• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.1-23
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• 2021

The national economic policy paradigm is constantly changing according to the global business environment. Among them, fostering SMEs is a core policy of many developed countries. The growth of SMEs contributes to the creation of jobs and the development of local communities in the era of employment-free growth. In particular, the growth of SMEs is the foundation for growth into mid-sized and large enterprises. Therefore, the growth of SMEs plays an important role in the national economy. Information and communication technology (ICT) became important much more with the emergence of the 4th industrial revolution. Among them, the growth of ICT SMEs is the nation's future asset. Therefore, this study examines and verifies the main factors affecting the performance of ICT SMEs from the view of their R&D resources. On the basis of 1,999 SMEs dataset, empirical analysis was performed to investigate the influence of R&D resources on their corporate performance. Its results are as follows. First, based on theresource-based theory, ICT SMEs' R&D investment, R&D manpower, and government support policies were found to have a positive effect on securing a company's competitive advantage. Second, it was found that the level of product has a positive effect on the company's performance. Finally, it was found that M&A and technology acquisition method strategies differ according to the growth stage of the company. Therefore, in order to achieve technological innovation and corporate performance of ICT SMEs, the government support policy and investment into internal R&D personnel play as main factors. In addition, it was found that technology acquisition strategies differ depending on the growth stage of the company.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.63-74
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• 2023

This study considered allocating and balancing time use as an important factor that determines the quality of life, and attempted to analyze the happiness of married women through the perspective of satisfaction with time use. We investigated the structure of time use, and analyzed the factors that affect happiness in the perspective of time use through the Time Use Survey data. Analyzing the happiness of married women, we found out that the level of happiness and the factors affecting happiness varied by generation. In the case of economically active women, the happiness of baby boomers and Generation X was mostly impacted by mandatory work hours, while the happiness of Generation Y was mostly impacted by the presence of care-dependent people. However, in the case of economically unactive women, the happiness of baby boomers and Generation X was mostly impacted by leisure and volunteering time that could be used freely, while the happiness of Generation Y was mostly impacted by the attitude toward gender roles. Therefore, through the perspective of time use, the happiness and the factors determining the happiness of married women differs by generation and economic activeness. This study has significant implications for the establishment of family policies for married women.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.192-199
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• 2024

Wave overtopping is a significant natural hazard that occurs in coastal areas, primarily driven by high waves, particularly those generated during typhoons, which can cause coastal flooding. The development of residential and commercial areas along the coast, driven by increasing social and economic demands, has led to a concentration of people and assets in these vulnerable areas. This, coupled with long-term sea level rise and an increase in typhoon frequency, has heightened the risk of coastal hazards. Traditionally, the evaluation of wave overtopping volumes has relied on directly measuring the collected volume of water that exceeds the crest height of structures through hydraulic model experiments. These experiments are averaged over a specific measurement period. However, in this study, we propose a new method for estimating individual wave overtopping volumes. We utilize the temporal variation of wave overtopping heights to develop an observation system that can quantitatively assess wave overtopping volumes in actual coastal areas. To test our method, we conducted hydraulic model experiments on rubble mound breakwaters, which are commonly installed along the Korean coast. We introduce wave overtopping discharge coefficients, assuming that the inundation velocity from the structure's crest is the long-wave velocity. We then predict overtopping volumes based on wave overtopping heights and compare and review the results with experimental data. The findings of our study confirm the feasibility of estimating wave overtopping volumes by applying the overtopping discharge coefficients derived in this study to wave overtopping heights.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.414-425
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• 2024

Objective: This study aims to explore the opinions on the insurance coverage of artificial intelligence (AI), as categorized based on the distinct value elements offered by AI, with a specific focus on patient-centered outcomes (PCOs). PCOs are distinguished from traditional clinical outcomes and focus on patient-reported experiences and values such as quality of life, functionality, well-being, physical or emotional status, and convenience. Materials and Methods: We classified the value elements provided by AI into four dimensions: clinical outcomes, economic aspects, organizational aspects, and non-clinical PCOs. The survey comprised three sections: 1) experiences with PCOs in evaluating AI, 2) opinions on the coverage of AI by the National Health Insurance of the Republic of Korea when AI demonstrated benefits across the four value elements, and 3) respondent characteristics. The opinions regarding AI insurance coverage were assessed dichotomously and semi-quantitatively: non-approval (0) vs. approval (on a 1-10 weight scale, with 10 indicating the strongest approval). The survey was conducted from July 4 to 26, 2023, using a web-based method. Responses to PCOs and other value elements were compared. Results: Among 200 respondents, 44 (22%) were patients/patient representatives, 64 (32%) were industry/developers, 60 (30%) were medical practitioners/doctors, and 32 (16%) were government health personnel. The level of experience with PCOs regarding AI was low, with only 7% (14/200) having direct experience and 10% (20/200) having any experience (either direct or indirect). The approval rate for insurance coverage for PCOs was 74% (148/200), significantly lower than the corresponding rates for other value elements (82.5%-93.5%; P ≤ 0.034). The approval strength was significantly lower for PCOs, with a mean weight ± standard deviation of 5.1 ± 3.5, compared to other value elements (P ≤ 0.036). Conclusion: There is currently limited demand for insurance coverage for AI that demonstrates benefits in terms of non-clinical PCOs.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2024

