• 대한간호학회지
• /
• 제7권2호
• /
• pp.43-59
• /
• 1977

The Community Health Service considers the family as a service unit and places the emphasis of its service on the health problems and the nursing needs of the family rather than the individual. From the conceptual point of view that tile community health service is both health maintenance and health promotion of the family, the community health nurse should have a knowledge of the growth and development of the family and be responsible for the comprehensive support of normal family development. The community health nurse often is in a position to make a real contribution to normal family development. In order to investigate the relationship between the areas of nursing need and family development, the following objectives were established 1. To discover the general characteristics of the study population by the stage of family development. 2. To discover specific nursing needs in relation to the family developmental stage, and to determine the intensity of the nursing needs and the ability of the family to cope with these needs. 3. To discover overall family health nursing problems in relation to the family developmental stage and determine the intensity of the nursing need and the problem solving ability of family. Definitions : The family developmental stages as classified by Dually were used stage 1. Married couples(without children) stage 2. Childbearing Families (oldest child birth to 30 months of age) stage 3. Families with preschool children (oldest child 2½-to 6 years) stage 4. Families with schoolchildren (oldest child 6 to 13 years). stage 5. Families with teenagers (oldest child 13 to 20 years) stage 6. Families as launching centers (first child gone to last child′s leaving home). stage 7. Middle- aged parents (empty nest to retirement) stage 8. Aging family member (retirement to death of both spouses) The areas of nursing need were defined as those used in the study, "A Comprehensive Study about Health and Nursing Need and a Social Diagram of the Community", by tile Nursing research Institute and Center for population. and Family Planning, July 1974. The study population defiled and selected were 260 nuclear families ill two myron of Kang Hwa Island. Percent, mean value and F- test were utilized in tile statistical analysis of the study result. Findings : 1. General characteristics of the study population by tile family developmental stage ; 1)The study population was distributed by the family developmental stage as follows : stage 1 : 3 families stage 2 : 13 families stage 3 : 24 families stage 4 : 41 families stage 5 : 50 families stage 6 : 106 families stage 7 : 13 families stage 8 : 10 families 2) Most families had 4 or 5 members except for those in stage, 1, 7, and 8. 3) The parents′ present age was older in the higher developmental stage and their age at marriage was also younger in the higher developmental stages. 4) The educational level of parents was primarily less than elementary school irrespective of the developmental stage. 5) More than half of parents′ occupations were listed as laborers irrespective of the developmental stage, 6) More than half of the parents were atheists irrespective of the developmental stage. 7) The higher the developmental stage(from stage 2 to stage 6 ), the wider the distribution of children′s ages. 8) More than half of the families were of middle or lower socio-economic level. 2. Problems in specific areas of nursing need by family developmental stage, the intensity of nursing need and the problem solving ability of the family : 1) As a whole, many problems, irrespective of the developmental stage, occurred in tile areas of Housing and Sanitation, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping, Preventive Measures and Dental care. Problems occurring ill particular stages included the following ; stage 1 : Prevention of Accident stage 2 : Preventive Vaccination, Family Planning. stage 3 : Preventive Vaccination, Maternal Health, Family Planning, Health of Infant and Preschooler. stage 4, 5 : Preventive Vaccination, Family Planning, Health of School Children. stage 6 : Preventive Vaccination, Health of School Children. 2) The intensity of the nursing need in the area of Acute and Chronic Diseases was generally of moderate degree or above irrespective of the developmental stages except for stage 1. Other areas of need listed as moderate or above were found in the following stages: stage 1 : Maternal Health stage 3 . Horsing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident. stage 4 . Housing and Sanitation. stage 5 : Housing and Sanitation, Diagnostic and Medical Care. stage 6 : Diagnostic and Medical care stage 7 : Diagnostic and Medical Care, Housekeeping. stage 8 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Dental Care, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping. 3) Areas of need with moderate problem solving ability or less were as follows : stage 1 : Diagnostic and Medical Care, Maternal Health. stage 2 : Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Dental Care. stage 3 : Housing and Sanitation, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Maternal Health, Health of Infant and preschooler, Eating Patterns. stage 4 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Maternal Health, Health of New Born, Health of Infant and Preschooler, Health of school Children, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping. stage 5 . Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Preventive Vaccination, Maternal Health, Eating Patterns. stage 7, 8 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measures, Dental Care, Preventive Vaccination, Eating Patterns , Housekeeping. Problem occurrence, the degree of nursing need and the degree of problem solving ability 1 nursing need areas for the family as a whole were as follows : 1) The higher the stages(except stage 1 ), the lower the rate of problem occurrence. 2) The higher the stage becomes, the lower the intensity of the nursing need becomes. 3) The higher the stages (except stages 7 and 8), the higher. the problem solving ability. Conclusions ; 1) When the nursing care plan for the family is drawn up, depending upon the stage of family development, higher priority should be give to nursing need areas ① at which problems were shown to occur ② where the nursing need is shown to be above moderate degree and ③ where the problem solving ability was shown to be of moderate degree. 2) The priority of the nursing service should be Placed ① not on those families in the high developmental stage but on those families in the low developmental stage ② and on those areas of need shown in stages 7 and 8 where the degree nursing need was high and the ability to cope low.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제46권1호
• /
• pp.58-66
• /
• 2016

