• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.371-380
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• 2023

Relation extraction is to extract relationships between named entities from text. Traditionally, relation extraction methods only extract relations between predetermined subject and object entities. However, in end-to-end relation extraction, all possible relations must be extracted by considering the positions of the subject and object for each pair of entities, and so this method uses time and resources inefficiently. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a method that sets directions based on the positions of the subject and object, and extracts relations according to the directions. The proposed method utilizes existing relation extraction data to generate direction labels indicating the direction in which the subject points to the object in the sentence, adds entity position tokens and entity type to sentences to predict the directions using a pre-trained language model (KLUE-RoBERTa-base, RoBERTa-base), and generates representations of subject and object entities through probabilistic crossover operation. Then, we make use of these representations to extract relations. Experimental results show that the proposed model performs about 3 ~ 4%p better than a method for predicting integrated labels. In addition, when learning Korean and English data using the proposed model, the performance was 1.7%p higher in English than in Korean due to the number of data and language disorder and the values of the parameters that produce the best performance were different. By excluding the number of directional cases, the proposed model can reduce the waste of resources in end-to-end relation extraction.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.24
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• pp.25-49
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• 2004

English contract law has traditionally taken the view that it is not the duty of the parties to a contract to give information voluntarily to each other. In English law, one of the principal distinctions between insurance contract law and general contract law is the existence of the duty of disclosure in insurance law. This article is, therefore, designed to analyse the scope or extent of the duty of disclosure and the remedy for breach of the duty in English marine insurance law. The main purpose of this article is also to seek the alternative remedy for the breach. The results of analysis are as following : First, the scope of the duty of disclosure is closely related to the test of materiality and the concept of a hypothetical prudent insurer. The assured is required to disclose only material circumstances subject to MIA 1906, s. 18(1). The test of materiality, which had caused a great deal of debate in English courts over 30 years, was finally settled by the House of Lords in Pan Atlantic and the House of Lords rejected the 'decisive influence' test and the 'increased risk' test, and the decision of the House of Lords is thought to accept the 'mere influence' test in subsequent case by the Court of Appeal. Secondly, an actual insurer is, in order to avoid contract, required to provide proof that he is induced to enter into the contract by reason of the non-disclosure of the assured. But this subjective test of actual inducement is somewhat meaningless in sense that English court takes the test of materiality as a starting point and assumes the presumption of inducement even in case of no clear proof on the inducement. Finally, MIA 1906, s. 18 provides expressly for the remedy of avoidance of the contract for breach of the duty of disclosure. This means rescission or retrospective avoidance of the entire contract, and the remedy is based upon a fairly crude 'all-or-nothing' approach. The remedy of rescission is too draconian from the point of view of the assured, because he can be deprived of all cover despite he is innocent perfectly. An inadvertent breach from an innocent mistake is as fatal as wilful concealment. What is, therefore, needed in English marine insurance law with respect to remedy for the breach is to introduce a more sophisticated or proportionate remedy ascertaining degrees of fault.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.19
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• pp.33-66
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• 2003

This is a comparative and analytical study which comprises of the analysis of the rules of the buyer's remedies where the seller delivers defective goods of four legal systems; Directive, CISG, English law and Korean law. In light of threefold main purposes of this study, it firstly attempts to describe and analyze the remedy provisions of Directive in a comparative way in order to provide legal advice to the sellers who plans to enter into English consumer markets. It shows that the two tier remedial system under Directive is not much different from the other jurisdictions, except where the right of rescission under Directive is absolute in a sense that it does not require a certain degree of seriousness of defect. Secondly, the study compares the rules of one jurisdiction with those of other jurisdictions and evaluates the rules in light of the discipline of comparative law the basic question of which is whether a solution from one jurisdiction may facilitate the systematic development and reform of another jurisdiction. It proves the followings; (1) the reluctance and uncertainty in English law of ordering specific performance based on the discretionary power does not reflect the parties' preference because the order is either uncertain or rather negative where the purchase of substitute goods elsewhere is not a satisfactory solution in many cases; (2) the position in Korean law which has no limitation on the right to require substitute goods is likely unfair in commercial sales, but justified in consumer sales; (3) the right of termination or reduction under Directive which is subject to the applicability of the right to require repair or substitute goods seems to be contrary to the consumer's preference where the defective delivery destroys the basis of trust in the quality of the seller's performance; (4) the absolute right of termination under Directive and English law seems crucial in consumer sales because they are often inferior to commercial sellers in terms of information and bargaining power; (5) the right of reduction as a self-help remedy which is absent in English law emphasizes its usefulness. Thirdly, it finds that, where CISG is deemed to fail to unify different rules on the right to require specific performance between Civil and Common law, it is attempted once again in Directive and notwithstanding their hostility to awarding the right to require specific performance in English law, Regulations 2002 expressively stipulates such right.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.412-422
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• 2018

The purpose of this research was to compare structural organization of North Korean English textbooks pre and post North Korean 2013 curriculum revision. 5 revised textbooks were selected and compared with old textbooks. First, revised textbooks are dramatically changed into colored printed edition. Second, there appears phrases related to Kim Jong Un for the very first time in the preface. Third, while old textbooks emphasized only reading and writing skills, new textbooks integrate 4 skills. Fourth, new textbooks follow united organization system according to the kinds of school; 7 sub skills of Reading, Listening, Speaking, Writing, Grammar, Vocabulary, Pronunciation for general high middle textbooks and 5 sub skills of Listening, Speaking, Reading, Writing, English in Use for the first high middle textbooks. Also, new textbooks integrate English and other subject contents such as science, geography or computer. Finally, the changed structure organization of new textbooks seems to be similar with the ones of English books in the reference which is presented for the first time in North Korean textbooks.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.11-21
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• 2019

