• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.241-249
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• 2021

Communication facilities play an essential role in disaster situations. Therefore, communication facilities need to have structural and functional safety during and after earthquakes. Recently, technology for partial seismic isolation has been increasing to protect data facilities and communication equipment installed in buildings from earthquakes. However, excessive displacement may occur in the seismic isolator during an earthquake due to the resonance between the building and the seismic isolator having long-period characteristics, which may cause overturning and separation of the installed equipment. In this study, analytical and experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the safety of seismic isolators installed in high-rise buildings. It was confirmed that damages might occur in buildings' seismic isolator, with resonance characteristics of less than 1 Hz.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.97-112
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• 2023

The Finite Element (FE) modeling of Reinforced Concrete (RC) under seismic loading has a sensitive impact in terms of getting good contribution compared to experimental results. Several idealized model types for simulating the nonlinear response have been developed based on the plasticity distribution alone the model. The Continuum Models are the most used category of modeling, to understand the seismic behavior of structural elements in terms of their components, cracking patterns, hysteretic response, and failure mechanisms. However, the material modeling, contact and nonlinear analysis strategy are highly complex due to the joint operation of concrete and steel. This paper presents a numerical simulation of a chosen RC column under monotonic and cyclic loading using the FE Abaqus, to assessthe hysteretic response and failure mechanisms in the RC columns, where the perfect bonding option is used for the contact between concrete and steel. While results of the numerical study under cyclic loading compared to experimental tests might be unsuccessful due to the lack of bond-slip modeling. The monotonic loading shows a good estimation of the envelope response and deformation components. In addition, this work further demonstrates the advantage and efficiency of the damage distributions since the obtained damage distributions fit the expected results.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.165-176
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• 2017

Multi-Axial Testing System (MATS) is a 6-DOF loading system located at National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering (NCREE) in Taiwan for advanced seismic testing of structural components or sub-assemblages. MATS was designed and constructed for a large variety of structural testing, especially for the specimens that require to be subjected to vertical and longitudinal loading simultaneously, such as reinforced concrete columns and lead rubber bearings. Functionally, MATS consists of a high strength self-reacting frame, a rigid platen, and a large number of servo-hydraulic actuators. The high strength self-reacting frame is composed of two post-tensioned A-shape reinforced concrete frames interconnected by a steel-and-concrete composite cross beam and a reinforced concrete reacting base. The specimen can be anchored between the top cross beam and the bottom rigid platen within a 5-meter high and 3.25-meter wide clear space. In addition to the longitudinal horizontal actuators that can be installed for various configurations, a total number of 13 servo-hydraulic actuators are connected to the rigid platen. Degree-of-freedom control of the rigid platen can be achieved by driving these actuators commanded by a digital controller. The specification and information of MATS in detail are described in this paper, providing the users with a technical point of view on the design, application, and limitation of MATS. Finally, future potential application employing advanced experimental technology is also presented in this paper.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.81-90
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• 2023

The maximum drifts are important to the seismic evaluation of steel buildings and connections, but the information can hardly be obtained from the post-earthquake field investigation. This research studies the feasibility of using the loss rate of bolt pretension as an earthquake damage predictor. Full-scale tests were made on four steel connections using bolted-web-welded-flange details. One connection was unreinforced (UN), another was reinforced with double shear plates (DS), and the other two used reduced beam sections (RBS). The preinstalled strain gauges were used to control the pretensions and monitor the losses of the high-strength bolts. The results showed that the loss rate of bolt pretension was highly related to the damage of the connections. The pretensions lost up to 10% in all the connections at the yield drifts of 0.5% to 1%. After yielding of the connections, the pretensions lost significantly until fracture occurred. The UN and DS connections failed with a maximum drift of 4 %, and the two RBS connections showed better ductility and failed with a maximum drift of 6%. Under the far-field-type loading protocol, the loss rate grew to 60%. On the contrary, the rate for the specimen under near-fault-type loading protocol was about 40%. The loss rate of bolt pretension is therefore recommended to use as an earthquake damage predictor. Additionally, the 10% and 40% loss rates are recommended to predict the limit states of connection yielding and maximum strength, respectively, and to define the performance levels of serviceability and life-safety for the buildings.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.223-232
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• 2021

