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Improved deformation energy for enhancing the visual quality of planar shape deformation (평면 형상 변형의 시각적 품질 향상을 위한 개선된 형상 변형 에너지)

  • Yoo, Kwangseok;Choi, Jung-Ju
    • Journal of the Korea Computer Graphics Society
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    • v.18 no.4
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 2012
  • We present improved deformation energy to enhance the visual quality of a shape deformation technique, where we preserve the local structure of an input planar shape. The deformation energy, in general, consists of several constraints such as Laplacian coordinate constraint to preserve the quality of deformed silhouette edges, mean value coordinates and edge length constraints to preserve the quality of deformed internal shape, and user-specified position constraints to control the shape deformation. When the positions of user-specified vertices change, shape deformation techniques compute the positions of the other vertices by means of nonlinear least squares optimization to minimize the deformation energy. When a user-specified vertex changes its position rapidly, it is frequently observed that the visual quality of the deformed shape decrease rapidly, which is mainly caused by unnecessary enlargement of the Laplacian vectors and unnecessary change of the edge directions along the boundary of the shape. In this paper, we propose improved deformation energy by prohibiting the Laplacian and edge length constraints from changing unnecessarily. The proposed deformation energy incorporated with well-known optimization technique can enhance the visual quality of shape deformation along the silhouette and within the interior of the planar shape while sacrificing only a little execution time.

A Design of DLL-based Low-Power CDR for 2nd-Generation AiPi+ Application (2세대 AiPi+ 용 DLL 기반 저전력 클록-데이터 복원 회로의 설계)

  • Park, Joon-Sung;Park, Hyung-Gu;Kim, Seong-Geun;Pu, Young-Gun;Lee, Kang-Yoon
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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    • v.48 no.4
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    • pp.39-50
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    • 2011
  • In this paper, we presents a CDR circuit for $2^{nd}$-generation AiPi+, one of the Intra-panel Interface. The speed of the proposed clock and data recovery is increased to 1.25 Gbps compared with that of AiPi+. The DLL-based CDR architecture is used to generate the multi-phase clocks. We propose the simple scheme for frequency detector (FD) to mitigate the harmonic-locking and reduce the complexity. In addition, the duty cycle corrector that limits the maximum pulse width is used to avoid the problem of missing clock edges due to the mismatch between rising and falling time of VCDL's delay cells. The proposed CDR is implemented in 0.18 um technology with the supply voltage of 1.8 V. The active die area is $660\;{\mu}m\;{\times}\;250\;{\mu}m$, and supply voltage is 1.8 V. Peak-to-Peak jitter is less than 15 ps and the power consumption of the CDR except input buffer, equalizer, and de-serializer is 5.94 mW.

Fabric Mapping and Placement of Field Programmable Stateful Logic Array (Field Programmable Stateful Logic Array 패브릭 매핑 및 배치)

  • Kim, Kyosun
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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    • v.49 no.12
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    • pp.209-218
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    • 2012
  • Recently, the Field Programmable Stateful Logic Array (FPSLA) was proposed as one of the most promising system integration technologies which will extend the life of the Moore's law. This work is the first proposal of the FPSLA design automation flow, and the approaches to logic synthesis, synchronization, physical mapping, and automatic placement of the FPSLA designs. The synchronization at each gate for pipelining determines the x-coordinates of cells, and reduces the placement to 1-dimensional problems. The objective function and its gradients for the non-linear optimization of the net length and placement density have been remodeled for the reduced global placement problem. Also, a recursive algorithm has been proposed to legalize the placement by relaxing the density overflow of bipartite bin groups in a top-down hierarchical fashion. The proposed model and algorithm are implemented, and validated by applying them to the ACM/SIGDA benchmark designs. The output state of a gate in an FPSLA needs to be duplicated so that each fanout gate can be connected to a dedicated copy. This property has been taken into account by merging the duplicated nets into a hyperedge, and then, splitting the hyperedge into edges as the optimization progresses. This yields additional 18.4% of the cell count reduction in the most dense logic stage. The practicality of the FPSLA can be further enhanced primarily by incorporating into the logic synthesis the constraint to avoid the concentrated fains of gates on some logic stages. In addition, an efficient algorithm needs to be devised for the routing problem which is based on a complicated graph. The graph models the nanowire crossbar which is trimmed to be embedded into the FPSLA fabric, and therefore, asymmetric. These CAD tools can be used to evaluate the fabric efficiency during the architecture enhancement as well as automate the design.