It has been about 20 years since the English subject was formally taught in public elementary schools in Korea. The present research aims to analyze the studies regarding 'primary English' implemented in Korea during the time period. I have investigated 6,467 theses or research papers in total that were published in Korea with the help of the corpus programs Utagger and WordSmith Tools. The results show that for the last 20 years the number of overall studies appears to have increased since the year 1997, although the recent trend seems to be in recession. The research scope ranges from 'teaching-learning interaction' to 'curriculum' and 'assessment', which have been steadily investigated for 20 years. Furthermore, researchers sometimes appear to have followed the English education policy by conducting particular investigations like 'immersion program' or 'native English speaking teachers' in a certain time period. Recently, researchers started to have interest in the cutting-edge ICT. In conclusion, the academic field of 'primary English' in Korea has grown in quantity, and the spectrum of research areas has been expanded for the past 20 years. It is hoped that the results of this research will help set a new direction for future research.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.235-242
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to propose an effective class of College English, one of the essential liberal arts subjects of S University, and to analyze the learning effect. This subject targets students with different majors in the first grade, and the learning goal is to improve their reading skills by analyzing students' English skills, especially sentences, as grammatical elements in everyday situations. This thesis examines how College English classes can be conducted in the form of convergence class in the COVID-19 era to induce students' learning motivation and create learning effects. The form of this convergence class is as follows. First, lecture videos, second, Webex real-time non-face-to-face classes, and third, face-to-face classes. In this study, the class procedure of the first class among the classes that were actually conducted during the semester was presented as an example. The researcher specifically surveyed the pre-class questionnaire and conducted the class by grasping the students' English skills and characteristics of the learners through the results. And after taking the course, the questionnaire was surveyed into 30 items and the results were analyzed. Specifically, the results of satisfaction with the composition of the lecture, satisfaction with the lecture video, satisfaction with the face-to-face class, interaction with students, and learning effects were analyzed. This class proposal is a learner-centered model in the form of convergence.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.259-279
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to classify theological terms using facets and form foundation to build a theological thesaurus The terms was chosen in a English theological dictionary and the number of them are 1,031 but eventually, 984 terms were classified. The facets which classify the terms are 7 fundamentals and 14 sub-facets. Analysing the result of classification, abstract terms are much more than physical terms. They are 70% of the whole. Decimal classification to classify documents comes to dead end. therefore I think the research to classify terms of a specific subject as theology must be active. Furthermore, It is necessary to have knowledge about a specific subject to organize information in a specific subject.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

There are various researches which proposed an automatic instance generation from freetext on the web. Existing researches that focused on English, adopts pattern representation which is generated by simple rules and regular expression. These simple patterns achieves high performance, but it is not suitable in Korean due to differences of characteristics between Korean and English. Thus, this paper proposes a novel method for generating patterns and instances which focuses on Korean. A proposed method generates high quality patterns by taking advantages of dependency relations in a target sentences. In addition, a proposed method overcome restrictions from high degree of freedom of word order in Korean by utilizing postposition and it identifies a subject and an object more reliably. In experiment results, a proposed method shows higher precision than baseline and it is implies that proposed approache is suitable for self-knowledge learning system.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.26
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• pp.187-212
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• 1994

The present study examines the characteristics of the international literature of classification systems published in the period 1981-1990. The references in the 'Classification Literature' sections of International Classification and the references in these source items were examined. The present study focused on analyzing each of the following characteristics: format, subject, language, geographical origin, age, authorship and number of references. The findings from the data analyses show clearly that in the literature of classification systems, I) books were the most frequently cited format; 2) library and information science was the most frequently cited subject; 3) English was the major language; 4) the literature of each classification system was written predominently in English except for Library Bibliographic Classification; 5) the language of each source item was the same as that of the greatest number of references of that source item: 6) the U.S., Germany, India, Russia, and the U.K. were the major geographic origin of publication; 7) there was a very close relationship between country of publication and language: 8) the country of origin of the documents was cited more than any other country except for the U.S.: 9) Price's Index of the literature revealed that the literature was a soft science and the half-life of the literature was about 7.5 years; 10) there was a preponderance of single authorships; 11) the literature was not a scholarly or scientific literature, according to the average number of references in source items and the percentage of unreferenced items. The findings of this reference study provide a better understanding of the characteristics of the classification systems literature. They prove useful for the collection development and assist classification systems researchers to prepare linguistically for their careers and encourage international communication efforts.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 1999

The purpose of this thesis is to review the costume and symbolism of the English novelist Jane Austen's novel "Emma" which was produced as a movie in 1996. The novel "Emma" 's periodical background is from 1814 to 1815 in neo-classical age of costume. The English woman's costumes in 1810 were high-waisted empire style dress and redingote, pelisse, spencer jacket for going out. Man's costumes were frock coat, tail coat, shirts, vest and bottoms were breeches, pantaloons and trousers. In this literature, Harriet's naive and immature image was shown in the name of 'pretty'. Elegant and graceful way of talking and attitude was expressed in the 'beauty' of Emma. The costume is symbolically expressing the character's personality ; white is for Emma's intelligent and elegant image, pastor Elton's black suit symbolized his profession and ambitions for success. The analysis of the costumes from the movie "Emma" is following ; women wore empire dress and outer garment, redingote and spencer jacket. The fabrics were muslin, gauze, satin, lace and velvet. Men's costume were frock coat, tail coat with the shirts, vest, and pantaloons. The fabric was brown, black and dark color of wool. With an analysis of the movie "Emma", I would like to present '99 S/S collection, targeted for 21-25 aged woman by use of Emma's elegant and Harriet's pretty image as a main subject. As a second subject, I have chosen neo romantic memory, sophisticate feminine and pretty Harriet.