• 과학기술학연구
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.119-166
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• 2019

일상 공간을 가득 메우고 있는 다양한 종류의 전자파. 그중에서도 송전선에서 발생하는 전자파의 위험성은 고압 송전탑이 건설될 때마다 여러 차례 논란이 되었는데, 이때 대안으로 떠오른 것이 바로 송전선을 땅속에 묻는 송전선로 지중화(地中化)였다. 하지만 2014년 서울의 한 초등학교 과학 교사가 지중 송전선로 구간의 전자파 측정 결과를 환경보건 시민센터에 제보하면서, 송전선로 지중화에 대한 논의는 새로운 국면을 맞이하게 된다. 송전탑보다 지중 송전선로에서 발생하는 전자파가 더 세고, 따라서 더 유해할 수도 있다는 주장이 제기된 것이다. 이후 지중 송전선로 전자파의 위험성을 둘러싸고 벌어진 논쟁에서 환경보건시민센터와 국립환경과학원은 눈에 보이지 않는 전자파 위험의 지형을 서로 다르게 재현해냈다. 이에 본 논문은 양측이 전자파를 측정할 때 측정 지점, 측정기기, 측정 높이의 측면에서 어떤 차이를 보였으며, 나아가 측정값의 의미를 해석하고 그것을 지도나 표로 재현하는 과정에서 다양한 종류의 표준들(인체보호기준, 측정의 국제 가이드라인, 발암물질 그룹 분류)을 어떻게 동원했는지를 살펴본다. 서울의 지중 송전선로에서 발생하는 전자파를 두고 벌어진 이와 같은 위험 논쟁은 그동안 주목받지 못했던, 전자파 장기 노출의 비열적 영향에 대한 관심을 불러일으키는 것이었으며, 송전선로 지중화가 과연 전자파 문제의 해결책인지에 대해서도 의문을 갖게 하는 것이었다. 나아가 이는 송전선로 지중화율이 약 90%에 육박하는 서울이라는 공간이 안전하게 관리되는 일상 공간인지, 통제되지 않는 위험한 공간인지에 대해 상충되는 대답을 암시하는 것이기도 했다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.749-755
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• 2001

High Electromagnetic Field (EMF) with an intensity of 1 mT (Tesla) inhibited the growth of both human normal lung and immune T cell down to $20-30\%$, compared to that of an unexposed case. The human T-cells, Jurkat, were more severely affected by EMF than the human lung cells, which showed a relatively slow cell growth and substantial releas of $Ca^+2$ (3.5 times higher than the human T-cells). However, the growth of hepatoma carcinoma, Hep3B, was enhanced by twice that of an unexposed case. The EMF intensity and exposure time did not affect the growth of the cancer cells very much, while it significantly affected the growth of normal cells. Accordingly, it is possible that EMFs may play a role in the initiation of cancer. The EMFs disturbed the signal transduction and membrane systems, such that a five times higher amount of PKC-${\alpha}$ was released from the cell membrane than in the control. Extended exposure to EMFs, for more than 48 hours, also led to 1 $90\%$ necrotic death pattern from apoptotic cell death. Finally, EMF at an intensity of 1mT with a 24-T exposure promoted the differentiation of HL-60 cells to monocytes/macrophages, possibly causing potential acute leukemia.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.525-533
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• 2013

무선 통신의 발전 및 전파 이용 기기의 증가에 따라 이동 통신 기지국의 설치가 급증하면서 기지국 안테나에서 발생하는 전자파 인체 유해성 여부에 대한 우려가 확산되고 있다. 2007년부터 한국방송통신전파진흥원에서는 전파법으로 규정되어 있는 의무 측정 대상국에 대한 전자파 강도를 측정하고 있다. 본 논문은 기 측정된 무선국 전자파 강도 측정 결과를 분석하여 객관적이고 정확한 정보 공개와 더불어 전자파에 대한 국민의 불안감을 해소하기 위해 연구되었다. 또한, 2007년 6월 제도 도입 이후 만 5년에 접어든 현 시점에서의 측정 결과를 분석함으로써 전자파 강도 측정 제도에 대한 실효성 및 개선 방안을 제안하고자 한다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.601-609
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• 2010

