• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.273-309
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• 2021

The development of regulatory systems varies between transition and non-transition economies. This suggests that they provide different incentives for entrepreneurial development and could have varied effects on the economy because they have different methods to deal with market failure. However, limited empirical evidence exists to prove the assumption of dichotomy. Using comprehensive data for institutional quality, labor market and financial market development, this research sought to analyze their effect on employment growth at micro level. The results show that the quality of institutions in transition economies are poorer relative to those in non-transition economies, but their financial and labor markets are more developed than the latter. Further analysis for the transition sample shows that the three variables are individually positively related with employment growth. For the non-transition sample, institutional quality and labor market flexibility bear a positive and significant effect on employment. Financial market development enters the model with a negative coefficient when regressed alone, but a joint test of significance finds that all the variables have a positive effect on employment growth. This result could imply that there is interdependence between institutional quality, labor flexibility and financial market development in firm-employment-growth relationship, or complementarity between regulations and the quality of institutions. Alternatively, this finding suggests that a stringently regulated credit market in non-transition economies have a selection effect-allocating credit only to entrepreneurs who already demonstrate strong growth potential. In sum, despite differences in the evolution of regulatory environment between the two samples, both of them complement employment growth at firm level. The overall implication of these findings is that less rigid regulations and coherent policies that are enforced with impartiality provide incentives for firms to expand.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.41
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• pp.141-161
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• 2015

A fundamental understanding of "sustainable development" is generally related to a triptych of social justice, ecological integrity, and economic well-being. It aims at a development of human societies that would achieve the reconciliation of social justice, ecological integrity, and the well-being of all living systems an the planet. Furthermore, the quest for "sustainable development" focuses on economic, ecological, and social dimensions. interdependence of culture and sustainable development. The original syntax was not quite standard English, i.e., it was also unclear and vague. Ergo, this is a hypothetical edit. If you demur, then please rectify it. In Germany, th "Tutzinger Manifest" also includes the cultural dimension as a major dimension of sustainability, thereby arguing for the integration of culture in strategies for sustainability; and furthermore for the building of networks in order to overcome this gap. The cultural dimension of sustainability in Germany involves not only cultural policy, but also culture management.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 2023

This study explores the interrelationship between 'KRX Construction' and 'Business Survey Index'. KRX Construction is a leading economic indicator of construction industry, implying the potential interdependence with BSI Construction. Previous papers have investigated the relationship between the released stock price index and BSI. Using Granger causality tests, this study investigates how the BSI Construction is associated with the trend and noise-trading components of KRX Construction, respectively. The decomposition of KRX Construction of trend and noise-trading is based on the state-space model. The results document unilateral Granger causalities from released KRX Construction, trend component, noise-trading component to BSI Construction. In sum, this study demonstrates that construction company CEOs view stock price index as a leading economic indicator.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 2003

As the process of economic globalization deepens market uncertainty and severe competition, modern companies are tend to rely on non-market, socio-economic mechanisms such as trust, collaboration, and interdependence, They are being more influenced by cultural economic mechanisms like networks, embeddedness, and placeness rather than explicit cost-reductions. This paper analyzes the characteristics of industrial clusters, the formation of social capital, and the process of institutionalization by comparing two distinctive types of clusters, say Teheran and East-Gate Valleys in Seoul, Korea. The one is mainly consisted of IT industries with increasing vertical integration supported by venture capitals and favorable business infrastructures. The other cluster has long been a traditional CBD frame of Seoul and has transformed to the most dynamic and productive area, characterized by one-stop 'R&D-production-distribution-consumption-after sales services'. The study of the developmental trajectory and key characteristics for these kinds of clusters can give us insight for the cluster theory. This paper firstly reviews the similarities and differences between the social capital in general and that of industrial clusters. It then profiles the growth of the two clusters over the past decade, and compares the current spatial and business structure of the two clusters, focusing on transactions costs, the creation and flow of information, and the local institutions. The paper concludes with some comments about the prospects and perils of the two types industrial clusters of Seoul.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.293-321
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• 2012

This study aims to examine how institutions has been formed to deepen interdependence and to keep check in trade on the border regions of East Sea Rim between the macro structure and micro behaviors. The transitional nations such as China, Russia, and North Korea adjacent to the East Sea Rim exhibits unique characteristics in terms of transaction governance structure. While the regional economy in northeast China is still overwhelmed by the stated-owned enterprises(SOEs), it strongly encourages the private economic trade to form institutional economy through the border trade port and peddler trade market. Thus trade is shaped by the mixed governance. In far east Russia, whereas the SOEs are in charge of exporting oil, gas etc., private firms and small scale traders are importing household items, so that it can also be called as the mixed governance, while informal social networks simultaneously work. In North Korea, for the trade, since the firms are mainly required to have the permits from the different levels of government, it is regarded as the hierarchical governance. The institutional economics seems to well explain the changing agencies and their influence on the trade among the regions in the East Sea Rim.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.189-213
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• 2017

This study seeks to critically examine the significance and limits of the cluster adaptive cycle model for analysis of cluster evolution and to propose research issues for future analysis of cluster evolution based on this critical examination. Until the 1980s, research on industrial complexes including clusters was based on a 'static perspective' that focuses on the aspect of economic space at a specific point in time, but the research paradigm has recently shifted to a 'dynamic perspective' focusing on 'evolution' of 'complex adaptive systems'. As a result, the adaptive cycle model has attracted attention as an analysis tool of dynamically evolving clusters. However, the cluster adaptive cycle model has emerged by being appropriately modified and expanded according to the properties of the cluster and its evolution. The cluster adaptive cycle model is a comprehensive analysis framework that identifies the characteristics of cluster evolution in terms of resource accumulation, interdependence, and resilience and classifies cluster evolution paths into six different categories. Nevertheless, there is still a need for further discussion and supplementation in terms of theoretical and empirical research to expand and deepen the model. Therefore, research issues for future analysis of cluster evolution are to specify and elaborate the cluster evolution model, to emphasize the concept of resilience, and to verify the applicability and usefulness of the model through empirical research.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.105-112
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• 2018

