• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.31-43
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate classfication of weedy rice (Oryza sativa) based on isozymes esterase and peroxidase, growth and developmental difference of weedy rices and rices grown under dry and water condition, and weedy rice control and tolerant difference of weedy rices in various herbicides using weedy rices collected from thirteen strains of Chonnam, one Chonbuk, two Kyeongki and two rice cultivars. 1. The collected weedy rices were classified into three groups based on isozyme esterase and peroxidase using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(PAGE) method. The classified groups were not same each other. 2. Plant height was taller in collected weedy rices than rice cultivars at 18 days after seeding under dry and water conditions, but number of leaves, shoot fresh weight, root fresh weight and root length were not significantly different between collected weedy rices and rice cultivars. In addition, growths of collected weedy rices were greater in dry- than water-condition. 3. After thiobencarb(S-4-chlorobenzyl diethythiocarbamate), molinate(S-ethyl hexahydro-1H-azepine-1-carbothioate) and oxadiazon(5-tert-butyl-3(2,4-dichloro-5-isopropoxyphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-one) were applied at 6 days before seeding, the weedy rices controlled 100% by thiobencarb at 2.1kg ai/ha and 024kg ai/ha oxadiazon treatment but controlled 26% to 67% by molinate at 6.5kg ai/ha. Rice due to the herbicides was injured severely(25% to 100%) in flood condition at time of rice seeding after oxadiazon at 0.48kg ai/ha and 2.1kg ai/ha thiobencarb application, except for molinate which injured rice slightly(4% to 13%) in drain condition. The collected weedy rices to all experimented herbicides showed slight intraspecific variations. The intraspecific variations of weedy rices decreased in the order of thiobencarb>molinate>oxadiazon.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.400-409
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• 2015

This study examined the plant growth and development characteristics of leafy vegetables on the hydroponic substrates of waste wood chips, radiate pine chips, and mat type of waste wood chips. The bulk density of waste wood chips and radiata pine chips were $0.2g/cm^3$ and $0.16g/cm^3$, respectively. The moisture retention properties of both the radiata pine chips and waste wood chips were found to be similar but not better than those of the control rock wool and coco peat hydroponic substrates. The moisture retention property of the mat type was found to be the lowest. The chemical analysis of waste wood hydroponic substrates (w/v) was as follows.; The pH was 6.59, electric conductivity was 6.76 dS/m, total nitrogen content was 0.5%, C/N ratio was 113%, phosphorus was 10.1 ppm, potassium was 77 ppm, calcium was 531 ppm, magnesium was 49 ppm, and sodium was 96 ppm. The results from the radiata pine chemical analysis showed that it had a pH of 5.29, electric conductivity of 4.49 dS/m, total nitrogen content of 0.32%, C/N ratio of 180%, phosphorus of 6.4 ppm, potassium of 83 ppm, calcium of 97 ppm, magnesium of 29 ppm, and sodium of 59 ppm. Except for the plants grown in mat type, the developmental characteristics of the plants grown in rock wool and coco peat hydroponic substrates were similar. Based on the results of the experiment, waste wood resources may possibly be used as an organic solid medium in place of the existing rock wool and coco peat medium.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.173-179
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• 2013

This study was investigation for primary bionomical characteristics, emergence rate of wintering type pupa and oviposition preference, of Papilio xuthus. The emergence rate of wintering type pupa stored at cold chamber($4{\pm}1^{\circ}C$) was 85%, after 10 months. The average emergence rate of wintering type pupa during storage was 89.6%, and the emergence periods were $7.9{\pm}1.9days$ in room temperature. Mating ratio in large oviposition room, $6,000{\times}6,000{\times}3,500$ mm($W{\times}L{\times}H$), was $86.7{\pm}5.8%$ higher than $63.3{\pm}15.3%$ in small room, $2,500{\times}3,000{\times}2,000$ mm($W{\times}L{\times}H$). But the number of eggs in the large room were $137.0{\pm}16.5$ fewer than $141.7{\pm}20.4$ in the small room. As a result of oviposition preference experiment on three different host plants, 10 mated female laid $141.7{\pm}27.8$ on the leaves of Phellodendron amurensew more than $67.7{\pm}20.6$ on Zanthoxylum schinifolium and $77.0{\pm}21.8$ on Citrus unshiu. The egg periods were $4.4{\pm}0.8$ days after oviposition, and the hatchability was 92.2% in $25^{\circ}C$ room condition. The larval period were $19.9{\pm}2.1$ days in the high temperature, long day condition($25^{\circ}C$, 14L : 10D). The headwidth of each developmental larval stage were $0.72{\pm}0.02$(1st), $1.19{\pm}0.02$(2nd), $1.65{\pm}0.05$(3rd), $2.43{\pm}0.07$(4th), $3.21{\pm}0.12$(5th). The pupal ratio was 91.6%. The pupal period were $8.8{\pm}0.9$ days, and the emergence rate was 92.2%.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.51-70
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• 2001

