• 한국어병학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2019

Effects on glutathione-related antioxidant parameters were examined after a chronic exposure of olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus to dietary 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tert-OP). Fish were fed diets containing 4-tert-OP at 0, 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg diet for 6 weeks. Antioxidant parameters examined were reduced glutathione (GSH) contents and enzyme activities of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in tissue homogenates of the liver, kidney and gill. It was observed that all parameters examined increased although there were some differences in dose responses and temporal patterns in the increase. GSH contents increased after exposure to 4-tert-OP in the three organs examined. However, the GSH increase was evident only after 4 weeks in the liver whereas it was elevated after 2 weeks in the kidney and gill. GR activity exhibited a significant increase in response to 4-tert-OP at 1 mg/kg in all three organs, however, its activity returned to control levels when exposed to 5 and 10 mg/kg. Hepatic GST activity showed an earlier increase at week 2 in contrast to the kidney and gill where they increased after 4 weeks of 4-tert-OP exposure. Temporal patterns in GPx activity changes to 4-tert-OP exposure were dissimilar among the organs: hepatic activity increased from week 2 through week 6; renal activity increased transiently at week 2; gill levels were higher through weeks 4 - 6. The results suggest that elevation of several GSH-related antioxidant parameters can be considered as evaluation criteria for 4-tert-OP-induced oxidative stress in a fish.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2405-2425
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• 2014

Radiation exposure leads to several pathophysiological conditions, including oxidative damage, inflammation and fibrosis, thereby affecting the survival of organisms. This review explores the radiation countermeasure properties of fourteen (14) plant extracts or plant-derived compounds against these cellular manifestations. It was aimed at evaluating the possible role of plants or its constituents in radiation countermeasure strategy. All the 14 plant extracts or compounds derived from it and considered in this review have shown some radioprotection in different in vivo, ex-vivo and or in vitro models of radiological injury. However, few have demonstrated advantages over the others. C. majus possessing antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects appears to be promising in radioprotection. Its crude extracts as well as various alkaloids and flavonoids derived from it, have shown to enhance survival rate in irradiated mice. Similarly, curcumin with its antioxidant and the ability to ameliorate late effect of radiation exposure, combined with improvement in survival in experimental animal following irradiation, makes it another probable candidate against radiological injury. Furthermore, the extracts of P. hexandrum and P. kurroa in combine treatment regime, M. piperita, E. officinalis, A. sinensis, nutmeg, genistein and ginsan warrants further studies on their radioprotective potentials. However, one that has received a lot of attention is the dietary flaxseed. The scavenging ability against radiation-induced free radicals, prevention of radiation-induced lipid peroxidation, reduction in radiation cachexia, level of inflammatory cytokines and fibrosis, are some of the remarkable characteristics of flaxseed in animal models of radiation injury. While countering the harmful effects of radiation exposure, it has shown its ability to enhance survival rate in experimental animals. Further, flaxseed has been tested and found to be equally effective when administered before or after irradiation, and against low doses (${\leq}5Gy$) to the whole body or high doses (12-13.5 Gy) to the whole thorax. This is particularly relevant since apart from the possibility of using it in pre-conditioning regime in radiotherapy, it could also be used during nuclear plant leakage/accidents and radiological terrorism, which are not pre-determined scenarios. However, considering the infancy of the field of plant-based radioprotectors, all the above-mentioned plant extracts/plant-derived compounds deserves further stringent study in different models of radiation injury.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.3391-3396
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• 2014