South Korea and Vietnam have been engaged in extensive political, economic and cultural exchanges since the establishment of diplomaticties in 1992. In March 2018, Moon Jae-in, President of South Korea, made an official visit to Vietnam, a key partner of the New Southern Policy and discussed comprehensive cooperation measures, including expanding trade volume and measures to establish peace on the Korean Peninsula. At the defense ministers' meeting held in April 2018, the two countries signed a joint defense and defense cooperation statement, which included promotion of maritime security, defense cooperation, UN PKO activities, excavation of remains, and joint military cooperation. Currently, Vietnam is facing territorial disputes with China over the South China Sea, and is stepping up military modernization and military buildup to counter this. In particular, Vietnam is strengthening its external military cooperation beyond ideology with the U.S., Russia, India and France to strengthen its maritime power. Against this backdrop, the bilateral cooperation between South Korea and Vietnam needs to expand beyond the traditional economic and cultural exchanges to military cooperation. The study aims to review the relationship between South Korea and Vietnam on the 26th anniversary of the normalization of diplomaticties and seek ways to develop military cooperation with Vietnam, which has grown to the next China. To that end, it analyzed Vietnam's security environment and military strategy and presented strategies for promoting military cooperation focusing on defense areas.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.93-135
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• 2017

Due to their geographic proximity to Beijing, the Southeast Asian states under the fallout of the China's growing power are struggling to seek the art of diplomacy to promote their national interests. This study explores why Cambodia previously taking a pro-US strategy after the end of the Cold War has switched to a pro-China one in the context of the rise of G-2 system, the ASEAN regionalism, the country's national interest and Hun Sen's regime legitimation. Theoretically, this study takes a realist constructivist approach and tries to find how realist interests and norms have affected the Hun Sen's regime legitimation. The relationship between China and Cambodia has been deepened by mutual economic interdependence and increasingly stronger Chinese power. Especially, the Chinese massive economic aids and investment have enormously supported the regime legitimation of Hun Sen. On the other hand, The US value diplomacy promoting democracy and human rights has undermined the Hun Sen's legitimacy and strained the two nations' relationship. However, the Hun Sen's pro-China strategy is not to check and balance against US strategic interests and not to recognize the Chinese hegemonic position in Southeast Asia. It is a hedging against the US value diplomacy while maximizing economic and other gains from China. ASEAN has been playing a coordinating role to limit the scope of power politics among big powers and to mitigate its ramifications. Yet, since the US and Chinese interests are so keenly criss-crossing, Cambodia may continue to react to the G-2 system through bilateral relations with them.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.235-246
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• 2011

This study explored the relationship between connectedness to nature (CN) and belief on consequences (social, economic, and ecological) of establishing cable car and supportiveness to its establishment in a natural park. It also examined the relationship between socio-demographic and visiting characteristics and CN. Data were collected from 134 visitors in Mudeungsan Provincial Park (MPP) in September, 2010 through field questionnaire survey. CN was measured by using a connectedness to nature scale (CNS) revised from the Mayer and Frantz's (2004) original CNS. CN consisted of two factors: interdependence and independence. CN increased as respondents' age, education level, number of visits to MPP and number of visits to Jungbong area of MPP increase. Respondents with higher CN ratings showed stronger beliefs on negative consequences of the cable car establishment. CN, however, was not related with beliefs on positive consequences of establishing cable cars. Respondents with higher CN showed lower support about establishing cable cars.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.223-236
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• 1997

One faces four major developmental tasks to achieve in young adulthood, ages between 20 and 40 : intimacy, vocation, marriage and child-rearing. Intimacy is the capacity to commit oneself to concrete affiliations and partnerships and to develop the ethical strength to abide by such commitments, even though they call for significant sacrifices and compromises. Through vocation and marriage young adults become united to networks of persons, find tasks that demand involvement, and gain roles into which they fit and are fitted and which help define their identities. An occupation represents much more than a set of skills and functions : it means a way of life. The extent of vocational choice increases with educational level, and the unconscious factors are frequency the decisive element. The vocational choice stare with fantasy choices in childhood, passes through tentative choices in adolescence, realistic choices in college days, and crystallized choices in post-college days, and finally ends up to the choice of specification. Along with the hazards and the need for realignment of personality functioning, the marriage brings with it new opportunities for self-fulfillment and completion. Motives other than a romantic love gain more importance in the decision to marry and in the choice of a partner. The impulsions to marry are sexual gratification, the desire to propagate, narcissistic gratification, and a need of interdependence. Many factors such as oedipal wishes, sexuality and sexual attractions, socio-economic classes, and geography involve in selection of marriage partner. There are also various motivations to marry a romantic love, the desire for a home of one's own, sexual attractions, the wish for security and a shelter, and the wish for children. The hostile marriage, the marriage on the rebound, the marriage rooted in rescue fantasies, and sado-masochistic marriage are the examples of pathological marriages. A successful marriage will usually both Lead to and require a marked reorganization of the personality structure of each partner that will influence the lurker personality development of each. Many marital problems are largely dependent upon the personality characteristics of one partner which might well create difficulties no manor who was the spouse.