본 논문은 전북 지역에 설치되어 있는 이동 통신 기지국 중 "전자파 강도 의무 측정 무선국" 77국과 "전자파강도 비의무 측정 무선국" 41국을 선정하여 전자파 강도를 측정하였다. 측정 결과, 전자파 강도는 전반적으로 전자파 인체 보호 기준에 비하여 매우 낮은 수준으로 나타났으며, 국민들이 이동 통신 기지국 주변에서 전자파에 대한 불안감을 가질 정도의 수준은 아니라고 생각된다. 본 논문에서는 의무 측정 무선국과 비의무 측정 무선국을 서로 분류하여 측정하고, 그 측정 결과를 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 비의무 측정 무선국의 평균값과 최대 값이 의무 측정 무선국의 측정값보다 모두 높게 나타났다. 일상 생활 주변에서 국민들이 전자파에 노출되는 강도는 무선국의 공중선 출력보다는 무선국 안테나의 접근성에 있다고 생각한다. 따라서 이동 통신용 기지국의 전자파 강도 의무 측정에 대한 법적 근거인 "전파법 시행령"에 명시되어 있는 공중선 전력(30 W 초과) 및 공중 선주의 높이(10 m 초과) 기준을 변경할 필요가 있음을 제안한다.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.570-576
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• 2014

Studies have demonstrated that electromagnetic waves, as the one of the most important physical factors, may alter cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, depending on the frequency and energy. Moreover, non-ionizing radiation of low energy waves e.g. very low frequency waves could alter this phenomenon via alterations in neurotransmitters and neurohormones. In this study, short, medium, and long-term exposure to the extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELF-EMF) (1 and 5 Hz radiation) on behavioral, hormonal, and metabolic changes in male Wistar rats (250 g) were studied. In addition, changes in plasma concentrations for two main stress hormones, noradrenaline and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were evaluated. ELF-EMF exposure did not alter body weight, and food and water intake. Plasma glucose level was increased and decreased in the groups which exposed to the 5 and 1Hz wave, respectively. Plasma ACTH concentration increased in both using frequencies, whereas noradrenaline concentration showed overall reduction. At last, numbers of rearing, sniffing, locomotor activity was increased in group receiving 5 Hz wave over the time. In conclusions, these data showed that the effects of 1 and 5 Hz on the hormonal, metabolic and stress-like behaviors may be different. Moreover, the influence of waves on stress system is depending on time of exposure.

• 전기학회논문지
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• 제63권6호
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• pp.770-775
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• 2014

According to ICNIRP guidelines for limiting exposure to time-varying electric, magnetic and electromagnetic fields up to 300GHz, magnetic flux density which range from 3Hz to 150kHz are regulated to lower than $6.25{\mu}T$. In order to comply with its standard, OLEV(On-Line Electric Vehicle) have been designed considering EMF(Electro-Magnetic Field) reduction. However, if a current flowing in power line would be bigger for increasing power transfer efficiency, the established shield system no longer acts their role properly. In this paper, therefore, FCCL(Flexible Copper Clad Laminate) is applied to power line and pick-up devices to solve the problems. Though, the FCCL is normally utilized to insulator on circuit board, because of its high heat resistance characteristic, flexibility and thin properties, it makes effectiveness in the shielding device as well. 4 types of FCCL shielding structure are introduced to power line and pick-up devices. From the results, the FCCL which are placed in proposed positions shows maximum EMF reduction compared to the established shielding structure. Henceforth, if OLEV is applied FCCL shielding structure in practice, it will not only be more safe but also step forward to commercialization near future.

