle adjustment, it cannot be applied when non-metric cameras are used. Marzan and Karara develop the DLT(Direct Linear Transformation) program which directly transforms comparator coordinates into object space coordinates without approximate values. In this paper, several modifications of original DLT program have been made for accuracy improvement in close-range photogrammetry using non-metric cameras. In modified program, gross error detection method and computation of exterior orientation elements are incorporated, and more iterations are introdued.