• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.225-231
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• 2013

To study the characteristics of rocky intertidal invertebrate fauna on the coastal areas of the East Sea, seven regions including Dokdo, Ulleungdo, Gyeongju, Pohang, Yeongdeok, Uljin, and Gangwondo, the common species ratio (%) and similarity index using Bray-Curtis similarity matrix were calculated. The contributed species for dissimilarity between Dokdo and the other East Sea's coastal areas were selected by using SIMPER. The common species ratio and the cluster analysis showed that Ulleungdo presented the highest similarity. However, Yeongdeok showed the highest similarity in the eastern costal areas, and Gangwondo showed the lowest one. However the cluster analysis revealed the discrimination of the rocky intertidal invertebrate community on Dokdo with others region caused by the particularity of rocky shores exposed to strong wave action and by the particular distribution of rocky intertidal invertebrate fauna in Dokdo.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 1971

The geotectonics and geomorphic structure of Korea resulted from the Song-rim Disturbance and the Daebo orogenic movements. Afterward this mountainous peninsula underwent several geological changes on a small scale, and it was also claimed that the steady rising of the elevated peneplain of the eastern coast and the submerging of the southwestern coastal area are largely due to the tilted block movement. These views have been generally accepted good in several ways, but they are limited in range or lacking in theoretical integration. The present writer investigated the geology of the Mt. Chi-ri-san and the Honam coal mining area for a geological map in 1965, respectively. The results of these studies convinced the present writer that the conventional views, which were based upon a theory of lateral pressure should be reconsidered in many respects, and more recent studies made it clear that the morphological development in the southwestern area can be better explained by the orogenic movement and rock control. The measurement of submerging speed of the western coastal area (Pak. Y. A., 1969) and a new account on the geology and tectonics of the Mid-central region of South Korea (Kim O.J., 1970) act as an encouragement to a new explanation. The present writer's researches on the extreme southwestern portion of the peninsula show that the steady submerging of this area cannot be attributed to a simple downthrown block phenomenon caused by block movement. It is no more than the result of the differential movement of uplifting in the eastern and western coastal areas and the rising of sea-level in the post-glacial period. This phenomenon could be easily explained by the comparison of the rate of rise in sea-level and amount of heat flow between Korea and other areas in the world. The existance of the erosional planes in the Sobaik-San ranges also provide an evidence of an upheaval in the western coast area. Though the Sobaik-San ranges largely follow the direction of the Sinian system. They consist of the numerous branches, whose trends run more or less differently from their main trend because of the disharmonic folding, are converged into Mt. Sobaik-San and Chupungryung. The undulation of the land is not wholely caused by orogenic movements, where as the present writer confirmed that the diversity of morphological development is the direct reflection of geological conditions such as rocks and processes which constitute the basic elements of geomorphic structure. An east-west directed mountain range which could be named as Hansan mountain range, was claimed to be oriented by the joint control. The geological conditions such as a special erosion and weathering of agglomerate and breccia tuff usually produce pot-hole like submarine features which cause the whirling phenomenon at the southwestern coast channel.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.885-905
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• 2020

This study described the characteristics of the upstream migration of salmon (Chum salmon, Oncorhynchus keta) along Yeon-gok Stream in the eastern coastal region of Korea from October 24 to November 9, 2018 using radio tag and data storage tag loggers for the detection of the locations of tagged salmon and measurement of water temperature. Tracking experiments were conducted and classified into four types (case 1 to case 4) depending on the release time and the number of salmon tracked. Experiments from case 1 to case 3 were classified depending on the number of salmon tracked into cases in which a single tagged salmon was tracked (case 1), a pair of tagged salmon was tracked (case 2), and salmon were tracked by different sex ratios (case 3). Experiments from cases 1 to 3 were conducted between 10 AM and 1 PM, and case 4 was conducted after 3:30 PM. Salmon moved and spawned in the downstream region of the Yeon-gok, where water temperature is higher than in other rivers and salmon return in Canada, Russia, Japan, and the U.S.A. Most of the radio-tagged salmon swam in deep and shaded areas during the day but actively moved upstream close to sunset, regardless of the release time. Females showed relatively more active movements than males during upstream migration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 1994

By use of the Climatological Report(1982~1991) and the Marine Casualty Report(1982`1992), marine casualties caused by meteorological factors and climatic characteristics along Korean coast were analysed. Marine casualty by meteorological factors can be classified into three kinds such as collision, aground and sinking. On the whole collision was mainly caused by dense fog and heavy precipitation, and aground and sinking was caused by strong wind and high sea. As results of analysis of the distribution of wind, fog and precipitation at major ports in Korea, climatic characteristics along Korean coast are as follows. in the eastern coast, wind was relatively weak and fog was not so frequently formed, while strong wind blew all the year round and fog appeared from April to August in Ulleung Island. In the southern coast, the wind was strong in both winter and summer, fog formed frequently in late spring through mid-summer and heavy precipitation was in summer. Typhoon affecting Korea was usually passing this area to the East Sea. In the western coast, strong wind was prevailing in winter at southern region and fog was formed very frequently throughout the year.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.1589-1595
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• 2010

China has experienced rapid economic growth and burgeoning trade since it began economic reforms and an opening policy. With this the amount of marine cargoes between Korea and China had been increased Recently this increasing rate of cargoes, the development of the Yellow Sea Sub-Region and the change of the Northeast Asian logistics network have acted as important factors of Korea's strategy to be the Northeast Asian logistics hub. This paper analyzes China's inland transport network to offer basic understanding on transport and logistics network in China. Therefore, the outcomes of this paper could be used as basic materials to further transport and logistics cooperation between China and Korea and to developing a more realistic plan to complete Korea's Northeast Asia logistics hub strategy.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.1097-1113
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• 2012

