• 의료법학
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.185-209
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• 2014

While the local health insurance and the employment-based insurance were integrated in July 2000, the insured is divided into employment-based insured and the local insured and the relevant premium has been applied to both groups. The health insurance premium having the feature of social solidarity has to be determined depending on income, that is, the ability to pay in accordance with the principles of social insurance. While employment-based insurance premium has been determined depending on the earned income, the local insurance premium for the local insured has been determined by scoring gross income(evaluated income), property and possession of automobiles. A variety of improvement approaches has been implemented including introduction of the employment-based insurance premium ceiling system (2002) and the change of property scoring system for the local insured (2006). However, the health insurance system which was merged in 2000 has been implemented up to now without significant change even though there were lots of socio-demographic change including increase of income level and the population structure such as low birth and aging. In other words, it is required to implement the premium rating system securing the income-based equity. Nevertheless, it was inevitable to apply the diverse rating standards in the early stage because it was very difficult to verify the income of the self-employed. Although the income verification rate was significantly increased from 23% in 1989 to 44% in 2010, the irrational standards including property, automobiles, living standard and activity rate have been still applied to the local insured because it is difficult to secure the validity of insurance premium rating system and it severely lacks of security. This paper investigated whether the current insurance premium rating system for the local insured imposing the premium on the basis of 'gender' and 'age' complies with the basic human rights secured by the current Constitution of the Republic of Korea with respect to the practical and theoretic irrationality of insurance premium rating system and standards for he local insured. In accordance with the analysis results, this paper proposed the approach to improve the system.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.157-167
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• 2018

This research aims to generalize the conceptual basis of precariousness of employment, study the factors and scale of unsustainable of employment in the countries of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). The concept of precariousness of employment is formed in social and economic studies about 40 years ago, but objective and subjective conditions and forms of unsustainable employment existed before. This study proposes a classification of forms of precariousness of employment on 16 criteria: the duration and timing of agreements, contract terms, the nature of income; the degree of labor autonomy; the level of formality; the level of openness; the level of vulnerability; the conditions of growth of qualification; the level of flexibility; the level of stability; regularity; the severity of the danger of work; in relation to the workplace; the quality of employment, the level of social security. In this research highlighted factors (globalization, demography, migration, structure factors, shadow and informal economy, social development and living standards, unemployment), and systematized certain trends of precariousness of employment, channels and means, forms of manifestation. The empirical analysis identified of the labor potential of the Eurasian countries and new quantitative estimates of the levels of unsustainable employment in the Eurasian Economic Space.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.103-112
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• 2014

Objectives: The present system of occupational safety and health law gives priority to traditional command and control regulations. However, this may give rise to problems such as the delay of standard-setting and shortages of human resources. The aim of this study is to examine the usability of private standards in occupational safety and health systems. Materials: After the limits of occupational safety and health law were examined, an application plan for private norms (EN, as enforced in the EU) and occupational safety and health management systems (OSHMS) was investigated. Results: The utilization of private norms and OSHMS may address the limits of the current legal system. In particular, OSHMS is known internationally as a measure for achieving improvements in overall occupational safety and health performance. As a result, occupational safety and health law and private norms/OSHMS are complementary to one another. Conclusions: Even though the utilization of private standards may give rise to legal questions, such standards as complementary measures to traditional command and control regulations need to be utilized progressively in occupational safety and health systems.

• 중소기업연구
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.57-77
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• 2020

국내에서는 기술유출을 방지하기 위한 다양한 제도가 시행되고 있으나, 실질적인 효과를 가져오지 못하고 있다. 관련 법·제도는 사후조치에 치중되어 있으며, 사전 예방 측면에서는 기업에 대하여 보안 조치 의무를 부과하거나 실태조사를 하도록 하는 등의 내용을 담고 있음에도 불구하고 실질적인 예방효과를 나타내고 있지 않다. 본 연구는 노동관계법상 근로자에 의한 기술유출 방지 대책에 관하여 검토한다. 이를 위해 노동관계법상 기업의 기술보호와 경업금지에 대하여 검토하고 기술보호를 강화하기 위한 대안을 제시한다. 특히 본 연구에서는 취업규칙상 보안규정의 마련 방안을 제안한다. 노동조합이 조직되어 있지 않은 대부분의 중소기업에서는 취업규칙이 사규의 최고 상위 기준임에도 취업규칙에는 기술유출방지 및 보호에 대한 사항이 없다보니 보안서약서의 법적 근거가 없이 운영되고 있다. 취업규칙은 근로기준법에 따라 기업에 근무하는 모든 근로자들의 합의가 요구되고 이를 공지하도록 하고 있기에, 기술유출방지 및 보호에 대한 내용을 취업규칙에 명시하는 것이 기업의 모든 근로자가 보안에 대한 공통된 인식을 할 수 있고, 보안과 관련한 보안서약서 및 보안 관련 지침 및 절차 등 보안 관련 문서들의 법적 준거성을 제시 할 수 있다고 보이므로 표준취업규칙에 표준으로 반영할 필요성이 있다.