Objectives: This study aims to examine the general characteristics and physical activity characteristics of young and middle-aged individuals with hypertension, with the goal of identifying key influencing factors and providing public health policy recommendations. Methods: Participants in this study used data from the 2021 Community Health Survey. The study participants include 5,511 individuals diagnosed with hypertension in the young and middle-aged group (aged 19 to 49). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0. Results: Model 1 is the influencing factors of young and middle-aged hypertensive patients according to general characteristics. The explanatory power is R²= .065. The influencing factors are as follows. Economic activity (𝛽= -.219, p<.001), breakfast per week (𝛽= .117, p<.001), gender (𝛽= .090, p<.001), subjective health status (𝛽= .073, p<.001), and education level (𝛽= .069, p<.001). Model 2 is the influencing factors of young and middle-aged hypertensive patients, including physical activity characteristics. The explanatory power is R²= .076. The influencing factors are as follows. Strength exercises (𝛽= -4.791, p<.001), the walking activity (𝛽= -2.694, p<.01), and the high-intensity physical activity (𝛽= -2.629, p<.01). Conclusion: The active management of young and middle-aged hypertension is essential to prevent progression to serious disease. To prevent hypertension in young and middle-aged people, health education is needed to develop and utilize health promotion programs that take into account general characteristics and physical activity characteristics.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.81-95
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• 2024

This study empirically analyzed the effectiveness of government financial support policies for venture enterprises in the Daejeon region, using raw data obtained from the Small and Medium Venture Business Administration's survey results from 2016 to 2021. Daejeon, considering its economic significance, has a significant proportion of venture enterprises in its economy compared to the national average, with a focus on technological development. Conducting regression analysis yielded several key findings. Firstly, loan and guarantee support is effective for improving sales and market share, while R&D support is effective for technological development. Second, R&D and loan support have the most significant impact on sales in the fourth stage (maturity), while guarantee support is most influential in the third stage. Third, in industry analysis, the coefficients representing the effects of financial support were larger across all performance indicators compared to firm level data analysis. Based on these empirical analysis results, the study proposes several policy implications as follows. First, the government should actively provide funding support to venture companies rather than leaving investments to the capital market. Second, the methods and targets of funding support should vary according to the purpose of the support. Third, it is necessary to establish a platform that connects venture companies with private investors to commercialize developed technologies. Fourth, the funding support of venture capital for technology-intensive venture companies should be expanded.

• Industry Promotion Research
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.295-309
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• 2024

With the implementation of the Northeast Revitalization Strategy, the tourism industry in Heilongjiang Province had an increasingly greater impact on regional economic development. Based on the tourism panel data of Heilongjiang Province from 2005 to 2021, this paper used DEA-BCC and Malmquist Index to analyze the static and dynamic changes of the tourism industry.The results of the study were as follows: (1) Static: The OE value reached strong DEA effectiveness in 2010, 2013, and 2019, indicated that tourism resources had been fully utilized. The SE value changed dramatically between 0.354 and 1, and the PTE value approached 1. OE was mainly affected by SE changes. (2) Dynamic: The total factor productivity (TFP) was overall greater than 1 and grew at an average annual rate of 13.8%. The variation in TFP was primarily influenced by the index of technological progress, indicated that the tourism industry in Heilongjiang Province made full use of technology for resource development, with a relatively high level of development efficiency. Therefore, the future focus of Heilongjiang Province's tourism industry will be on adjustments in industrial scale, technological innovation, and policy optimization.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.97-116
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• 2023

