• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.13 no.3 s.33
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• pp.69-77
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• 2005

Most of the evaluations of environmental effect of construction of road do not run parallel with the evaluation of the propriety of the business, but it just reviews how to reduce contamination before the beginning of the construction work. This reveals the limitation of the induction of environment friendly development from the fundamental. In this study, a function of GIS spatial analysis for 9 elements of pre-evaluation of environmental effect has been introduced, and a GIS decision making system for environmental effect of a road has been established for an integrated evaluation by using individual evaluation result. By using GIS decision making system for pre-evaluation of environmental effect that has been developed in this study and the GIS data that has been collected, it would be possible to decrease time and money for evaluation as well as fulfill the requirement of objectivity. Therefore, it would be possible to apply for pre-evaluation of environmental effect when deciding on the route of the road at the beginning stage of the construction work. Also, through the system developed in this study, the construction body could easily induce a mutual agreement with the residents by the visual evaluation material, which might result in an evaluation of environmental effect while decreasing time and money at the beginning stage of the construction.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.217-224
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• 2014

Cochlodinium polykrikoides is a typical harmful algal species which generates the red-tide in the coastal zone, southern Korea. Accurate algal growth model can be established and then the prediction of the red-tide occurrence using this model is possible if the information on the optimal growth model parameters are available because it is directly related between the red-tide occurrence and the rapid algal bloom. However, the limitation factors on the algal growth, such as light intensity, water temperature, salinity, and nutrient concentrations, are so diverse and also the limitation function types are diverse. Thus, the study on the algal growth model development using the available laboratory data set on the growth rate change due to the limitation factors are relatively very poor in the perspective of the model. In this study, the growth model on the C. polykrikoides are developed and suggested as the optimal model which can be used as the element model in the red-tide or ecological models. The optimal parameter estimation and an error analysis are carried out using the available previous research results and data sets. This model can be used for the difference analysis between the lab. condition and in-situ state because it is an optimal model for the lab. condition. The parameter values and ranges also can be used for the model calibration and validation using the in-situ monitoring environmental and algal bloom data sets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2017

The question of how to establish sustainable agricultural systems has become as prominent as questions related to water, energy and climate change. High input/high output agriculture has brought with it many adverse effects; the massive deterioration of soil and water in both quantity and quality, increased greenhouse gas emissions and an increased prevalence of unsafe foods. Additionally, urbanization and climate change has worsened the shortage of farmland and reduced the supply of agricultural water. Given these challenges, maintaining, conserving and efficiently using agri-environmental resources, through fostering of sustainable agriculture, have emerged as key tasks in solving these problems. What is needed therefore is research, based on systematic and comprehensive empirical analyses, that can propose plans and methods for establishing an appropriate sustainable agricultural system. The empirical analysis of sustainable agricultural system is approached separately from economic, environmental and social aspects. An analysis of environment effect reveals that the available phosphate level is 1.3~2.1 times greater than the optimal amount in rice paddies, upland fields and orchards. Further examination has revealed that the excess nutrient is polluting both ground water and surface water. Analytical results for economic feasibility show that factors of production have been invested heavily in the rice crop. Under these conditions, sustainable agriculture, including low-input agriculture, appears to be a possible alternative that will facilitate simultaneous improvements in both economic feasibility and environment effects. Analysis results for sociality reveal that social factors include the value of producer, association and interior networks. Social conditions are comprised of leadership, consumers' awareness, education and conflict solutions. In addition, analysis as to the degree investments contribute to improving agricultural value added has revealed that the direct payment program is the most effective instrument. Experts confirm that economic feasibility can be improved by scientific and well-reasoned nutrient management on the basis of soil testing. Farmers pointed to 'economic factors' as being the largest obstacle to switching to the practice of sustainable agriculture. They also indicate 'uncertainty with regards to sustainable agriculture technology' as an impediment to practicing sustainable agriculture. Even so, farmers who believe environmental and regional issues to be the most pressing problems have expanded their practice of sustainable agriculture. The keys to establishing sustainable agriculture system are classified into the following four aspects. Firstly, from an economic aspect, the research indicates that agricultural policy needs to be integrated with environmental policy and that the function of market making based on the value chain needs to be revitalized. Secondly, from an environmental aspect, there is a need for an optimal resource management system to be established in the agricultural sector. In addition, sustainable agriculture practice will need to be extended with attendant environmentally-friendly and sustainable intensive technology also requiring further development. Thirdly, from a social aspect, green agriculture management needs to be fostered, technology and education extended, and social conflict mediated. Lastly, from a governance aspect, it will be necessary to strengthen good governance, assign and share suitable roles and responsibilities, build a cooperation system and utilize community supported agriculture.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.107-113
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• 2011