Characteristics of handwriting were investigated and compared between the patients with writing disabilities and normal elementary school pupils. Generally, the heights of the letters of the patients were significantly larger than those of normal children, and letters of the patients were more sparsely distributed than those of controls. The distance between the words were significantly reduced in the patients’ writings, which indicated that patients had much more problems of space-leaving than normal pupils. Letter heights differences were significant across all grades in the patients and normal controls. The heights of the letters decreased as they grew older, and the slope of the decrements were more steeper in normal girls(r=-0.45) than girls with writing disabilities(r=-0.16). Sex differences were found in the letter spacings in low grades(grades 1, 2), that is, the distances between the letters were significantly narrower in the male patients than normal boys in these grades, and the differences were almost indiscriminating in grades 3 through 5, and finally, in sixth grade, letter spacings were signifycantly broader in normal boys than male dysgraphics. In girls, letter spacings were significantly broader in the patients across all grades. These findings supports the hypothesis that male and female writings were qualitatively different and that distinct mechanisms served in boys and girls dysgraphics. Across all grades and sexes, spaces between the words of the patients were significantly broader than normal pupils, which suggested that space-leaving between the words was important in Korean writings. There was trend that letter spacings and word spacings decreased across grades, but in girls, no correlations between the letter spacings and grades were found. Correlation analyses revealed that letter heights and letter spacings had mild correlation(r=0.11-0.15), and that letter spacings and word spacings had robust correlation(r=0.99). Phonological errors were mostly found in last phoneme(Jong-seong), especially double-phoneme(ㄳ, ㄵ, ㄶ, ㄺ, ㄻ, ㄼ, ㄾ, ㄿ, ㅀ, ㅄ), and in the case the sound values changed due to assimilations of phonemes. Semantic errors were rare in both groups. Space-leaving errors were correlated with phonological errors, and more frequent in boys than girls. In conclusion, significant differences existed in the letter heights, letter spacings, word spacings, and frequencies of phonological errors and spaceleaving errors between the patients with writing disabilities and normal pupils. The characteristics of writings changed across grades and the developmental profiles were somewhat quantitatively different between the groups. The differences became obvious from the second-third grades.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.232-241
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• 1997