Ozone is the secondary photochemical pollutant formed from ozone precursor such as nitrogen dioxide and non-methane volatile organic compounds(VOCs). The ambient concentration of ozone depends on several factors: sunshine intensity, atmospheric convection, the height of the thermal inversion layer, concentrations of nitrogen oxides and VOCs. Busan is located in the southeast coastal area of Korea so the ozone concentration of Busan is mainly affected from the meteorological variables related to the sea such as sea breeze. In this study the ozone concentrations of Busan in 2008~2010 were used to analyse the cause of the regional ozone difference in eastern area of Busan. The average ozone concentration of Youngsuri was highest in Busan however the average ozone concentration of Gijang was equal to the average ozone concentration of Busan in 2008~2010. The two sites are located in eastern area of Busan but the distance of two sites is only 9km. To find the reason for the difference of ozone concentration between Youngsuri and Gijang, the meteorological variables in two sites were analyzed. For the analysis of meteorological variables the atmospheric numerical model WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting) was used at the day of the maximum and minimum difference in the ozone concentration at the two sites. As a result of analysis, when the boundary layer height was lower and the sea breeze was weaker in Youngsuri, the ozone concentration of Youngsuri was high. Furthermore when the sea breeze blew from the south in the eastern area of Busan, the sea breeze at Youngsuri turned into the southeast and the intensity of sea breeze was weaker because of the mountain in the southern region of Youngsuri. In that case, the difference of ozone concentration between Youngsuri and Gijang was considerable.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.1 s.182
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• pp.67-85
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• 2007

We have performed the CSAMT survey to examine the geoelectrical structure and groundwater distribution for two survey lines across the south-eastern region of Jeju Island. Three kinds of 1-D inversion techniques were employed taking account of the geological situation around the observation sites, and their inversion results were concurrently compared and analyzed to improve the reliability of interpretation. The resultant inverted resistivity structures reveals the three-layered structure, which is composed of the layers with a high-low-lower resistivity from the surface downward. Through the comparison of the inverted resistivity model and core log of deep borehole nearby observation sites, the lithology of each inverted layer was inferred. The first layer and second layer corresponded to the basaltic layer with a thickness of $100{\sim}250m$, and the third layer to the Seoguipo Formation and the U Formation; the thickness of the Seoguipo Formation could not be estimated due to the limitation of investigation depth and little resistivity difference between both Formations. Nevertheless, the Seoguipo Formation, which is strongly associated with the groundwater system in the south-eastern region of Jeju Island, showed the conspicuous spatial continuity from the middle mountain area to coastal area.

• Atmosphere
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.439-446
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• 2011

NCEP reanalysis data were analyzed in order to provide distribution of global wind resource and wind speed in the surface layer for the years 2000-2009. Wind speed at 10 m above ground level (AGL) was converted to wind speed at 80 m above the ground level using the power law. The global average 80 m wind speed shows a maximum value of $13ms^{-1}$ at the storm track region. High wind speed over the land exists in Tibet, Mongolia, Central North America, South Africa, Australia, and Argentina. Wind speed over the ocean increased with a large value in the South China Sea, Southeast Asia, East Sea of the Korea. Sea surface wind in Western Europe and Scandinavia are suitable for wind farm with a value of $7-8ms^{-1}$. Areas with great potential for wind farm are also found in Eastern and Western coastal region of North America. Sea surface wind in Southern Hemisphere shows larger values in the high latitude of South America, South Africa and Australia. The distribution of low-resolution reanalysis data represents general potential areas for wind power and can be used to provide information for high-resolution wind resource mapping.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.212-215
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• 2003

There were so many Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr. in the past in Korea. Now a day, it is under diminishing circumstance because of over exploitation for pharmacy materials. The amount of domestic market demand of it was imported. The autochthonous planting areas were mainly surveyed along coastal region and island. Autochthonous A. cochinchinensis was mainly distributed in sea shore below 1km from sea and founded 26 regions among 45 surveyed regions. Northern and eastern limited distribution of A. cochinchinensis was $N36^{\circ}15'$ in the west coast and $E128^{\circ}02'$ in the south coast of Korean peninsula, respectively. But it was not founded in the east coastal region. Dominant vegetation of surveyed area was pine with shrub. The number of tuberous roots of A. cochinchinensis growing in good light penetration was more than growing in bad light penetration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.2
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• pp.172-178
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• 2010

The status of ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal colonization in Pinus thunbergii seedlings was investigated 2 years after planting in an eastern coastal area of Korea. We established three $10{\times}10$ m plots at a P. thunbergii plantation in Gangneung and sampled lateral roots from 10 seedlings in each plot. ECMs were classified into morphological groups and the number of root tips of each morphotype was counted. In total, 8 ECM morphotypes were observed and fungal species that form each morphotype were identified by sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear rDNA. Suillus granulatus was the most abundant species (44.1-65.7% of relative abundance) in all plots, followed by Tomentella ellisii (14.0-37.8%) and unidentified fungus belonged to Atheliaceae (10.6-20.1%). These 3 fungal species accounted for almost all of the ECM abundance in each plot (94.9-99.8%). The remaining 5 fungal species were uncommon and rare. There was no clear difference in ECM fungal communities among plots. Community structure of ECM fungi in the young P. thunbergii plantation was simple and composed of fungal species that were also observed in mature coastal pine forests.