Thymosin ${\beta}4$ ($T{\beta}4$) has been recently reported to play a role in dentinogenesis by regulating the expression of dentin matrix proteins. Based on previous studies, it is hypothesized that $T{\beta}4$ is associated with the formation of the enamel matrix and thus plays an important role in ameloblast. However, there is no report on the function of $T{\beta}4$ during tooth development so far. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of $T{\beta}4$ and its function in ameloblasts during mouse tooth development. $T{\beta}4$ was expressed strongly in the tooth bud at the bud stage and in the dental lamina and oral epithelium at the cap stage. In advanced bell stage at postnatal day 4, large elongated ameloblasts were observed and the expression of the $T{\beta}4$ protein was the highest, with the enamel being was thicker than that in the early bell stage. The length of ameloblasts increased from the presecretory to the secretory stage and decreased from the maturation to the protective stage. These results suggest that $T{\beta}4$ participates not only in the proliferation of oral epithelial cells during the early stage of tooth development but also regulates enamel protein secretion in ameloblasts and enamel mineralization.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• 제46권4호
• /
• pp.125-130
• /
• 2021

Purpose: The dental age estimation of children is performed using dental maturity. Postmortem missing of the anterior teeth or the distortion of image of the anterior teeth in panoramic radiographs can make it difficult to analyze the development of the anterior teeth. This pilot study was conducted to derive a new age estimation method based only on the developmental stage of mandibular posterior teeth. Methods: This study was conducted using panoramic radiographs of 650 subjects aged 3 to 15 years old. The dental developmental stages of the lower left first premolar, second premolar, first molar and second molar were evaluated according to the Demirjian's criteria. The intra-/inter-observer reliability was evaluated, and multiple linear regression analyses were performed including the developmental stage of each tooth as an independent variable. Results: The intra-/inter-observer reliability was 0.9626 and 0.8877, respectively, and showed very high reproducibility. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed for males and females, and the age calculation table was derived by obtaining the intercept and the coefficient according to the development stage of each tooth. The coefficient of determination (r²) of the age calculation method was 0.9634 for male and 0.9570 for female subjects, and the mean difference between chronological age and estimated dental age was -0.42 and -0.21, respectively. Conclusions: This pilot study evaluated the developmental stages of four lower posterior teeth in the Korean group according to Demirjian's criteria, and derived age estimation method. The accuracy was lower than when more teeth were used, but it will be useful to estimate age of children when the anterior teeth are difficult to accurately analyze.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제33권1호
• /
• pp.33-43
• /
• 2008