The psychological problems following the experiences of school-violence could be more important than the physical problems. Victims could suffer from fear, depression, anger, lowered self-esteem, suicidal thought, and personality changes. To study the risk factors for school violence and the psychiatric problems after the experiences to school-violence provide us important informations to prevent and solve the problems of school violence. We examined clinical characteristics and psychosocial backgrounds of 13 adolescents who visited the psychiatric clinic after exposures to school violence from September, 1996 to May, 1997. The clinical data included intensity, motivations, durations, and methods of violence, psychiatric symptoms following exposure, findings of psychological test, and treatment course. The socioeconomic data included developmental characteristics of subjects, family characteristics, school life, and peer relationships. Of the 13 adolescents who experienced exposure to violence, 8 have experienced chronic psychiatric disturbances, 5 experienced transient psychiatric symptoms such as anxiety, depression, suicidal attempt who eventually returned to home and school life. Of the 8 adolescents who experienced chronic psychiatric disturbances, 4 experienced PTSD and depression lasting 3-6 months more, otherwise 4 showed converted features, such as aggressive behavioral disorder or perpetrator by strong compensatory effects after psychological shock. The subjects who have experienced chronic psychiatric disturbance have clinical characteristics such as physical or emotional abuse, physical illness or handicap, defects of ego functionings, and lack of family support. In summary, victims by school-violence manifested serious psychiatric disturbances, and they had clinically significant risk factors and some of them became perpetrators of school-violence.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.274-281
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate the autumn spawning by bitterling (A. rhombeus) inside mussel (Unio douglasiae) and the adaptation characteristics at the Bongseocheon Stream of Mankyeonggang River. The survey was carried out between August 2015 and July 2016. The spawning season was from September to November, and 17-75 (36.2 ± 16.44) eggs were found from mature females. During the survey period, 476 mussels were collected, 129 (27.1%) of spawned A. rhombeus. Mussels that spawned eggs, embryos, and larva of A. rhombeus (46.3 ± 4.55 mm, n = 129) were larger than than those that did not spawn (42.6 ± 8.51 mm, n = 347). The appearance frequency of A. rhombeus larva before and after the formation of lens was 99.8% (n = 597) vs. 0.2% (n = 1) from October 2015 to March 2016, 25.6% (n = 23) vs. 74.4% (n = 67) in April 2016, 0% (n = 0) vs. 100% (n = 40) on May 2016. The number of eggs, embryos, and larvae of A. rhombeus inside the mussels were 1-18 (5.6 ± 3.81). The number and appearance frequency of A. rhombeus eggs, embryos, and larvae inside the mussel according to mussel gill demibranchs position were 1 (0.01 ± 0.09, n = 1) and 0.78% in the left outer demibranch, 1-18 (2.33 ± 3.31, n = 63) and 48.84% in the left inner demibranch, 1-15 (2.97 ± 3.79, n = 76) and 58.91% in the right inner demibransh, and 1-12 (0.33 ± 1.71, n = 7) and 5.43% in the right outer demibransh. The highest frequency of the developmental position of eggs, embryos, and larvae occurred 71.8% (n = 445) in lower part 3 (L3) before formation lens and 94.4% (n = 102) in L3 after formation lens, indicating that L3 was dominating position for eggs, embryos, and larvae. More eggs, embryos, and larvae of A. rhombeus were found more often in the inner demibranshs than outer demibranchs. Since A. rhombeus is a species that spawn in the autumn and thus avoids the competition with interspecific and glochidia. However, they have to spend the winter in low water temperature. Consequently, we assume that A. rhombeus have evolved toward embryonic diapause under the low water temperature before the formation of lens and spawning inside the supracranchial cavity to save the transit energy from the water space to the suprabranchial cavity after the achieving movement ability with the formation of lens.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.235-241
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• 2016

This study was conducted to provide basic understanding regarding possible enamel erosion by three kinds of fist-aid antipyretic and analgesic medicines over a period of time, with comparison and analysis of the resulting deciduous teeth surface and microhardness changes. The analysis was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine the surface erosion and changes. The Kruskal-Wallis test show differences in surface erosion and changes after 3, 5 and 8 days of treatment as well as before and after the treatment in each group. According to the results, there was no significant difference in the early deciduous teeth enamel surface microhardness (p>0.01). However there were signigicant changes after 3, 5, and 8 days (p<0.01). Calcim (Ca) and phosphorous (P) analysis using EDX showed significant differences in the enamel characteristics according to each tissue area after 8 days (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in any of the areas for P content (p>0.05). In the surface observation with the SEM treatment with Children's Tylenol$^{(R)}$ tablet, which has the lowest pH, looked the roughest, followed by Brufen syrup for children and Children's Tylenol$^{(R)}$ suspension. Based on these results, it should be considered that antipyretic and analgesic medicines for children, which have lower pH values, may cause tooth erosion. Hence, it is necessary to give special attention to oral hygiene in young children or infants by brushing their teeth after such drugs are administered.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.597-609
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• 2014

