• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.100-114
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• 1999

This study was done to investigate the effects of rapidly-rotating shift work of two-day interval on fatigue level and the concentration of urinary 17-KS, $Na^+,\;Cl^-$. The subjects were 20 nursing college students(control group) and 15 nurses in a university hospital and the study was done from Apr. 21 to May 4th, 1999. In the test group, each 5 nurses were allocated to day shift(8 AM-4 PM), evening shift(4 PM-12 MN) and night shift(12 MN-8 AM) respectively. The fatigue level were measured 30 minutes after work start on the 2nd day of work shift. Urine specimens were collected at 8 AM, 4 PM and 12 MN on the 2nd day of work shift in the control group and 30 minutes before and after work on the 2nd day of work shift in the test group. The data were analyzed with SPSS(for Window, ver 7.5). Statistical analysis was performed by using t-test, paired t-test and ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. The perceived fatigue level in shift work 1) The physical and mental fatigue level were significantly higher in night shift than that in day or evening shift(p<0.05). In the neuro-sensory fatigue level, night shift showed higher tendency than that in day or evening shift, but there were no significant differences between each shifts. 2) Comparison between the control group and the test group: Physical fatigue level was significantly higher in night shift than that in day or evening shift of the control group(P<.001). Mental fatigue level was significantly higher in day or night shift than that in evening shift of the control group(P<.05). In the neuro-sensory fatigue level, test group showed higher tendency than that in the control group, but there were no significant differences between two groups. 3) The total fatigue level was higher in night shift than that in day shift or evening shift(P<.05). In comparing with the control group, night shift and day shift showed higher total fatigue level than that in the control group(p<0.05). 2. The concentration of urinary 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ In the control group, urinary 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ showed higher level in afternoon that in morning and night. In the test group, cr in day and evening shift and $Na^+$ in evening shift showed higher level at the end of work. The 17-KS concentration at the begining and the end of work in three shift groups were lower than those in control group(p<0.05), however, $Cl^-$ concentration at the begining of work in day shift, and the end of work in day and evening shift were higher than those in control group(p<0.05). $Cl^-$ concentration at the begining and end of work in night shift were considerably higher than those in control group repectively(p<0.1, p<001). $Na^+$ concentration showed a higher tendency in three shift groups except at the begining of work in night shift, but there were no statistical difference. In comparing concentration of the 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ among the shift groups, 17-KS concentration showed a lower tendency and $Na^+,\;Cl^-$ showed a higher tendency in night shift: The result of this study showes that biorhythm of shift work nurse was irregular. Fatigue level as the subjective index for evaluating the health problem concerning shift work was higher in night shift and proved to be in accordance with the concentration of urinary 17-KS, $Na^+$ and $Cl^-$ used as objective indices. Disturbation of biorhythm and work stress due to night shift seems to cause the health problem of nurses and decrease of work efficiency. It is considered that work regualtion is necessary for the rational management of the nursing administration.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.408-421
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• 2016

Day and night sampling for gas and particle phases PAHs were carried out in Seoul to characterize gas and particle phases PAHs concentrations in day and night times. There was no significant difference between day and night time for particle phase PAHs concentrations and phase distribution of PAHs, while, gas phase PAHs concentrations in daytime were about 1/2 of nighttime concentrations in both summer and winter due to photochemical reaction of gas phase PAHs during daytime. A high fraction of cancer risk for PAHs was attributed to particle phase PAHs and the excess cancer risk in winter was higher than in summer. The excess cancer risk level of total(gas+particle) PAHs in summer was partially observed when both gas and particle phase PAHs concentrations were considered as risk assessment. Based on the diagnostic ratios and factor analysis of PAHs concentrations, combustion(coal and natural gas) and vehicular emission might be the most significant contributors of PAHs and major factors for determining of PAHs concentration were different between day and night times.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.284-288
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• 2002