Feasibility of seed bank for restoration of salt marsh: a case study around the Gwangyang Bay, southern Korea

  • Lee, Seon-Mi;Cho, Yong-Chan;Lee, Chang-Seok
    • Journal of Ecology and Environment
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    • v.35 no.2
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    • pp.123-129
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    • 2012
  • Salt marsh is an important transitional zone among terrestrial, riverine, and marine ecosystems and is a productive habitat that interacts extensively with adjacent landscape elements of estuarine and coastal ecosystems. Nowadays, in addition to various human activities, a variety of natural processes induce changes in salt marshes. This study aims to provide background information to restore disturbed salt marshes and to propose their ecological restoration using seed banks. The study area is a prepared area for the Gwangyang Container Port located in the southern Korea. This area was formed by accumulating mud soils dredged from the bottom of the forward sea. This land was created in a serial process of preparing the Gwangyang container port and the salt marsh was passively restored by seeds buried in mud soil dredged from seabed. As a result of stand ordination based on vegetation data collected from the land, stands were arranged according to tolerance to salinity in the order of $Suaeda$ $maritima$, $Salicornia$ $europaea$, and $Phragmites$ $communis$ communities on the Axis 1. Landscape structure of the projected area was analyzed as well. Edges of the projected area were divided from the marginal waterway by the dike. Four types of vegetation appeared on the dike: $Alnus$ $firma$ plantation, $Robinia$ $pseudoacacia$ plantation, $Lespedeza$ $cyrtobotrya$ plantation, and grassland. In the more internal areas, two types of vegetation sequences appeared: $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $glauca$ community-$Salicornia$ $europaea$ community sequence and $Aster$ $tripolium$ community-$Suaeda$ $maritima$ community-$S.$ $europaea$ community sequence. Mixed community showed the highest species diversity (H' = 0.86) and $S.$ $europaea$ community showed the lowest (H' = 0.0). Evenness is the highest in Mixed community (J' = 2.26) and the lowest in $S.$ $maritime-S.$ $europaea$ community (J' = 0.0). Several plant communities were successfully established on the land created by mud soil dredged from the bottom of Gwangyang Bay. Moreover, community diversity in this area approached a similar level with those from other studies involving natural salt marshes. Therefore, restoration effect based on community diversity obtained in our study can be evaluated as a successful achievement. In this respect, although most salt marshes in Korea and other places worldwide have been destroyed or disturbed by excessive land use, feasibility of seed bank as a restoration tool is greatly expected.

Facial Contour Extraction in Moving Pictures by using DCM mask and Initial Curve Interpolation of Snakes (DCM 마스크와 스네이크의 초기곡선 보간에 의한 동영상에서의 얼굴 윤곽선 추출)

  • Kim Young-Won;Jun Byung-Hwan
    • Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea CI
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    • v.43 no.4 s.310
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    • pp.58-66
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    • 2006
  • In this paper, we apply DCM(Dilation of Color and Motion information) mask and Active Contour Models(Snakes) to extract facial outline in moving pictures with complex background. First, we propose DCM mask which is made by applying morphology dilation and AND operation to combine facial color and motion information, and use this mask to detect facial region without complex background and to remove noise in image energy. Also, initial curves are automatically set according to rotational degree estimated with geometric ratio of facial elements to overcome the demerit of Active Contour Models which is sensitive to initial curves. And edge intensity and brightness are both used as image energy of snakes to extract contour at parts with weak edges. For experiments, we acquired total 480 frames with various head-poses of sixteen persons with both eyes shown by taking pictures in inner space and also by capturing broadcasting images. As a result, it showed that more elaborate facial contour is extracted at average processing time of 0.28 seconds when using interpolated initial curves according to facial rotation degree and using combined image energy of edge intensity and brightness.

