• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.19-23
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• 2010

Vinyl ester (VE) resins, introduced in the late 1960s, have made large strides in reinforced plastics applications as adhesive and matrix materials on their appropriate mechanical performance characteristics in the glassy state. Generally, VE resins are a group of dimethacrylate resins based on bisphenol A type epoxy resin. They exhibit easy handling properties as well as good resistance to most chemical agents due to their mechanical and thermal properties. In this study, the effects of curing methods of vinyl ester resins on gel contents, flexural strength and dynamic mechanical properties were investigated. Thermal curing (room temperature, $80^{\circ}C$) and electron beam curing were used to crosslink a VE resin/styrene complex (65/35 wt%) with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKPO) as a catalyst and an 8 wt% cobalt naphthenate in styrene solution as a accelerator. For the samples, gel contents as well as flexural strength and dynamic mechanical properties were characterized and compared by soxhlet apparatus, universal testing machine (UTM) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). As a result, the electron-cured VE resin was confirmed as a better condition than those for gel contents, flexural strength and dynamic mechanical properties, respectively.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2020

Purpose: In ionization-chamber dosimetry for high-dose-rate electron beams-above 20 mGy/pulse-the ion-recombination correction methods recommended by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) are not appropriate, because they overestimate the correction factor. In this study, we suggest a practical ion-recombination correction method, based on Boag's improved model, and apply it to reference dosimetry for electron beams of about 100 mGy/pulse generated from an electron linear accelerator (LINAC). Methods: This study employed a theoretical model of the ion-collection efficiency developed by Boag and physical parameters used by Laitano et al. We recalculated the ion-recombination correction factors using two-voltage analysis and obtained an empirical fitting formula to represent the results. Next, we compared the calculated correction factors with published results for the same calculation conditions. Additionally, we performed dosimetry for electron beams from a 6 MeV electron LINAC using an Advanced Markus^® ionization chamber to determine the reference dose in water at the source-to-surface distance (SSD)=100 cm, using the correction factors obtained in this study. Results: The values of the correction factors obtained in this work are in good agreement with the published data. The measured dose-per-pulse for electron beams at the depth of maximum dose for SSD=100 cm was 115 mGy/pulse, with a standard uncertainty of 2.4%. In contrast, the k_s values determined using the IAEA and AAPM methods are, respectively, 8.9% and 8.2% higher than our results. Conclusions: The new method based on Boag's improved model provides a practical method of determining the ion-recombination correction factors for high dose-per-pulse radiation beams up to about 120 mGy/pulse. This method can be applied to electron beams with even higher dose-per-pulse, subject to independent verification.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제53권4호
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• pp.1289-1296
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• 2021

In this study, an electron-scattering device was fabricated to practically use the ultra-high dose rate electron beams for the FLASH preclinical research in Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences. The Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences has been involved in the investigation of linear accelerators for preclinical research and has recently implemented FLASH electron beams. To determine the geometry of the scattering device for the FLASH preclinical research with a 6-MeV linear accelerator, the Monte Carlo N-particle transport code was exploited. By employing the fabricated scattering device, the off-axis and depth dose distributions were measured with radiochromic films. The generated mean energy of electron beams via the scattering device was 4.3 MeV, and the symmetry and flatness of the off-axis dose distribution were 0.11% and 2.33%, respectively. Finally, the doses per pulse were obtained as a function of the source to surface distance (SSD); the measured dose per pulse varied from 4.0 to 0.2 Gy/pulse at an SSD range of 20-90 cm. At an SSD of 30 cm with a 100-Hz repetition rate, the dose rate was 180 Gy/s, which is sufficient for the preclinical FLASH studies.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.85-92
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• 1989