• 디지털산업정보학회논문지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.71-85
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• 2019

The importance of the NCS(National Competitiveness Standards) is growing as the job market shrinks and more institutions require hiring based on NCS. Of the ten domains of NCS', the most relevant one with the performance of all tasks is basic capability group. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of college students' basic capability group(communication capability, mathematical capability) on their career preparation behavior. In this study, we set up a process model to comprehend the effect of college students' basic capability group on career preparation behavior based on social cognitive career theory. For research model testing, 561 questionnaires were used for empirical analysis through structural equations modeling. Empirical analysis showed that communication capability positively influenced college students' career preparation behaviors for employment. But, mathematical capability don't influenced college students' career preparation behaviors for employment. Next, career self-efficacy and career outcome expectation each positively influenced college students' career preparation behaviors for employment. Also, interest in the major positively influenced college students' career preparation behaviors for employment. The academic implications are as follows: Career self-efficacy and interest in the major were important factors in the communication capability. The process of communication capability affecting career preparation behavior and interest in the major was explained through social cognitive career theory and self-efficacy. The practical implications are as follows: Administrative assistance should be provided to improve the career self-efficacy of college students.

• Architectural research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.41-48
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to research and development of 'Korea B(Benefit)-impact Model' for Sustainable Development. A concept evaluation model is 'B(Benefit)-impact model' in U.S.A. We use the results of surveys that examined the importance of social value issues to stakeholders in Korea to implement the benefit-impact model in Korea. In particular, in this paper, we use the KSI(Korean Sustainability Index) survey data conducted by the Korea Standards Association to evaluate the social value of the construction industry for representative stakeholders in the construction industry. The social value pool and the activity indicator pool used for the survey are created based on relevant International Standards; ISO 26000, ISO 14001, ISO 37001. As a result, Korea B-impact model for construction industry included the following five core social value issues; Strengthen transparency of corporate management, Ensure fair employment and employment relations, Efforts to prevent corruption, Conduct fair competition, Efforts to prevent environmental pollution. In addition, the US B-impact model has three limitations. First, it is unclear whether the key indicators have been derived while considering all issues of social value. Second, US B-impact model indicators are developed by the social responsibility experts, so it is necessary to review by stakeholders in each industry. Finally, it would be more effective for companies to use the B-impact model index as a more detailed activity indicator. When developing a Korea B-impact model, the following methods are used to supplement it. First, we reviewed all social value issues using international standards. Secondly, we used the KSI(Korean Sustainability index) survey results to derive the importance of the social value issue of construction industry in Korea. Finally, we have clearly matched the activity indicators by social value core issues based on the GRI Standard so that companies can actually use the Korea B-impact model for the construction sector. The detailed development stages and results of this study are as follows;.

• 기술혁신학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.245-256
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• 2002

Measurement standards, as being widely recognized, is necessary for national economic development and advanced industrialization. Also measurement standards give reliability and fair trade to the producers and consumers. Macro-effect of measurement standards using estimation of cost function has four effects: 1) value-added causing effect, 2) effect of employment, 3) reduction effect transaction cost, 4) reduction effect defect rates. In this study, to investigate the impacts between specific and the other industries, we used I-O Table of Korea Bank. The relation between the value-added produced by original production factors and final use is determined through production level, and the relation can be investigated with production causing coefficient matrix. In this study, it was showed that the measurement standards investments including measurement only man power of industries were increased from 1995 rapidly. The establishment and maintenance of measurement standards contributes to reduce the defect rate of products in production process and improve the confidence of the product quality. The results from this study show that measurement technology contributes to improve quality, decrease defect rate, improve production process, develope new products, reduce prime cost and increase the consumer's confidence on the firms. Since these results indicate that measurement standards are very important in the point of their vast contribution, we hope our findings can contribute to encourage measurement activities in industries.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2020