Intensity Based Stereo Matching Algorithm Including Boundary Information (경계선 영역 정보를 이용한 밝기값 기반 스테레오 정합)

  • Choi, Dong-Jun;Kim, Do-Hyun;Yang, Yeong-Yil
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics S
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    • v.35S no.12
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    • pp.84-92
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    • 1998
  • In this paper, we propose the novel cost functions for finding the disparity between the left and the right images in the stereo matching problem. The dynamic programming method is used in solving the stereo matching problem by Cox et al[10]. In the reference[10], only the intensity of the pixels in the epipolar line is used as the cost functions to find the corresponding pixels. We propose the two new cost functions. The information of the slope of the pixel is introduced to the constraints in determining the weights of intensity and direction(the historical information). The pixels with the higher slope are matched mainly by the intensity of pixels. As the slope becomes lower, the matching is performed mainly by the direction. Secondly, the disparity information of the previous epipolar line the pixel is used to find the disparity of the current epipolar line. If the pixel in the left epipolar line, $p-i$ and the pixel in the right epipolar line, $p-j$ satisfy the following conditions, the higher matching probability is given to the pixels, $p-i$ and $p-j$. i) The pixels, $p-i$ and $p-j$ are the pixles on the edges in the left and the right images, respectively. ⅱ) For the pixels $p-k$ and $p-l$ in the previous epipolar line, $p-k$and $p-l$ are matched and are the pixels on the same edge with $p-i$ and $p-j$, respectively. The proposed method compared with the original method[10] finds the better matching results for the test images.

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Effects of Leveler on the Trench Filling during Damascene Copper Plating (전해전착시 상감 구리 배선의 충전에 미치는 레벨러의 효과)

  • Lee, Yu-Young;Park, Young-Joon;Lee, Jae-Bong;Cho, Byung-Won
    • Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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    • v.5 no.3
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    • pp.153-158
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    • 2002
  • The effects of leveler on the copper trench filling were investigated during damascene plating process. To investigate the trench filling effect with the addition of a leveler, a cross-section images of the electroplated trenches with the width of$0.37{\mu}m,\;and\;0.18{\mu}m$ were observed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). Polyethylene glycol(PEG), 3-mercapto-1-propanesulfonic acid and Janus Green B were used as a carrier, an accelerator and a leveler. $0.37{\mu}m$ trenches were superfilled without voids, but there was voids formation in $0.18{\mu}m$ trenches when the leveler was not added into the electrolyte. On the other hand $0.18{\mu}m$ trenches were superfilled without voids with the addition of the leveler due to the reduction growth rate of copper at protrusions and edges, which yield smooth final deposit surface. The leverer effect becomes more significant as the width of trenches becomes smaller when trenches are filed.

Air Pollution Effects on Soil Chemical Properties, Lichens, Denitrifying and Sulfur-Reducing Bacteria Around the Yeochun Industrial Estate (여천공단의 대기오염이 토양의 화학적 특성, 지의류, 탈질균 및 황산환원균에 미치는 영향)