물질에 방사선을 조사시키면 구성원자 또는 분자의 일부분이 전리되며 특수한 유기화합물은 장기간 free radical상태로 존재하고 그 밀도는 조사된 방사선량에 비례한다. Free radical상태의 물질에 마이크로파와 같은 전자파를 투과시키면 free radicl된 전자의 고유진동과 일치된 전자파를 흡수하는 전자스핀공명(Electron Spin Resonance)이 일어나며 흡수된 전파의 강도를 측정함으로서 조사된 방사선량을 추측할 수 있다. ESR를 이용한 free radical dosimeter로서 가장 잘 알려진 물질이 아미노산 alanine이므로 이것과 파라핀 $10\%$를 혼합하여 $0.4\times1cm$의 alanine dosimeter를 제작하였다. 측정 방법은 방사선 흡수선량을 직접 측정할 수 있도록 조직등가인 물 팬텀과 방수된 Alanine dosimeter holder를 제작하고 의료용 선형가속기에서 발생되는 $6\~21$ MeV전자선을 조사하면서 최대 흡수 선량과 깊이에 따른 선량분포를 측정하였다. 전자선 조사선량은 1 Gy에 60 Gy까지의 방사선 치료선량 범위를 선택하였으며 측정결과 전자선량 증가에 따라 ESR신호의 진폭이 선형비례적으로 증가하였다. 그러나 전자선량이 4 Gy이하에서는 alanine dosimeter의 선량 균일성 이 $\pm2\~4\%$ (표준편차)의 오차가 있었으며 4 Gy이상에서는 $\pm1\%$ 이하의 오차를 나타냄으로서 환자에 대한 전자선 조사량 범위인 1Gy에서 60Gy까지의 흡수선량을 정확히 측정할 수 있었다. 측정한 결과 전자선 에너지 12 MeV이하에서는 전리상으로 측정 계산된 선량과 일치하였지만 15 MeV이상에서는 표면에서 깊이 2cm까지의 흡수선량이 약$2\~5\%$가 높았다. 이와 같은 현상은 의료용 선형가속기의 전자선 방출구에 장착된 산란판과 조사면을 조정하는 cone에 의하여 발생되는 저 에너지 산란전자선이 alanine dosimeter에 측정된 것으로서 에너지가 증가될수록 오염 정도가 증가되었다. 본 실험을 통하여 지금까지 고에너지 전자선량계측에서 전리상에 의한 전기량 측정과 산란선이 없는 단일 에너지로만 간주하여 계산하였던 전자선 흡수선량 측정방법을 직접 흡수선량 측정이 가능한 Alanine/ESR dosimetry로서 교정하는 것이 바람직하다고 생각한다.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.15-20
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• 2016

The effects of electron beam (EB) irradiation on the superconducting critical temperature ($T_c$) and critical current density ($J_c$) of YBCO films were studied. The YBCO thin films were irradiated using a KAERI EB accelerator with an energy of 0.2 MeV and a dose of $10^{15}-10^{16}e/cm^2$. A small $T_c$ decrease and a broad superconducting transition were observed as the EB dose increased. The value of $J_cs$ (at 20 K, 50 K and 70 K) increased at doses of $7.5{\times}10^{15}$ and $2.2{\times}10^{16}e/cm^2$. However, $J_cs$ decreased as the dose increased further. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that the c axis of YBCO was elongated and the full width at half maximum (FWHM) increased as the dose increased, which is strong evidence of the atomic displacement by EB irradiation. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the amorphous layer formed in the vicinity of the surfaces of the irradiated films. The amorphous phase was often present as an isolated form in the interior of the films. In addition to the formation of the amorphous phase, many striations running along the a-b direction of YBCO were observed. The high magnification lattice image showed that the striations were stacking faults. The enhancement of $J_c$ by EB irradiation is likely to be due to the lattice distortion and the formation of defects such as vacancies and stacking faults. The decrease in $J_c$ at a high EB dose is attributed to the extension of the amorphous region of a non-superconducting phase.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2023

This study compared the dose calculated using the electron Monte Carlo (eMC) dose calculation algorithm employing the old version (eMC V13.7) of the Varian Eclipse treatment-planning system (TPS) and its newer version (eMC V16.1). The eMC V16.1 was configured using the same beam data as the eMC V13.7. Beam data measured using the VitalBeam linear accelerator were implemented. A box-shaped water phantom (30×30×30 cm³) was generated in the TPS. Consequently, the TPS with eMC V13.7 and eMC V16.1 calculated the dose to the water phantom delivered by electron beams of various energies with a field size of 10×10 cm². The calculations were repeated while changing the dose-smoothing levels and normalization method. Subsequently, the percentage depth dose and lateral profile of the dose distributions acquired by eMC V13.7 and eMC V16.1 were analyzed. In addition, the dose-volume histogram (DVH) differences between the two versions for the heterogeneous phantom with bone and lung inserted were compared. The doses calculated using eMC V16.1 were similar to those calculated using eMC V13.7 for the homogenous phantoms. However, a DVH difference was observed in the heterogeneous phantom, particularly in the bone material. The dose distribution calculated using eMC V16.1 was comparable to that of eMC V13.7 in the case of homogenous phantoms. The version changes resulted in a different DVH for the heterogeneous phantoms. However, further investigations to assess the DVH differences in patients and experimental validations for eMC V16.1, particularly for heterogeneous geometry, are required.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2016