• 한국의학물리학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국의학물리학회 2002년도 Proceedings
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• pp.471-473
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• 2002

Public concerns associated with the electromagnetic field (EMF) exposures from mobile phones on human body are increased. Although studies on the effects of the EMF exposures on human have been carried out for a long time, it is not proved yet whether the EMF effect is harmful or not. Based on the scientific results by experts, EMF exposure limits have been regulated as a precautionary approach on the assumption that the EMF effect may be harmful. It is well known that absorbed EMF can be transformed into heat within biological tissues and that thermal effects are related with the specific absorption rate (SAR) distribution. However, the relative magnitude and distribution of the energies are not well defined. Although there is comprehensive information of the thermal effects, most of them come from animal and in vitro studies. Considerable efforts have been made to analyze the EMF absorption model while the actual temperature in the human body has been rarely measured. Temperature changes on the face of a healthy male volunteer were studied. A digital mobile phone of 1.8GHz was used. A digital infrared imaging system (IRIS-5000, Medicore, Seoul, Korea) was applied to take infrared pictures of the face every minute while the volunteer talked over the mobile phone for 20 minutes. The specification of the imaging system was as follows: Temperature resolution = 0.1$^{\circ}C$; Range of temperature measurement = 17～40$^{\circ}C$; Pixel size = 0.9mm ${\times}$ 0.9mm; Frame time = 2.6s; Active temperature of detector = 77$^{\circ}$K. The result showed that temperature of the ear region was increased during the phone call and the region of the temperature increase on the face was expanded as the phone call time increased. Further study is necessary to investigate the temperature rise analytically and quantitatively.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전력기술부문A
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• 제48권7호
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• pp.832-838
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• 1999

Recently, there are growing concerns about power frequency electric and magnetic fields coming out from the high voltage transmission lines, because of the wide spread perception of their probable harmful effect on human body. In connection with this trend, this paper describes the electric and magnetic fields measurement result around 154 kV and 345 kV transmission lines, a comparison of measured EMF to calculated one and the correlations between transmission lines currents and measured magnetic fields. Daily maximum and minimum magnetic field quantities under the selected 154 kV and 345 kV transmission lines had been measured for 1 year of 1997 and the average value of magnetic field exposure under the lines were calculated and presented based on the measured data.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2006

We investigated the effects of 835-MHz electromagnetic field (EMF), one of the most popular communication frequency band in Korean code-division multiple-access (CDMA) mobile phone system, on cellular signal transduction. For this, we examined the change of intracellular calcium $([Ca^{2+}]_i)$, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and F-actin polymerization after exposure to 835-MHz EMF followed by the treatment of agonists in Rat-2 fibroblast cells. Culture cells were pretreated with serum-tree medium and concomitantly exposed to 835-MHz at specific absorption rate (SAR) of 4.0 W/kg for 24 hr in a specialized designed apparatus based on Transverse Electro Magnetics (TEM) wave theory. Intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ responses to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in Rat-2 fibroblast after exposure to 835-MHz EMF were shown to be similar pattern as observed in normal cultured cells. However, the LPA-induced calcium spiking was slightly delayed to 7 sec and sustained thereafter to a little higher ground level under 835-MHz EMF radiation compared to unexposed cells. ROS production level by LPA in the exposed cells was not different from that in control. Furthermore, LPA induced the production of stress fibers with no significant difference in the exposed and unexposed cells. These results suggest that mobile phone radiation (835-MHz, SAR 4.0 W/kg) may not be directly related to signal transduction in Rat-2 fibroblasts except the slight effect of calcium spiking in LPA-induced cells but remain to be further elucidated for possible indirect intervention.

• 대한전기학회논문지:전기물성ㆍ응용부문C
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.97-102
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• 2004

The objective of this survey is to characterize personal magnetic field exposure of the general population in Korea. Participants for the survey on magnetic field exposure were selected randomly in some occupations. Those wore the magnetic field meter for about 25∼28 hours and the measured data were stored in the meter. In this first step survey, the number of participant is 244 and for the second step, about 400 participants will be surveyed in the near future. The statistics of the 24-hour exposure data are the major concern of this survey. However the survey provided the opportunity to analyze exposures corresponding to different types of activities. It was analyzed by separating periods of time corresponding to the following activities: entire 24-hour period, in bed, at work and by occupation. Therefore the database will be able to be established to analyze the status of personal magnetic field exposure and safety.