In the process of bone remodeling, mineral phase of bone is dissolved by osteoclasts, resulting in elevation of calcium concentration in micro-environment. This study was performed to explore the effect of high extracellular calcium ($Ca{^{2+}}_e$) on mineralized nodule formation and on the expression of progressive ankylosis (Ank), plasma cell membrane glycoprotein-1 (PC-1) and osteopontin by primary cultured mouse calvarial cells. Osteoblastic differentiation and mineralized nodule formation was induced by culture of mouse calvarial cells in osteoblast differentiation medium containing ascorbic acid and ${\beta}$-glycerophosphate. Although Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin are well known inhibitors of mineralization, expression of these genes were induced at the later stage of osteoblast differentiation during when expression of osteocalcin, a late marker gene of osteoblast differentiation, was induced and mineralization was actively progressing. High $Ca{^{2+}}_e$(10 mM) treatment highly enhanced mRNA expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin in the late stage of osteoblast differentiation but not in the early stage. Inhibition of p44/42 MAPK activation but not that of protein kinase C suppressed high $Ca{^{2+}}_{e^-}$induced expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin. When high $Ca{^{2+}}_e$(5 mM or 10 mM) was present in culture medium during when mineral deposition was actively progressing, matrix calcifiation was significantly increased by high $Ca{^{2+}}_e$. This stimulatory effect was abolished by pyrophosphate (5 mM) or levamisole (0.1-0.5 mM), an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor. In addition, probenecid (2mM), an inhibitor of Ank, suppressed matrix calcification in both control and high $Ca{^{2+}}_{e^-}$treated group, suggesting the possible role of Ank in matrix calcification by osteoblasts. Taken together, these results showed that high $Ca{^{2+}}_e$ stimulates expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin as well as matrix calcification in late differentiation stage of osteoblasts and that p44/42 MAPK activation is involved in high $Ca{^{2+}}_{e^-}$induced expression of Ank, PC-1 and osteopontin.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제47권4호
• /
• pp.242-250
• /
• 2017

The purpose of this study was to characterize the prenatal and postnatal development of the mouse parotid salivary gland and tooth, and to investigate the relationship between the developmental timing of the two organs. Development of parotid salivary gland begins on embryonic day 15 (E15), which is the prebud stage; E17 is the initial bud stage; E21 to postnatal day 3 (PN3) is the pseudoglandular stage; PN5 to PN10 is the canalicular stage; and PN21 is the terminal bud stage. At E15, the developing maxillary molar tissue is at the bud stage; at E17, it is at the cap stage; at E21, it is at the early bell stage; PN3 to PN5 comprises the advanced bell stage; at PN10, it is at the crown stage; at PN21, it is at the functional stage. Therefore, unlike the other major salivary glands, the development of mouse parotid salivary gland is completed through a process of prenatal and postnatal morphogenesis and becomes functional at about the same time as the developing tooth. The developmental completion times of the parotid salivary gland and tooth are closely related to the weaning time of animal.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제36권4호
• /
• pp.195-201
• /
• 2011

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in tissue development and re-modeling. Dynamic morphological changes of tooth germs reflect involvement of these enzymes during odontogenesis. The present study was performed to investigate expression and localization of MMP-2 and MMP-9, which have been known to have type IV collagenase activities, in rat tooth germs at different developmental stages. MMP-2 expression was increased gradually in the tooth germs from cap to crown staged germs at both transcription and translation levels. The localization of this molecule was detected in secretory ameloblasts and preameloblasts. The strong immunoreactivities were occasionally seen along the basement membrane between ameloblasts (or preameloblasts) and odontoblasts (preodontoblasts). However, weak reactivity was detected in odontoblasts and reduced enamel epithelium. The level of MMP-9 expression in the tooth germs was higher in cap stage than in crown staged germs at both transcription and translation levels. They were strongly expressed in both ameloblasts and odontoblasts. Even though reduced enamel epithelium after enamel formation and inner enamel epithelium at the cap stage exhibited weak reactivity, strong reactivity was detected in dental follicles and perifollicular tissues surrounding cap staged germs. These results suggested that MMP-2 may involve degradation of the basement membrane during hard tissue formation, whereas MMP-9 might be involved in remodeling of follicular tissues.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제35권1호
• /
• pp.144-150
• /
• 2008