To find out the effect of commercially available energy drinks on tooth enamel erosion, analyzed pH, buffering capacity, and the content of some of the inorganic components selecting 4 energy drinks that has high affinity of the products currently being sold. In addition, by observing the degree of erosion before and after immersion in energy drink by surface microhardness and scanning electron microscope (SEM) the results were as follows: Acidity of energy drink 'Burn Intense' was the lowest as $2.78{\pm}0.01$ highest on distilled water as $6.475{\pm}0.01$. 'Burn Intense' buffering capacity was $3.48{\pm}0.155$ at pH 5.5, $1.88{\pm}0.15$ at pH 7.0 which is the highest, and 'Hot6' was $1.71{\pm}0.37$, $1.23{\pm}0.35$ on each of it showing the lowest points. Ca content on energy drink was the highest at 'Volt Energy' as ($77.21{\pm}2.70mg/kg$), the lowest at 'Hot6' as ($0.98{\pm}0.05mg/kg$). P content was the highest on 'Hot6'($1.34{\pm}0.05mg/kg$) and detected at 'Red Bull'. Enamel surface hardness variation of the energy drinks before and after immersion showed rapid decrease at 'Red Bull' ($66.65{\pm}35.60$), and 'Volt Energy' ($61.96{\pm}31.42$), 'Burn Intense' ($58.53{\pm}24.84$), 'Hot6' ($53.99{\pm}60.26$) was in order. Distilled water, the control group, showed significant difference with the experimental group (p<0.05). But there was no significant difference between energy drinks. At SEM observation and analysis, 'Burn Intense' was the most severe demineralization, 'Volt Energy', 'Hot6', 'Red Bull', distilled water was in order. In the above results, taken together there were no statistically differences between energy drinks but significant difference in comparison with distilled water. In addition, at SEM observation and analysis all energy drink caused dental erosion, especially 'Burn Intense', has the lowest acidity, was serious. Thus, it is believed to provide a variety of oral health education and information about energy drinks that can affect the erosion of the teeth so public have the right to be recognized and reasonable dental care.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2008

Background: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) is a rare congenital developmental anomaly of the lower respiratory tract. Most cases are diagnosed within the first 2 years of life, so adult presentation of CCAM is rare. We describe here six adult cases of CCAM and the patients underwent surgical resection, and all these patients were seen during a five and a half year period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical, radiological and histological characteristics of adult patients with CCAM. Methods: Through medical records analysis, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics, the chest pictures (X-ray and CT) and the histological characteristics. Results: Four patients were women and the mean age at diagnosis was 23.5 years (range: 18~39 years). The major clinical presentations were lower respiratory tract infection, hemoptysis and pneumothorax. According to the chest CT scan, 5 patients had multiseptated cystic lesions with air fluid levels and one patient had multiple cavitary lesions with air fluid levels, and these lesions were surrounded by poorly defined opacities at the right upper lobe. All the patients were treated with surgical resection. 5 patients underwent open lobectomy and one patient underwent VATS lobectomy. On the pathological examination, 3 were found to be CCAM type I and 3 patients were CCAM type II, according to Stocker's classification. There was no associated malignancy on the histological studies of the surgical specimens. Conclusion: As CCAM can cause various respiratory complications and malignant changes, and the risks associated with surgery are extremely low, those patients who are suspected of having or who are diagnosed with CCAM should go through surgical treatment for making the correct diagnosis and administering appropriate treatment.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.245-252
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• 2018

A method of transmitting an alert signal in case of man-overboard (MOB) systems in a small fishing vessel navigating within coastal area is being operated as VHF-DSC equipment via a distress alert button and V-P ass Equipment via alert button or beacon separation. However, a small fishing vessel with a couple of crews on board is an inappropriate way to alert a man-overboard condition. However, internationally, MOB equipment using VHF-DSC, AIS, and Bluetooth technologies is used to transmit alert signals directly to the mother ship and other radio stations. In order to analyze the performance and technology of the MOB equipment operating in foreign countries, it was confirmed that the alarm signal can be received within a maximum of one nautical mile when the MOB device is on the water surface. An MOB device that meets domestic conditions needs to send an alarm signal to a station within the VHF communication range. However, in order to reduce the false alert signal, it is most appropriate to operate the VHF-DSC radio equipment installed on the ship remotely. Analysis of various technologies connecting the MOB and the VHF-DSC revealed that the Bluetooth system has advantages such as device miniaturization. When an emergency signal is transmitted from the MOB device, it can be received by a dedicated receiver and recognized through an external input terminal of the VHF-DSC equipment generating its own alarm. If the emergency situation cannot be processed at the mother ship, a distress alert is sent to all radio stations via VHF-DSC for response under emergencies faced by small fishing vessels.