Background: Vitamin D has been suggested as one of the critical factors for female reproductive health with protective activities against different cancers but there are conflicting facts regarding its role on breast cancer without any clear data on premenopausal cases. This study aimed to evaluate the role of vitamin D from dietary sources and sunlight exposure on the incidence of premenopausal breast cancer. Materials and Methods: We conducted a case control study on 60 newly diagnosed premenopausal breast cancer patients and 116 normal women who lived in Sabzevar and surrounding villages in Razavi, Khorasan, a rural and conservative area of Iran. Results: The mean concentrations of 25-OH vitamin D in cases and controls were $15.2{\pm}8.15$ vs $15.5{\pm}7/45ng/ml$, both well below normal values elsewhere. In fact 50% of analyzed individuals showed very severe or severe vitamin D deficiency and the rest (25%) were detected in suboptimal levels. Although the lack of vitamin D and calcium supplementation increased slightly the risk of premenopausal breast cancer (p=0.009, OR=1.115, CI 95%=1.049-1.187), higher prevalence of weekly egg consumption (86.66% vs 96.55%, p=0.023, OR=0.232, CI 95% 0.065-0.806) showed a slight protective role. The last but the most important risk factor was lack of sunlight exposure because the breast cancer patients had total body coverage from sun (p=0.007, OR=10.131, CI 98% 0.314-78.102). Conclusion: This study pointed out the role of vitamin D and other possible risk factors on the development and growth of breast tumors in this special geographical region. Although this study has revealed the interactions between hormonal and environmental factors in this province of Iran, understanding the deficiency pattern and its contribution to other lifestyle factors elsewhere is also necessary.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.96-102
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• 2001

A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the nutritional status of Korean male lead workers and to assess the relationship between calcium nutritional status and blood lead levels. A flood consumption survey was conducted by the 24-hr recall method with 118 lead workers and 63 non-lead exposed controls. Blood lead levels were analyzed from whole blood and serum calcium concentrations were also assessed. Results of dietary analysis showed Korean lead workers consumed relatively sufficient nutrients (more than 75% of RDA) except, calcium. Mean dietary calcium intake of lead workers was 502.2mg(72% of RDA) while that of the non-lead workers was estimated as 600.8mg(86% of RDA). Intakes of protein, iron, niacin and vitamin C of lead workers were significantly lower than those of non-lead workers. There was a wide range of blood lead levels(5.5 to 73.5$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗) observed while mean blood lead level of lead workers was 30.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗. However, 98% of lead workers showed normal serum ca1cium concentrations (range ; 8.9 to 10.7mg/㎗, mean ; 9.77mg/㎗) while 66% of lead workers were estimated to intake a dietary calcium lower than 75% of RDA. Mean blood lead levels of non-1ead workers were significantly lower(mean ; 5.1$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, p ＜ 0.001) and the serum calcium concentration was significantly higher(mean ; 10.20mg/㎗, p ＜ 0.001) than lead workers. Results of unadjusted correlation showed that serum calcium level and dietary calcium intake were negatively correlated with blood lead concentration. In a multiple regression of blood lead levels with variables known as affecting blood lead 1eve1 such as age, body mass index and occupational lead exposure, serum calcium was insignificant while dietary calcium intake showed statistically significant(p ＜ 0.05) relation. Since calcium is a very important nutrient to reduce hazardous effects of lead, it should be strongly recommended that lead workers need to increase dietary calcium intake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.447-460
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• 2013

본 연구는 전국의 1,407명의 청소년 중 일반의약품과 또는 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제를 섭취한다고 응답한 청소년 921명 중 조사지 기입과 상시 면담이 가능한 남녀 각각 30명씩 총 60명 (15~18세)을 선정해, 조사지 작성 및 직접면담을 통해 일반의약품 및 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제, 3일간의 식사, 간식 섭취 실태를 조사함으로써 비타민과 무기질 최대섭취량을 파악하고 위해도를 평가하였다. 일상식사, 일반의약품과 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제 및 강화식품 섭취를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량을 산출해 평균, 97.5 백분위수 (최대섭취량) 등을 구하고 권장섭취량 및 상한섭취량과 비교하였다. 일상식사를 통한 비타민과 무기질 섭취량은 권장섭취량의 0.3~4.4배이었다. 각각의 급원에서 상한섭취량 이상을 섭취한 대상자가 있는 영양소는 식사로는 비타민 A (1.7%)와 니아신 (5.0%), 일반의약품 비타민 무기질 보충제로는 비타민 C (9.1%)와 철 (5.6%), 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제로는 니아신 (8.6%), 비타민 $B_6$ (7.5%), 엽산 (2.9%), 비타민 C (2.3%)이었다. 식사, 일반의약품과 또는 건강기능식품 비타민 무기질 보충제, 강화식품을 통한 총섭취량이 상한섭취량 이상인 대상자가 가장 많은 영양소는 니코틴산 (33.3%)이었으며, 그 다음 비타민 C (26.6%) > 비타민 A (13.3%), 철 (13.3%) > 아연 (11.7%) > 칼슘 (5.0%) > 비타민 E (1.7%), 비타민 $B_6$ (1.7%)이었다. 이런 연구 결과로 볼 때, 한국 청소년 중 일상식사를 통해 충분한 비타민과 무기질을 섭취하는 경우 비타민 무기질 보충제와 강화식품을 섭취하면 비타민과 무기질 과잉섭취로 인한 부작용이 나타날 가능성이 클 것으로 여겨진다. 앞으로 더 큰 표본을 대상으로 정확한 섭취량 평가가 이루어져 비타민과 무기질의 상한섭취량 설정 및 바른 비타민 무기질 보충제와 강화식품 섭취에 대한 근거를 마련해야 할 것이다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.176-184
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• 2004