악성종양을 치료하는데 있어서 수술, 화학요법, 방사선 치료 등을 포함한 항암치료는 악성도의 증가를 방지할 뿐만 아니라 항암제의 독성과 용량을 줄여주는 역할을 한다. 방사선 치료의 효과는 일반적으로 수회에 걸쳐 조사시 종양이 더 효과적으로 파괴된다. 환자는 주로 두경부에 국소적으로, 때로는 전신에 걸쳐 방사선을 조사받게 된다. 그러나 방사선 요법의 부작용으로 구강건조증, pH가 낮은 타액의 생성, 구강미생물의 변화 등으로 인한 방사선 우식증과 미각 이상, 점막염 등 다양한 구강내 합병증을 동반하게 된다. 그리고 성장하고 있는 소아의 경우에는 발육 중인 치열과 지지구조들에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있다. 치근 발육의 장애, 법랑질 형성부전, 왜소치, 무치증, 치아맹출 장애, 하악이나 상악의 저형성 등과 같은 다양한 현상이 나타날 수 있으며 이러한 현상은 비가역적이다. 특히 발생과정 중에 있는 치아는 그 발생단계에 따라 영향을 받는다. 본 증례는 치열 발육 단계에서 국소적 혹은 전신적으로 방사선 치료를 받은 어린이에서 나타난 영구치 치근 발육장애에 대해 보고하는 바이다. 이 환자들은 생후 $3{\sim}4$세 경에 악성 종양 치료를 위해 방사선 치료를 받았고 영구치 치근의 저형성, 조기 치수 폐쇄 소견을 보였다. 방사선 조사로 인한 구강환경 변화로 인해 우식발생률이 높으므로 철저한 구강 위생교육과 불소도포 등이 필요할 것이며, 짧은 치근을 가진 치아는 동요도의 증가 여부와 관리를 위해 정기적인 방사선 촬영 및 검진이 필요하다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.225-232
• /
• 2014

이 논문의 목적은 골 성숙도와 치아의 성숙도를 골격적 부정교합에 따라 관련성을 알아보는 것이다. 6세에서 14세에 이르는 총 192명의 환자(89명의 남자, 103명의 여자)를 대상으로 하였으며 측모 두부 방사선 사진, 파노라마 방사선 사진, 수완부 방사선 사진을 사용하였고 심한 질환을 가진 경우는 제외하였다. 통계는 이분법, chi-square, logistic regression analysis, independent t-test를 사용하여 분석하였다. 견치, 제1대구치, 제2대구치의 석회화는 골 성숙도와 연관성(p < 0.05)을 보였고 또한 골 성숙도가 높은 경우, 여자어린이 일 경우가 11.43배 높았다(p < 0.001). class II 부정교합일 경우, 견치, 제1소구치, 제1대구치, 제2대구치의 치아 석회화 정도가 class III 부정교합자에 비해 높았다(p < 0.05). 치아의 석회화와 골 성숙도의 연관성은 높았으며 class II와 class III 부정교합환자의 치아의 성숙도는 치아에 따라 다른 성숙도를 보였다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
• /
• 제31권4호
• /
• pp.241-248
• /
• 2007

Epigenetic modification dependent DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) play an important role in tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation and normal mammalian development. In this study, we show that DNMTs are expressed at different levels during hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) differentiation to proerythrocytes. DNMT1, DNMT3A, and DNMT3B were highly expressed at day 7 after differentiation. We used specific siRNA as a tool to probe the relationship between the expression of DNMTs and erythropoietic differentiation. When introduced siRNA of DMNT1 and DMNT3b in human $CD34^+$ cells, these more differentiated into erythrocytes. This was confirmed by glycophorin A (GPA) positive cell analysis and globin gene expression. $GPA^+$ cells increased up to $20{\sim}30%$, and ${\gamma}$- and ${\epsilon}$-globin genes increased in siRNA transfected cells. Therefore, our data suggest that suppression of DNA methylation can affect positively differentiation of HSC and may contribute to expression of erythrocyte lineage genes including GPA and globins.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
• /
• 제33권2호
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 2008

A mutation of UNCL, an inner nuclear membrane RNAbinding protein, has been found to eliminate mechanotransduction in Drosophila. UNCL is expressed in human periodontal tissue including in periodontal ligament (PDL) fibroblasts. However, it is unclear how a mechanical stimulus is translated into cellular responses in PDL fibroblasts. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of UNCl on mechanical stress related genes in PDL fibroblasts in response to mechanical stress. The mRNA of TGF-$\beta$, COX-2, and MMP-2 was up-regulated after UNCL inactivation in PDL fibroblasts under the compression force. Under the tensile force, inactivation of UNCL decreased the expression of Biglycan, RANKL, MMP-2, and TIMP-2 mRNAs while it increased the expression of TIMP-1. p38-MAPK was expressed in PDL fibroblasts under compression forces whereas phospho-ERK1/2, p65-NFkB, and c-fos were expressed under tension forces. The expression and phosphorylation of the mechanical stress related genes, kinases, and transcription factors were changed according to the types of stress. Furthermore, most of them were regulated by the inactivation of UNCL. This suggests that UNCL is involved in the regulation of mechanical stress related genes through the signaling pathway in PDL fibroblasts.