The spatial variation characteristics of seismic motions at the nuclear power plant's site and structures were analyzed using earthquake records obtained at the Fukushima nuclear power plant during the Great East Japan Earthquake. The ground responses amplified as they approached the soil surface from the lower rock surface, and the amplification occurred intensively at about 50 m near the ground. Due to the soil layer's nonlinear characteristics caused by the strong seismic motion, the ground's natural frequency derived from the response spectrum ratio appeared to be smaller than that calculated from the shear wave velocity profile. The spatial variation of the peak ground acceleration at the ground surface of the power plant site showed a significant difference of about 0.6 g at the maximum. As a result of comparing the response spectrums at the basement of the structure with the design response spectrum, there was a large variability by each power plant unit. The difference was more significant in the Fukushima Daiichi site record, which showed larger peak ground acceleration at the surface. The earthquake motions input to the basement of the structure amplified according to the structure's height. The natural frequency obtained from the recorded results was lower than that indicated in the previous research. Also, the floor response spectrum change according to the location at the same height was investigated. The vertical response on the foundation surface showed a significant difference in spectral acceleration depending on the location. The amplified response in the structure showed a different variability depending on the type of structure and the target frequency.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.761-783
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• 2006

The enlargement of interest in base isolators as an earthquake-proof design strategy has dramatically accelerated experimental studies of elastomeric bearings worldwide. In this paper, a new base isolator concept that is a hybrid system of rubber bearings is proposed. Uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial shaking table tests are also performed to study the seismic behavior of a 0.4-scale three-story isolated steel structure in the National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering in Taiwan. Experimental results demonstrate that structures with a hybrid system of rubber bearings composed of stirruped rubber bearings and laminated rubber bearings can actually decrease the seismic responses of the superstructure. It has been proved through the shaking table tests that the proposed hybrid system of rubber bearings is a very promising tool to enhance the seismic resistance of structures. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the proposed analytical model in this paper can predict the mechanical behavior of the hybrid system of rubber bearings and seismic responses of the base-isolated structures.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.563-588
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• 2015

Piers are the most vulnerable part of a bridge structure during an earthquake event. During Kobe earthquake in 1995, several bridge piers of the Hanshin Expressway collapsed for more than 600m of the bridge length. In this paper, the most important results of an experimental and analytical investigation of ten reinforced concrete bridge piers specimens with the same cross section subjected to constant axial (or variable) load and reversed (or one direction) cycling loading are presented. The objective was to investigate the main parameters influencing the seismic performance of reinforced concrete bridge piers. It was found that loading history and axial load intensity had a great influence on the performance of piers, especially concerning strength and stiffness degradation as well as the energy dissipation. Controlling these parameters is one of the keys for an ideal seismic performance for a given structure during an eventual seismic event. Numerical models for the tested specimens were developed and analyzed using SeismoStruct software. The analytical results show reasonable agreement with the experimental ones. The analysis not only correctly predicted the stiffness, load, and deformation at the peak, but also captured the post-peak softening as well. The analytical results showed that, in all cases, the ratio, experimental peak strength to the analytical one, was greater than 0.95.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.401-414
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• 2017