PAHs 화합물은 유기탄소화합물의 불완전연소에 의해 주로 발생하는데, 일반인들은 대기오염에 의한 호흡노출과 가열조리식품의 경구섭취가 주요 인체노출경로로 알려지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 PAHs 화합물에 오염된 식품이 식생활에 많은 부분을 차지하고 있어 우리나라 대표식품을 참고로 가정식과 외식의 식단을 작성하고 작성한 식단을 근거로 식품 중 PAHs 화합물 오염도를 분석하여, 분석된 PAHs 화합물의 오염도 자료를 활용한 가정식과 외식 1끼 식사를 기준으로 인체노출량을 비교하고, 성인 하루 가정식 2회, 외식 1회 섭취시의 1일인체노출량을 평가하였다. 다빈도${\cdot}$다소비식품에서 PAHs 화합물 오염도를 분석한 결과 총 PAHs 농도는 $2.00\~141.28\;ug/kg$의 범위로 검출되었으며, 멸치볶음이 가장 높게 나타났다. 상대독성계수(TEFS)를 활용하여 환산한 독성등가량은 $0.03\~1.31\;ugTEQ_{BaP}/kg$ 범위였고, 가장 높은 값을 가진 식품은 햄버거이었다. 식품별 오염도와 노출변수들을 고려하여 산출한 끼니별 가정식과 외식에서의 PAHs 화합물 평균인체노출량은 각각 $2.4\times10^{-3}\;ugTEQ_{BaP}kg/meal$와 $4.0\times10^{-3}\;ugTEQ_{BaP}/kg/meal$으로 외식이 가정식보다 PAHs화합물의 인체노출이 1.7배가 높은 수준으로 나타났다 햄버거, 숯불쇠고기구이, 숯불삼겹살구이, 고등어구이 등은 PAHs화합물 오염도와 독성등가량 및 1회분식품섭취량이 모두 높아 PAHs화합물의 주요 노출기여식품인 것을 알 수 있었다. 가정식에서 미역국이 $1.8\times10^{-3}\;ugTEQ_{BaP}/kg/meal$으로, 외식에서는 햄버거가$3.0\times10^{-3}\;ugTEQ_{BaP}/kg/meal$으로 기여도가 가장 높았다. 하루 3회 식사를 고려한 1일 PAHs화합물인체노출량수준은 $8.0\times10^{-3}\~9.7\times10^{-3}\;ug/kg/day$이었다. 본 연구 결과가 PAHs 화합물의 안전성평가와 기준규격설정의 필요성 및 식품 안전관리를 위한 규제를 제정하는 기초 자료가 되길 바라며, PAHs 화합물의 고노출상황을 줄일 수 있는 개개인의 계획된 식단 작성시, 이에 대한 정보를 제공하고자 한다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제29권9호
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• pp.981-990
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• 1996