To evaluate the performance of the hydrodynamic model, we introduced 10 skill assessments that are assorted by two groups: quantitative skill assessments (Absolute Average Error or AAE, Root Mean Squared Error or RMSE, Relative Absolute Average Error or RAAE, Percentage Model Error or PME) and qualitative skill assessments (Correlation Coefficient or CC, Reliability Index or RI, Index of Agreement or IA, Modeling Efficiency or MEF, Cost Function or CF, Coefficient of Residual Mass or CRM). These skill assessments were applied and calculated to evaluate the hydrodynamic modeling at one of Florida estuaries for water level, current, and salinity as comparing measured and simulated values. We found that AAE, RMSE, RAAE, CC, IA, MEF, CF, and CRM are suitable for the error assessment of water level and current, and AAE, RMSE, RAAE, PME, CC, RI, IA, CF, and CRM are good at the salinity error assessment. Quantitative and qualitative skill assessments showed the similar trend in terms of the classification for good and bad performance of model. Furthermore, this paper suggested the criteria of the "good" model performance for water level, current, and salinity. The criteria are RAAE < 10%, CC > 0.95, IA > 0.98, MEF > 0.93, CF < 0.21 for water level, RAAE < 20%, CC > 0.7, IA > 0.8, MEF > 0.5, CF < 0.5 for current, and RAAE < 10%, PME < 10%, CC > 0.9, RI < 1.15, CF < 0.1 for salinity.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.817-831
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• 2014

In this paper insights from studies on the middle income trap and value chains analyses are combined to investigate one particular industry in one particular region: the sugarcane industry in Northeastern Thailand. Focusing on this region enables an in-depth focus on geographical differentiation of the middle income trap. The empirical outcomes demonstrate that policymakers involved with sugar should look at the particular challenges in Northeastern Thailand: 1. The role of brokers which is unaddressed in the current regulatory environment; 2. A lack of information of the regulatory environment among growers; 3. Distrust between growers and millers; 4. Alack of implementation of R&D efforts; 5 .A lack of support from associations; 6. The labor shortage problem, and 7. No incentives for growers, brokers and millers to improve quality and embark on upgrading. Since agricultural value chains in Southeast Asia often start in relatively poor rural areas it is imperative that policymakers balance the interests of upstream, midstream and downstream actors. Unfortunately, this is rather difficult as midstream actors (millers) and wholesalers are powerful and therefore, are in the best position to defend their interests. Our insights could function as comparative material for similar studies within other Southeast Asian upstream value chains.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.431-439
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• 2002

Purpose : Nursing profession has been rapidly changed due to the development of bioscience and the change of medical service environment. Nursing profession that has been focused on only care giver's role like mother's in tradition, is required careful reflection new nursing role to cope properly to the change of medical service environment. In nursing profession, the concept of the role was used without an accurate definition, as a results, the concept of the role was mixed with the concept of the "activity", "job" and "function". Therefore, concept analysis of the role in nursing profession is needed to remove conceptual ambiguous and make confirm the true meaning of the role. Concept analysis is a strategy that examine the characteristics of a concept. It is a formal linguistic exercise to determine those defining attributes. The basic purpose of concept analysis is to clarify ambiguous concept in theory, and propose operational definition which reflects the theoretical base of the concept. Method : In this study, the concept of the role in nursing profession which was analyzed based on the steps of concept analysis by Walker & Avant(1988). Results : The attributes of the concept of the role in nursing profession are : 1. Basic factors to construct social structure. 2. Expected attitudes, values, behavior patterns according to the social status and position in social structure. 3. Perceptive attitudes, values, behavior patterns in order to social interaction. 4. Acquiring through continuous communication and learning. 5. Not fixative but changeable. The antecedents of the role in nursing profession are : 1. The social status and position which is possessed by a person. 2. Expected attitudes, values, behavior patterns according to the social status and position in social structure. 3. Acquiring through continuous interaction, communication, and learning process. And the consequences of the role in nursing profession are : 1. The role maintenance and the role expansion as a positive consequences. 2. The role conflict and the role loss as a negative consequences. Conclusion : Through this concept analysis, the concept of the role in nursing profession is defined as As basic factors to construct social structure, person's attitudes, values, behavior patterns which are expected from other social members according to person's social status and position, and perceived and acquired through continuous interaction, communication, and leaning process.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.129-133
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• 2008