Calculation of the core neutronic parameters is one of the key components in all nuclear reactors. In this research, the energy spectrum and spatial distribution of the neutron flux in a uranium target have been calculated. In addition, sensitivity of the core neutronic parameters in accelerator-driven subcritical advanced liquid metal reactors, such as electron beam energy ($E_e$) and source multiplication coefficient ($k_s$), has been investigated. A Monte Carlo code (MCNPX_2.6) has been used to calculate neutronic parameters such as effective multiplication coefficient ($k_{eff}$), net neutron multiplication (M), neutron yield ($Y_{n/e}$), energy constant gain ($G_0$), energy gain (G), importance of neutron source (${\varphi}^*$), axial and radial distributions of neutron flux, and power peaking factor ($P_{max}/P_{ave}$) in two axial and radial directions of the reactor core for four fuel loading patterns. According to the results, safety margin and accelerator current ($I_e$) have been decreased in the highest case of $k_s$, but G and ${\varphi}^*$ have increased by 88.9% and 21.6%, respectively. In addition, for LP1 loading pattern, with increasing $E_e$ from 100 MeV up to 1 GeV, $Y_{n/e}$ and G improved by 91.09% and 10.21%, and $I_e$ and $P_{acc}$ decreased by 91.05% and 10.57%, respectively. The results indicate that placement of the Np-Pu assemblies on the periphery allows for a consistent $k_{eff}$ because the Np-Pu assemblies experience less burn-up.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.49-53
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• 2017

The energy distribution was calculated for an electron beam from an electron linear accelerator developed for medical applications using computational methods. The depth dose data for monoenergetic electrons from 0.1 MeV to 8.0 MeV were calculated by the DOSXYZ/nrc code. The calculated data were used to generate the energy distribution from the measured depth dose data by numerical iterations. The measured data in a previous work and an in-house computer program were used for the generation of energy distribution. As results, the mean energy and most probable energy of the energy distribution were 5.7 MeV and 6.2 MeV, respectively. These two values agreed with those determined by the IAEA dosimetry protocol using the measured depth dose.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.507-516
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• 2014

본 연구는 전자빔 조사에 따른 잿빛곰팡이병 방제효과와 절화 장미의 수확 후 품질을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 10MeV 전자가속기를 이용하여 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 10, 20kGy로 조사했을 때 전자빔 선량이 높아짐에 따라 Botrytis cinerea 포자 발아와 균사 생장은 억제되었다. 전자빔 조사가 B. cinerea 포자 발아와 균사 생장에 미치는 영향을 비교했을 때, 포자 발아를 50% 억제하는 선량은 2.02kGy, 균사 생장을 50% 억제하는 선량은 0.89kGy였으므로 포자가 균사에 비해 전자빔에 대한 저항성이 더 높았다. 전자빔 조사후 배양온도에 따른 B. cinerea 균사 생장을 비교한 결과 잿빛곰팡이병균에 대한 전자빔 효과는 배양온도가 낮아질수록 증가하였으며, 특히 $10^{\circ}C$에서 가장 높은 균사 생장 억제효과를 보였다. 토마토 유묘를 이용하여 전자빔의 in vivo 살균활성을 검정한 결과 전자빔 선량이 높아짐에 따라 방제효과도 증가하였다. 절화 장미는 전자빔 선량이 높아짐에 따라 절화수명 및 생체중의 감소, 개화 지연 등을 보였으며, 'Decoration', 'Il se Bronze', 'Queen Bee', 'Revue'는 0.4kGy이하에서 전반적인 절화품질이 유지되었지만 'Vivian'은 0.2kGy 이하에서만 절화품질이 유지되어 장미 품종에 따라 전자빔에 대한 감수성이 다르게 나타났다.

• 대한의용생체공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한의용생체공학회 1992년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.148-151
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• 1992

There is a definite requirement to continuously monitor the operating characteristics of radiation therapy machines. It is advisable to monitor the symmetry, flatness, and energy stability of x-ray beams. The semiconductor system was developed using commercially available rectifier diode for th assessment of quality assurance In radiation therapy, which is capable of the above measurements. The beam characteristics of 6MV, 10MV and 21MV photon of Microtron electron accelerator were measured using seven-diodes as detectors and the results were compared with that of using a film results dosimetry with a X-Y plotter. The seven-diode detetor is versatile enough to be used for checking beam profile, flatness, symmetry and energy.