To define the risk facots of subclinical vitamin D deficiency in postmenopausal women, circulating serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels, known to be the indicator of vitamin D status, were measured and risk faxtors affecting it were investigated in 27 women with low 25-hydoxyvitamin d level(ie, the study group : serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D<10ng/ml) by comparing to 55 age-matched control(the control group) were analyzed. The serum level of 25-hydorxyvitamin D was analyzed by HPLC(High Pressure Liquid Chor-matography) and analyzed biochemical parameter. The following information was obtained by interviews : sociodemographic charateristics, the intake of food containing vitamin D, proxy measure of sunlight exposure(time spent outdoors), and reprocuctive histpry of the subjects. The study group had significantly lower levels of serum calcium, increased levels of iPTH and alkaline phosphatase, Among the dietary determents, energy, protein, fat, calcium, phophorus, and vitamin D intakes were lower in the study group than the normal group. The time spent outdoors in a day was not significantly different between the two groups. However, during the day, a specific time of time spent out doors between 12:00 and 14:00 was significantly lower in the study group. Logistic analysis revealed that vitamin D and calcium intake were more important affecting factors than the time spent outdoors in post menopausal women.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.795-801
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• 2005

Eighteen Suffolk wether lambs (BW = 24 kg) were chronically exposed to temperatures of cold (2$^{\circ}C$) or warm (22$^{\circ}C$). The experimental design consisted of a 2${\times}$3 factorial with a single crossover of environment treatment. The sheep were closely shorn and were housed in individual metabolic crates in controlled environment rooms. Sheep consumed pelleted diets ad libitum, which consisted of mainly barley grain and brome grass, and diets contained 7, 11 or 14% crude protein (CP). Animals were catheterized via one jugular vein with a PVC catheter and received a single injection of 60-65 Ci of $^{14}$C]urea. Plasma urea-N (PUN), urinary urea (UU), and carbon specific radioactivity were measured. Urea metabolism was not affected by environment. Percent urea recycling and urea space clearance were highest (p<0.05) on the low nitrogen diet. Urea pool was increased (p<0.10) for the 14% CP diet. Both UU and PUN concentration were positively related (p<0.01) with diet CP content. Therefore, dietary CP content significantly influenced urea metabolism, however, cold exposure did not alter those parameters.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.138-144
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• 2004

Therapeutic effect of a Kampo medicine, Choto-san, in patients with vascular dementia was demonstrated by a double-blind and placebo-controlled clinical trial. To clarify the therapeutic efficacy of Choto-san, anti-ischemic effect in mice, hypotensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), anti-oxidative effects in vitro, and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-blocking activity using Xenopus oocytes were studied. (1) Pretreatment with Choto-san (0.75-6.O g/kg, P.O.) or a component herb Chotoko (Uncaria genus: 75 - 600 mg/kg, P.O.) prevented ischemia-induced impairment of spatial learning behaviour in mice. Indole alkaloids- and phenolic fractions extracted from Chotoko also improved significantly the learning deficit. (2) Subchronic administration of Choto-san (0.5 g/kg, p.o.) caused a significant hypotensive effects in SHR. (3) Choto-san, Chotoko, and the phenolic constituent, (-) epicatechin, significantly protected the NG108-15 cell injury induced by $H_20_2$ exposure in vitro and also inhibited lipid peroxidation in the brain homogenate. (4) Indole alkaloids, rhynchophylline and isorhynchophylline (1-100 uM), reversibly reduced NMDA-induced current in the receptor-expressed Xenopus oocytes. These results suggest that anti-vascular dementia effects of Choto-san are mainly due to the effect of Chotoko. From these results, it is possible to make a novel dietary supplement through several extraction steps from Chotoko.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.193-196
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of yam on the activity of benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase(BPH), the key enzyme associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) metabolism, rats were fed a fiber free diet for 7 days, whereupon they were switched to experimental diets for another 7 days. Diets contained benzo[a] pyrene(BP, 400 mg/kg diet) and 25% or 50% yam powder (freezer dried and hot air dried ). Diets containing pectin and cellulose were compared with diets containing yam. BPH activities were assessed in the liver, lung, kidney, stomach, small intestine and large intestine of rats. BP induced BPH activities in various tissues ; 8 fold in liver, 28 in lung and stomach , and 32 in large intestine. The addition of yam significantly lowered BPH activity in liver, lung and stomach and hot air dried yam was nmor eeffectivie than freeze dried yams. These data suggested that yam containing diet may influence carcinogen metabolism in liver and extrahepatic target tissues by altering activities of BPH and may reduce exposure of these tissues to dietary carcinogens.