This study conducted a meta-analysis on the effectiveness of education for sustainable development (ESD) programs within home economics classes. Articles spanning from 2000 to April 2023 were sourced from the Korean Citation Index (KCI) using search terms such as 'environment', 'sustainable', 'ESD', 'green', 'ecology', and 'home economics' in conjunction with 'development', 'application', and 'effectiveness'. Out of the gathered articles, 41 were chosen for analysis. Using a random effects model, the overall effect size was measured at 0.51 (SE=.08), suggesting that ESD programs significantly enhance student achievement in home economics. Further analysis of the 62 effect sizes, categorized by research design, ESD area (society, environment, economy), content area, school level, and school location, revealed that the research design, content area, and school location functioned as moderating variables. The findings of this meta-analysis underscore the efficacy of ESD in home economics education. Additionally, this study paves the way for future research, highlighting the importance of integrating economic perspectives in ESD, such as sustainable production and consumption, corporate sustainability, and market economy within home economics classes.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.49-71
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• 2010

Franchise businesses in South Korea have contributed to economic growth and job creation, and its growth potential remains very high. However, despite such virtues, domestic franchise businesses face many problems such as the instability of franchisor's business structure and weak financial conditions. To solve these problems, the government enacted legislation and strengthened franchise related laws. However, the strengthening of laws regulating franchisors had many side effects that interrupted the development of the franchise business. For example, legal regulations regarding franchisors have had the effect of suppressing the franchisor's leadership activities (e.g. activities such as the ability to advocate the franchisor's policies and strategies to the franchisees, in order to facilitate change and innovation). One of the main goals of the franchise business is to build cooperation between the franchisor and the franchisee for their combined success. However, franchisees can refuse to follow the franchisor's strategies because of the current state of franchise-related law and government policy. The purpose of this study to explore the effects of franchisor's leadership style on franchisee's commitment in a franchise system. We classified leadership styles according to the path-goal theory (House & Mitchell, 1974), and it was hypothesized and tested that the four leadership styles proposed by the path-goal theory (i.e. directive, supportive, participative and achievement-oriented leadership) have different effects on franchisee's commitment. Another purpose of this study to explore the how the level of franchisee's self-efficacy influences both the franchisor's leadership style and franchisee's commitment in a franchise system. Results of the present study are expected to provide important theoretical and practical implications as to the role of franchisor's leadership style, as restricted by government regulations and the franchisee's self-efficacy, which could be needed to improve the quality of the long-term relationship between the franchisor and franchisee. Quoted by Northouse(2007), one problem regarding the investigation of leadership is that there are almost as many different definitions of leadership as there are people who have tried to define it. But despite the multitude of ways in which leadership has been conceptualized, the following components can be identified as central to the phenomenon: (a) leadership is a process, (b) leadership involves influence, (c) leadership occurs in a group context, and (d) leadership involves goal attainment. Based on these components, in this study leadership is defined as a process whereby franchisor's influences a group of franchisee' to achieve a common goal. Focusing on this definition, the path-goal theory is about how leaders motivate subordinates to accomplish designated goals. Drawing heavily from research on what motivates employees, path-goal theory first appeared in the leadership literature in the early 1970s in the works of Evans (1970), House (1971), House and Dessler (1974), and House and Mitchell (1974). The stated goal of this leadership theory is to enhance employee performance and employee satisfaction by focusing on employee motivation. In brief, path-goal theory is designed to explain how leaders can help subordinates along the path to their goals by selecting specific behaviors that are best suited to subordinates' needs and to the situation in which subordinates are working (Northouse, 2007). House & Mitchell(1974) predicted that although many different leadership behaviors could have been selected to be a part of path-goal theory, this approach has so far examined directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented leadership behaviors. And they suggested that leaders may exhibit any or all of these four styles with various subordinates and in different situations. However, due to restrictive government regulations, franchisors are not in a position to change their leadership style to suit their circumstances. In addition, quoted by Northouse(2007), ssubordinate characteristics determine how a leader's behavior is interpreted by subordinates in a given work context. Many researchers have focused on subordinates' needs for affiliation, preferences for structure, desires for control, and self-perceived level of task ability. In this study, we have focused on the self-perceived level of task ability, namely, the franchisee's self-efficacy. According to Bandura (1977), self-efficacy is chiefly defined as the personal attitude of one's ability to accomplish concrete tasks. Therefore, it is not an indicator of one's actual abilities, but an opinion of the extent of how one can use that ability. Thus, the judgment of maintain franchisee's commitment depends on the situation (e.g., government regulation and policy and leadership style of franchisor) and how it affects one's ability to mobilize