  • Yu, Jung-Hwan;Ka, Kang-Hyun;Park, Hyun
    • Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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    • v.84 no.2
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    • pp.178-185
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    • 1995
  • Air pollution effects on soil chemical properties, denitrifying and sulfur-reducing bacteria and lichens were examined around the Yeochun industrial estate. Soil samples were collected from mountain and/or mountain edges around the Namhae Chemical Corp., which is located at the southern edge of the estate, and sampled plots which were selected at 2km, 4km, 6km, 8km, and 10km apart from the industrial estate. The forest soils around the industrial estate could be classified into the Reddish yellow forest soil group, but soil pH was quite lower than the soils of the group. Because of the extremely low soil pH, microbial activity related to mineralization of organic matter was expected to be very low even though C/N ratio ranged from 15 to 20. As a result, soil organic matter and total nitrogen in soil were relatively high compared to the soils of the group. In general, soil chemical properties around the industrial estate up to 4km apart from the estate were significantly different from the rest(more than 6km apart from the estate) possibly due to air pollution. However, denitrifying bacteria and sulfur-reducing bacteria did not show significant differences in colony forming units by the distances from the industrial estate. By the way, lichens showed distinct differences in frequencies and coverages by the distances from the industrial estate possibly due to air pollution. The corticolous lichens showed more sensitive response to the air pollution compared to the saxicolous lichens.

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Evaluation of Dosimetric Characteristics of a Double-focused Dynamic Micro-Multileaf Collimator (DMLC) (이중으로 집중된 동적 미세 다엽콜리메이터의 선량학적 특성 평가)

  • Kim, Ae Ran;Seo, Jae-Hyuk;Shin, Hun-Joo;Park, Hyeong Wook;Lee, Ki Woong;Lee, Jae Choon;Kim, Shin-Wook;Kim, Ji Na;Park, Hyeli;Lee, Heui-Kwan;Kang, Young-Nam
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.26 no.4
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    • pp.223-228
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    • 2015
  • Double-focused micro-Multileaf Collimator (${\mu}MLC$) is able to create radiation fields having sharper dose gradients at the field edges than common MLC. Therefore, ${\mu}MLC$ has been used for the stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and Stereotactic Radiotherapy (SRT). We evaluated the dosimetric characteristics of a doublefocused Dynamic-${\mu}MLC$ (DMLC) attached to the Elekta Synergy linear accelerator. For this study, the dosimetric parameters including, Percent Depth Dose (PDD), Leaf leakage and penumbra, have been measured by using of the radiochromic films (GafChromic EBT2), EDGE diode detector and three-dimensional water phantom. All datas were measured on 6 MV x-ray. As a result, The DMLC shows transmission below to 1% and because of double-focused construction of the DMLC, the penumbras of fields with DMLC are independent from the field sizes. In this paper, the resulting dosimetric evaluations proved the applicability of the DMLC attached to the Elekta Synergy linear accelerator.

Topology Optimization of Incompressible Flow Using P1 Nonconforming Finite Elements (P1 비순응 요소를 이용한 비압축성 유동 문제의 위상최적화)

  • Jang, Gang-Won;Chang, Se-Myong
    • Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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    • v.36 no.10
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    • pp.1139-1146
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    • 2012
  • An alternative approach for topology optimization of steady incompressible Navier-Stokes flow problems is presented by using P1 nonconforming finite elements. This study is the extended research of the earlier application of P1 nonconforming elements to topology optimization of Stokes problems. The advantages of the P1 nonconforming elements for topology optimization of incompressible materials based on locking-free property and linear shape functions are investigated if they are also valid in fluid equations with the inertia term. Compared with a mixed finite element formulation, the number of degrees of freedom of P1 nonconforming elements is reduced by using the discrete divergence-free property; the continuity equation of incompressible flow can be imposed by using the penalty method into the momentum equation. The effect of penalty parameters on the solution accuracy and proper bounds will be investigated. While nodes of most quadrilateral nonconforming elements are located at the midpoints of element edges and higher order shape functions are used, the present P1 nonconforming elements have P1, {1, x, y}, shape functions and vertex-wisely defined degrees of freedom. So its implentation is as simple as in the standard bilinear conforming elements. The effectiveness of the proposed formulation is verified by showing examples with various Reynolds numbers.