Objectives: The aims of this study were to review the standards and key components of the standards for disposable masks in Korea, the US, EU, Japan, and China and to evaluate the appropriateness of disposable masks during a virus pandemic. Methods: We reviewed the standards in the above countries and compared their key elements for each standard. For the second purpose, systemic paper gathering using key words like 'mask', 'respirator' 'virus', and 'coronavirus' in the PubMed search engine was performed. Fifty-three papers were selected and reviewed in regard to the appropriateness of test protocols with sodium chloride(NaCl) particles for virus filtration and the effectiveness against viruses. Results: The standards for masks are largely divided into two categories: US standards and EU standards. In Korea, the Ministry of Employment and Labor adapted the EU standards for workers and the Health Masks adopted the Ministry of Employment and Labor standards by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. Regarding airborne viral infections, WHO emphasizes only droplet infection, while many studies have shown that small particles enter the air through coughing or sneezing, which increases the possibility of airborne infection. Compared to other particles, various factors such as airborne viability and the ability to replicate the virus in the body are further involved in the virus's airborne infection rate. Airborne infection is classified into absolute air infection, preferential air infection, and opportunistic air infection. The NaCl-certified N95 mask showed good filtration efficiency against viruses and NaCl particles were proved to be a surrogate material for viruses. From this, KF94 is also expected to be effective in blocking viruses. Conclusion: The N95 test method could be used as a surrogate test method for virus filtration. N95-class masks have been found to effectively block viral infections in the air. However, surgical or medical masks are only partially effective against airborne virus infection though they could effectively block large droplet infection. However, most studies considered in this study targeted N95 in foreign countries and studies on masks actually used in Korea are very limited, so studies on microorganisms and reuse on domestic masks should be conducted in the future.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제16권10호
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• pp.145-153
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• 2018

최근 우리 사회는 최저임금의 인상폭을 둘러싸고 극심한 갈등을 겪고 있으며, 이에 대해 학계는 신뢰할만한 연구를 통해 적정한 기준을 제시하지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 최저임금의 고용효과에 관한 기존 국내외 연구들의 경향과 문제점들을 살펴보고 개선방향을 제시하였다. 자연실험 또는 메타회귀분석법을 활용하는 최근의 해외 연구들은 최저임금의 인상이 고용량에 거의 영향을 미치지 못한다는 연구결과를 제시한다. 국내 연구들은 아직 그 수효가 많지 않을 뿐만 아니라 사용된 자료나 분석기간, 연구모형 등에 따라 고용효과에 대해 서로 다른 결론을 제시한다. 향후 연구에서는 자료수집 시 임금과 근로시간 등의 오차를 최소화하고, 최저임금 변화의 내생성 문제, 경제상황과 고용변화의 추세를 적절히 고려하여 최저임금의 고용효과를 측정해야 하며, 해외 연구들에처럼 최저임금의 인상시기를 전후한 자연실험 방법을 적극 활용할 필요가 있다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.471-478
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• 2021

Background: Employment standards (ES) include having a regular payday, regular breaks, the right to paid sick or vacation time, and paid wages. Inadequate ES contribute to the labour market vulnerability of workers; however, they are not typically considered to be risk factors for workplace injury. In a sample of Canadian workers, we examine the risk of injury associated with inadequate ES, independent of, and combined with inadequate workplace protections from workplace hazards. Methods: Data from 2,803 adults working 15 hours or more/week in workplaces with at least five employees were analysed. We explored associations between exposure to workplace hazards with inadequate protections [termed occupational health and safety (OHS) vulnerability] and inadequate ES on workplace injury (physical or mental injury; injury requiring time off). Additive interaction models were used to examine the independent and combined effects of these exposures. Results: Occupational health and safety vulnerability and inadequate ES were independently associated with increased injury outcomes. Adjusted models showed an additive relationship for all injury outcomes between OHS vulnerability and inadequate ES. Statistically significant superadditive relationships were observed for physical injury risk with policy and procedure vulnerability plus inadequate ES [synergy index (S) 1.50, 95% CI: 1.13-2.00] and for overall OHS vulnerability plus inadequate ES (S 1.53, 95% CI: 1.16-2.02), suggesting a combined effect greater than independent effects. Conclusion: Occupational health and safety vulnerability and inadequate ES are independently associated with workplace injury. For certain injury outcomes, the combined effect of OHS vulnerability and inadequate ES is greater than the independent effects of each individual exposure.