지진에 의한 피해를 방지하기 위하여 지진 예측과 예보를 위한 다양한 연구가 전 세계적으로 시도되어 왔다. 지진예측지표 중, 지하수 수위 및 수질의 장기관측자료에서 지진 전에 나타나는 이상변동은 지질매체에 가해지는 압력의 변화와 매체 내 균열의 발달에 의한 것으로 지진의 발생 시기와 규모를 추측할 수 있는 것으로 평가되고 있다. 따라서 국외에서는 지하수 관측시스템을 지진감시 관측망의 보조관측망으로 활용하고 있으며, 실제 지진 예측에 활용되고 있다. 우리나라는 최근에서야 지하수를 활용한 지진예측연구가 시작되었으며, 그 가운데 발생한 2016년 9월의 경주지진 전후로 나타난 지하수의 변동은 많은 관심을 불러왔다. 이 연구는 지진감시 및 예측을 위해 적극적으로 지하수관측시설을 운용하고 있는 중국, 일본, 미국의 관측시설 현황 및 연구 사례를 분석, 검토하고 최근 우리나라에서 수행되기 시작한 지진예측 연구의 연구방향과 과제를 제시하고자 수행되었다. 그 결과, 앞으로 고품질의 자료를 생산할 수 있는 지진감시 전용의 단층대 지하수관측시설 구축과 주요 관측인자의 실시간 감시, 이상변동의 폭과 관측되는 거리에 대한 정밀한 평가 및 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.647-657
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• 2020

2004년 5월 29일 발생한 울진해역지진(Mw 5.1)과 관련된 대기 인프라사운드 신호가 철원(진앙 거리 321 km) 및 대전(256 km) 관측소에 기록되었다. 신호의 지속시간은 수 분 이상이며, 음원 방향을 지시하는 후방-방위각은 28°이상의 큰 변화를 보였다. 역-투사 방법과 신호 감쇄 보정 결과, 인프라사운드 신호는 삼척-울진-포항까지 연결되는 약 4,600 ㎢ 면적의 지반운동으로 발생하였으며, 음원 최대 크기(BSP)는 11.1 Pa로 계산되었다. 이 결과는 최대지반가속도(PGA) 자료로 계산한 음원 최대 크기(PSP)와도 부합하고 있으며, 지진 발생 당시 인프라사운드 신호 탐지를 가능케 했던 최소 지반운동은 ~3.0 cm s-2 이상으로 확인되었다. 울진해역지진이 비록 동해 해역에서 발생하였지만, 진앙과 가까운 강원도 남부-경상북도의 고지대를 따라 전파한 표면파의 지반운동으로 회절 인프라사운드가 효과적으로 발생한 것으로 해석된다. 인프라사운드 관측을 통한 원거리 지진 지반운동 특성 추정 방법은 지진관측망이 설치되어 있지 않거나 관측소 수가 적은 지역을 대상으로 활용이 가능할 것이다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제11권6호
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• pp.925-942
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• 2016

With ongoing development of earthquake engineering research and the lessons learnt from a series of strong earthquakes, the seismic design concept of "resilience" has received much attention. Resilience describes the capability of a structure or a city to recover rapidly after earthquakes or other disasters. As one of the main features of urban constructions, tall buildings have greater impact on the sustainability and resilience of major cities. Therefore, it is important and timely to quantify their seismic resilience. In this work, a quantitative comparison of the seismic resilience of two tall buildings designed according to the Chinese and US seismic design codes was conducted. The prototype building, originally designed according to the US code as part of the Tall Building Initiative (TBI) Project, was redesigned in this work according to the Chinese codes under the same design conditions. Two refined nonlinear finite element (FE) models were established for both cases and their seismic responses were evaluated at different earthquake intensities, including the service level earthquake (SLE), the design-based earthquake (DBE) and the maximum considered earthquake (MCE). In addition, the collapse fragility functions of these two building models were established through incremental dynamic analysis (IDA). Based on the numerical results, the seismic resilience of both models was quantified and compared using the new-generation seismic performance assessment method proposed by FEMA P-58. The outcomes of this study indicate that the seismic resilience of the building according to the Chinese design is slightly better than that according to the US design. The conclusions drawn from this research are expected to guide further in-depth studies on improving the seismic resilience of tall buildings.