Over the last $15{\sim}20$years, many countries have adopted policies of railway privatization to keep up with increasing competition from road and air transport. Although each country and case has its own history, market characteristics, political context as well as administrative process, railway privatizations (including railway restructure, concession etc.) in the west usually are accompanied with the establishment of new regulatory regimes. Therefore, railway governance has been innovating towards an interaction of government, regulator, industry bodies, user groups, trade unions and other interested groups within the regulatory framework. However, it is not the case in China. Although China had seen a partial privatization in some branch lines and is experiencing a much larger-scale privatization by establishing joint-ventures to build and operate high-speed passenger lines and implementing an asset-based securitization program, administrative control still occupies absolutely dominant position in the railway governance in China. Ministry of Railway (MOR) acts as the administrator, operator as well as regulator. There is no national policy that clearly positions railway in the transportation network and clarifies the role of government in railway development. There is also little participation from interested groups in the railway policy making, pricing, service standard or safety matter. Railway in China is solely governed by the mere executive agency. Efficiency-focused economic perspective explanation is far from satisfaction. A wider research perspective from political and social regime is of great potential to better explain and solve the problem. In the west, separation and constrains of power had long been established as a fundamental rule. In addition to internal separation of political power(legislation, execution and jurisdiction), rise of corporation in the 19th century and association revolution in the 20th century greatly fostered the growth of economic and social power. Therefore, political, social and economic organizations cooperate and compete with each other, which leads to a balanced and resonable power structure. While in China, political power, mainly party-controlled administrative power has been keeping a dominated position since the time of plan economy. Although the economic reform promoted the growth of economic power of enterprises, it is still not strong enough to compete with political power. Furthermore, under rigid political control, social organizations usually are affiliated to government, independent social power is still too weak to function. So, duo to the limited and slow reform in political and social regime in China, there is an unbalanced power structure within which political power is dominant, economic power expanding while social power still absent. Totally different power structure in China determines the fundamental institutional environment of her railway privatization and governance. It is expected that the exploration of who act behind railway governance and their acting strength (a power theory) will present us a better picture of railway governance as a relevant transportation mode. The paper first examines the railway governance in China and preliminarily establishes a linkage between railway governance and its fundamental institutional environment, i.e. power structure in a specific country. Secondly, the reason why there is no national policy in China is explored in the view of political power. In China, legislative power is more symbolic while party-controlled administrative power dominates political process and plays a fundamental role in Chinese railway governance. And then, in the part three railway finance reform is analyzed in the view of economic power, esp. the relationship of political power and economic power.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.191-200
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• 2021

Artificial intelligence technology is developing in an environment where a lot of data is produced due to the development of computing technology, a cloud environment that can store data, and the spread of personal mobile phones. Among these artificial intelligence technologies, the deep neural network provides excellent performance in image recognition and image classification. There have been many studies on image detection for forest fires and fire prevention using such a deep neural network, but studies on detection of cigarette smoking were insufficient. Meanwhile, military units are establishing surveillance systems for various facilities through CCTV, and it is necessary to detect smoking near ammunition stores or non-smoking areas to prevent fires and explosions. In this paper, by reflecting experimentally optimized numerical values such as activation function and learning rate, we did the detection of smoking pictures and non-smoking pictures in two cases. As experimental data, data was constructed by crawling using pictures of smoking and non-smoking published on the Internet, and a machine learning library was used. As a result of the experiment, when the learning rate is 0.004 and the optimization algorithm Adam is used, it can be seen that the accuracy of 93% and F1-score of 94% are obtained.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.261-273
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• 2019

Recently, with the development of IT technology, there is an increasing interest in cloud services as the number of users using mobile devices such as mobile phones and tablets is increasing. However, there is a need for techniques to control or control various methods of accessing data as the user's service demands increase. In this paper, we propose a dual key based user authentication model that improves the user 's authentication efficiency by using two keys (secret key and access control key) to access the users accessing various services provided in the cloud environment. In the proposed model, the operation process and the function are divided through the sequence diagram of the algorithms (key generation, user authentication, permission class permission, etc.) for controlling the access right of the user with dual keys. In the proposed model, two keys are used for user authentication and service authorization class to solve various security problems in the cloud service. In particular, the proposed model is one of the most important features in that the algorithm responsible for access control of the user determines the service class of the user according to the authority, thereby shortening the management process so that the cloud administrator can manage the service access permission information of the user.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.527-534
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• 2019

Several types of mathematical analysis methods are used for port waterway risk assessment based on marine traffic volume. In Korea, a marine traffic congestion model that standardizes the size of the vessels passing through the port waterway is applied to evaluate the risk of the waterway. For example, when marine traffic congestion is high, risk situations such as collisions are likely to occur. However, a scientific review is required to determine if there is a correlation between high density of maritime traffic and a high risk of waterway incidents. In this study, IWRAP Mk2(IALA official recommendation evaluation model) and a marine traffic congestion model were used to analyze the correlation between port waterway risk and marine traffic congestion in the same area. As a result, the linear function of R2 was calculated as 0.943 and it was determined to be significant. The Pearson correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.971, indicating a strong positive correlation. It was confirmed that the port waterway risk and the marine traffic congestion have a strong correlation due to the influence of the common input variables of each model. It is expected that these results will be used in the development of advanced models for the prediction of port waterway risk assessment.