resources to deal with the task, so even if people possess the same ability, there may be differences in self-efficacy. Figure 1 illustrates the model investigated in this study. In this model, it was hypothesized that leadership styles would affect the franchisee's commitment, and self-efficacy would moderate the relationship between leadership style and franchisee's commitment. Theoretically, quoted by Northouse(2007), the path-goal approach suggests that leaders need to choose a leadership style that best fits the needs of subordinates and the work they are doing. According to House & Mitchell (1974), the theory predicts that a directive style of leadership is best in situations in which subordinates are dogmatic and authoritarian, the task demands are ambiguous, and the organizational rule and procedures are unclear. In these situations, franchisor's directive leadership complements the work by providing guidance and psychological structure for franchisees. For work that is structured, unsatisfying, or frustrating, path-goal theory suggests that leaders should use a supportive style. Franchisor's Supportive leadership offers a sense of human touch for franchisees engaged in mundane, mechanized activity. Franchisor's participative leadership is considered best when a task is ambiguous because participation gives greater clarity to how certain paths lead to certain goals; it helps subordinates learn what actions leads to what outcome. Furthermore, House & Mitchell(1974) predicts that achievement-oriented leadership is most effective in settings in which subordinates are required to perform ambiguous tasks. Marsh and O'Neill (1984) tested the idea that organizational members' anger and decline in performance is caused by deficiencies in their level of effort and found that self-efficacy promotes accomplishment, decreases stress and negative consequences like depression and emotional instability. Based on the extant empirical findings and theoretical reasoning, we posit positive and strong relationships between the franchisor's leadership styles and the franchisee's commitment. Furthermore, the level of franchisee's self-efficacy was thought to maintain their commitment. The questionnaires sent to participants consisted of the following measures; leadership style was assessed using a 20 item 7-point likert scale developed by Indvik (1985), self-efficacy was assessed using a 24 item 6-point likert scale developed by Bandura (1977), and commitment was assessed using a 6 item 5-point likert scale developed by Morgan & Hunt (1994). Questionnaires were distributed to Korean optical franchisees in Seoul. It took about 20 days to complete the data collection. A total number of 140 questionnaires were returned and complete data were available from 137 respondents. Results of multiple regression analyses testing the relationships between the each of the four styles of leadership shown by the franchisor as independent variables and franchisee's commitment as the dependent variable showed that the relationship between supportive leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.13, p<.001),and the relationship between participative leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.07, p<.001)were significant. However, when participants divided into high and low self-efficacy groups, results of multiple regression analyses showed that only the relationship between achievement-oriented leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.14, p<.001) was significant in the high self-efficacy group. In the low self-efficacy group, the relationship between supportive leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.17, p<.001),and the relationship between participative leadership style and commitment ($\beta$=.10, p<.001) were significant. The study focused on the franchisee's self-efficacy in order to explore the possibility that regulation, originally intended to protect the franchisee, may not be the most effective method to maintain the relationships in a franchise business. The key results of the data analysis regarding the moderating role of self-efficacy between leadership behavior style as proposed by path-goal and commitment theory were as follows. First, this study proposed that franchisor should apply the appropriate type of leadership behavior to strengthen the franchisees commitment because the results demonstrated that supportive and participative leadership styles by the franchisors have a positive influence on the franchisee's level of commitment. Second, it is desirable for franchisor to validate the franchisee's efforts, since the franchisee's characteristics such as self-efficacy had a substantial, positive effect on the franchisee's commitment as well as being a meaningful moderator between leadership and commitment. Third, the results as a whole imply that the government should provide institutional support, namely to put the franchisor in a position to clearly identify the characteristics of their franchisees and provide reasonable means to administer the franchisees to achieve the company's goal.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-153
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to attempt to lay the foundation for the development of oral health programs geared toward promoting the oral health of low socioeconomic class children. The subjects in this study were 257 school children who used local children's centers. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. The children mean scored 5.74 on oral health knowledge. 2. In terms of oral health awareness, 47.1% viewed the right toothbrushing as the best way to stay away from dental caries. 3. 45% of the subjects reported toothbrushing at least three times daily. 21.4% visited dental institutions three or more times in the past year. 33.1% had never undergone application of fluoride. 30.4% had never received oral health education. 4. The mean level of caries was 4.61 dft index in 1-2th grade, 3.27 DMFT index in 5-6th grade, 1.47 DMFT index in the 3-4th grad and 1.19 DMFT index in the 1-2th grade. 5. The mean level of Patient Hygiene Performance (PHP index) was 3.59, and there was no significant association was pound between PHP index and grade. 6. Oral health behavior wasn't affected by their oral health awareness, and knowledge.