향어, Cyprinus carpio [Linnaeus]의 체장에 따른 심전도를 구명하기 위하여, 어체내에 전극을 삽입하여 3가지 체장 범위 (10~15, 15~20, 20~25cm)에서의 심전도를 주간과 야간으로 구분하여, 16~18$^{\circ}C$ 수온에서 30분간 조사한 심박수와 생체전위를 마취상태와 안정상태로 구분비교 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1 체장이 10~15 cm인 경우, 마비상태 (0~9분)에서의 평균심박수는 주간에 43.4 beat/min, 야간에 45.9 beat/min였고, 평균생체전위는 주간에 4.38 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 3.64 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났으며, 안정상태 (9~30분)에서의 평균심박수는 주간에 69.4 beat/min, 야간에 67.4 beat/min였고, 평균생체전위는 주간에 3.82 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 3.50 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났다. 2 체장이 15~20cm인 경우, 마비상태 (0~5분)에서의 평균심박수는 주간에 42.2 beat/min, 야간에 45.4 beat/min였고, 평균생체전위는 주간에 4.13 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 3.95 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났으며, 안정상태(5~30분)에서의 평균심박수는 주간에 67.6 beat/min, 야간에 65.3 beat/min였고, 평균생체전위는 주간에 4.58 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 4.61 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났다. 3. 체장이 20~25 cm인 경우, 마비상태(0~4분)에서의 평균심박수는 주간에 47.5 beat/min, 야간에 47.5 beat/min였고, 평균생체전위는 주간에 4.81 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 4.20 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났으며, 안정상태(4~30분)에서의 평균심박수는 주간에 67.5 beat/min, 야간에 64.8 beat/min였고, 평균생체전위는 주간에 5.31 $\mu\textrm{V}$, 야간에 4.90 $\mu\textrm{V}$로 나타났다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.13-19
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 가로구간 사고특성을 분석하고 주 야간 사고모형을 개발하는데 있다. 이를 위해 청주시 가로구간 24개 도로를 연구대상으로 2007년 사고 자료를 이용한다. 연구의 주요결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 가로구간의 주간 사고건수가 야간 사고건수보다 많았지만, 사고율에서는 야간사고율이 높은 것으로 분석되었다. 둘째, 4개의 사고모형이 개발되었으며, 이들은 통계적으로 모두 유의한 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로, 모형에 채택된 독립변수를 활용하여 주 야간 사고모형의 차이가 비교 분석되었다.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2015

In this paper, we propose a license plate detection method of running cars in various road images. The proposed method first classifies the road image into day and night images to improve detection accuracy, and then the tail-light regions are detected by finding red color areas in RGB color space. The candidate regions of the license plate areas are detected by using symmetrical property, size, width and variance of the tail-light regions, and to find the license plate areas of the various sizes the morphological operations with adaptive size structuring elements are applied. Finally, the plate area is verified and confirmed with the geometrical and image features of the license plate areas. The proposed method was tested with the various road images and the detection rates (precisions) of 84.2% of day images and 87.4% of night images were achieved.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.520-527
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the present state of noise level including three general districts and two roadside areas at the Residential Area such as Sangmu, Pungam, Moonheung, and Ilgok Area. The noise level was measured quarterly. The results were shown that the noise level of day time was no great difference and that noise level of night time represented ranges between 44 to 48 dB(A). The noise level of day time was higher 4 to 7 dB(A) than night time. At the roadside areas, average noise level of day time was suitable to the requirements of environmental criteria. However. only one point of two points exceeded the noise level of environmental criteria. except Pungam Area. The noise level of night time in all areas was 58 dB(A), showing more 3 dB(A) than the environmental criteria (55 dB(A)). The difference of noise level between day time and night time was approximately 5 to 7 dB(A) in all Area. The noise level of day time was not dependent on all seasons, whereas that night time is dependent on season, especially showing lower noise level in winter. Showing the changes on the times in a day, it reached the highest at 16:00, mainly resulting in a lot of activities of people. The maximum noise level (Lmax) from 3 or 4 military aircraft showed almost the same. The noise level of aircraft in Sangmu Area was 71.5∼78.1 WECPNL.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.593-602
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• 2007

The frequency of tropical nights and tropical days in Busan during summer season (June-August) from 1995 to 2004 were investigated. When air temperature higher than $25^{\circ}C$ continuously maintains at night in summer, it is called the occurrence of tropical night. Tropical day is defined that maximum air temperature is higher than $30^{\circ}C$, In Jin-Gu and Daeyeon-dong shows a lot of frequency of tropical day and tropical night because there were located in downtown. Relatively, the areas where are located in seaside and riverside show very low frequency. This can be explained the cooling effects of sea and river. The main meteorological characteristics during tropical nights and tropical days is proved pattern of reverse tendency through wind rose. We analyzed heat index and discomfort index during tropical night and tropical day. This study is useful to understand the aspect of urban thermal environment but need some more observation to quantify.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.53-59
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• 2014

본 실험은 고온기 근권 냉방 시간에 따른 배지 온도 하강과 파프리카(Capsicum annum L.) 'Orange glory'의 생리적 반응을 알아보고자 7월 16일부터 10월 15일까지 코이어 배지에서 수경 재배하였다. 배지의 일평균, 최고 및 최저 온도변화와 파프리카의 뿌리 활력, 수분 포텐셜, 개화시기 및 착과수 등을 측정하였다. $20{\pm}2^{\circ}C$의 냉수를 순환시키는 XL 파이프 근권부 냉방시간 처리는 전일(전일, 24시간), 야간(야간, 오후 5시-오전 3시), 및 냉방 무처리(대조구)로 7월 23일부터 9월 23일까지 처리하였다. 고온기(7월 23일-8월 31일) 동안 일평균 배지 온도가 전일 처리구에서는 $25.6^{\circ}C(22.7-28.2^{\circ}C)$, 야간 처리구에서는 $26.1^{\circ}C(22.9-29.2^{\circ}C)$로 대조구의 $29.1^{\circ}C(24.7-33.2^{\circ}C)$에 비해 $1.8-5^{\circ}C$ 낮아졌다. 하루 중(맑은 날, 8월 1일) 배지의 최고온도 도달 시간이 전일과 야간 처리구에서는 오후 4-5시였으며, 대조구는 오후 7-8시였다. 주간(오전 6시-오후 8시)과 야간(오후 8시-오전 6시) 시간의 배지 온도는 처리에 따라 차이를 보였다. 주간/야간의 배지 평균온도는 대조구보다 전일 처리구에서 $3.3^{\circ}C/4^{\circ}C$, 야간 처리구에서 $2.1^{\circ}C/3.4^{\circ}C$ 낮아졌다. 배지 깊이별 배지 온도 차(대조구 배지 온도 - 처리구 배지 온도)는 하부에서 가장 컸다. 전일 처리구의 배지 온도차 변화는 배지 상/중/하부에서 완만하였으나, 야간 처리구는 주간과 야간 시간대 배지 온도 차가 배지 중간, 하부에서 커졌다. 배지 평균 온도가 $25^{\circ}C$ 이상 계측된 날이 대조구에서는 40일, 전일 처리구에서는 23일, 야간 처리구에서는 27일로 대조구에 비해 각각 42.5%, 32.5% 배지온도 하강효과를 보였다. 전일 처리구의 파프리카 뿌리 활력과 수분 포텐셜은 야간 처리구보다 유의하게 높았다. 근권 냉방 처리의 첫 개화시기는 4-5일 앞당겨지고 착과수도 유의하게 증가하였다. 그러나 고온기 지상부가 고온(${\geq}30^{\circ}C$)으로 파프리카 착과는 늦어졌다. 이는 근권 냉방으로 배지 온도가 $1.8-5.0^{\circ}C$ 낮아졌으나, 고온기 파프리카 생육과 착과를 위해서는 근권 냉방뿐 아니라 지상부 온도를 낮추는 방식이 병행되어야 한다.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2002

This study attempts to grasp the correlation between the image of bridges and bridge landscapes with their surroundings during day and nighttime viewing, and to understand the psychological influence of nighttime lighting through quantitative analysis. In addition, it presents a design to construct bridges in order to increase viewers enjoyment of bridge landscapes lit at night. To attain this objective and contrive generalization of the results, this paper selects 8 of 9 bridges with lightings in Seoul and excludes bridges constructed by 2004. The criteria for selection of the viewpoints is that each must be within easy reach of bridges, and must allow viewers to recognize surrounding landscape details both in daylight and at night. As well, the pictures of bridges are taken in the terraced land by the riverside. The study selects 16 pictures, judged to be of similar quality and angle, to establish the conditions of luminosity, color, definition and angle. The results are as follows. First, viewers preferences of night landscapes are higher than day landscapes due to the effect of lighting. By day, viewers preferred bridges with various structures such as cable-stayed bridges and arch bridges more than simple bridges like girder bridges. Viewers also indicated preferences for lightings which feature a unique color and which are harmonized with their surroundings. Second, components representing the images of bridge landscape are classified into three types, 'beauty', 'system' and 'agreeableness'. Third, the factors affecting preference are the shape of bridge by day and lighting at night. Esthetic appeal is the most important factor in visual preference so each bridges own esthetic appeal and surroundings must be considered. Thus, a complete plan must be created which considers safety, beauty and the local surroundings. In addition, when the lighting of a bridge is selected, the design of the bridge landscape must consider various lighting schemes to harmonize the upper and lower parts of the structure. At this point, the study reveals the basic elements of bridge planning in order to increase appreciation of the bridge landscape.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Based on a literature review regarding shift work, it is recognized that it has an adverse effect on workers' health. Especially, the night shift rather than the day shift imposes severe disorders on workers, which are indicated to dyssomnia, maladaptation to social life, and health problems such as gastroenteric trouble, cardiovascular diseases and depression. As the shift work can be explainable by using workers' labor ability necessarily to maintain company business consistently, it does not consider biorhythm, active mass and health condition of workers Actually duration of shit work would deprive workers of fundamental life rights by causing physical and mental effects. As a result of reviewing previous case studies related to effect of work pattern (day shift and night shift) on workers' health, an incidence of physical diseases like dyssomnia, gastroenteric trouble, cardiovascular diseases and premature delivery was higher in shift workers than normal workers. Additionally the incidence of mental disorders such as busy brain, social isolation, depression and work stress was also higher in shift workers than normal workers. These adverse physical and mental problems were intensified to night shift workers compared to day shift workers. Considering current various reports and study results, it is recommended that the shift work, especially the night work pattern, should not apply to contemporary work situation for sustaining workers' health condition constantly.