• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.7
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• pp.983-991
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• 2017

This study was performed to update the National Standard Food Composition Table (NSFCT) published by Korea Rural Development Administration, especially focusing on vitamin $B_{12}$ for Korean pork. Total 7 primal and 22 retail fresh cuts of Korean pork were analyzed for vitamin $B_{12}$ and the applied immunoaffinity-HPLC was validated. Vitamin $B_{12}$ assay by immunoaffinity-HPLC obtained recoveries over 95% and coefficient variations of precision below about 10%, which met the limits required for validation acceptance. Limits of detection and quantification of immunoaffinity-HPLC were 0.01 and $0.33{\mu}g/100g$, respectively. Quality control chart showed that analysis performance was excellent during the entire of study. Vitamin $B_{12}$ contents of pork cuts significantly varied depending the types of primal and its retail cuts (p<0.05). Belly, Boston butt, rib cuts showed relatively high vitamin $B_{12}$ contents compared to other primal cuts. Vitamin $B_{12}$ content of pork retail cuts were also significantly different within the same primal cuts (p<0.05). Among 22 retail cuts, the highest vitamin $B_{12}$ was observed in Tosisal in belly primal part ($0.98{\mu}g/100g$) while both Aldeungsimsal in loin and Hongdukkaesal in hide leg were the lowest by $0.33{\mu}g/100g$. This study provides reliable vitamin $B_{12}$ data for the Korean pork fresh cuts through standard sampling, method validation and analytical quality control, which would be used for update of Korean NSFCT.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.180-188
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• 2006

This study was carried out to offer the raw data on the method of cultivation and ecological characteristic by systematical analysing habitat environment of Tulipa edulis that was expected as medicinal and ornamental resource. The habitat environment was that the altitude was 245 m, the aspect of south, the size of approximately $49\;m^2$, and there was analyzed that Tulipa edulis grew wild in the dryly sunny spot. The vascular plants were summarized as 62 taxa; 28 families, 59 genera, 50 species, 11 varieties and 1 forms, and the resource plants were classified that there were 23 taxa of ornamental plants(37.1%), 43 taxa of edible plants(69.4%), 34 taxa of medicinal plants(54.8%) and 29 taxa of others(46.8%). In the results of soil factors analysis, there showed that acidity was pH 4.9, organic matter content of 4.9%, available $P_{2}O_{5}$ of 3.6 mg/kg, exchangeable $K^+$ of $0.5\;cmol^{+}/kg$, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ of $3.0\;cmol^{+}/kg$, exchangeable $Mg^{2+}$ of $0.8\;cmol^{+}/kg$, cation exchange capacity(C.E.C) of $12.3\;cmol^{+}/kg$ and electrical conductivity(EC) of 0.3 dS/m. In the results of correlation analysis between soil factors, exchangeable $Ca^{2+}$ and C.E.C were highly correlative. The growth characteristics of Tulipa edulis were surveyed that height was 7.6 cm, leaf width of 0.6 cm, leaf length of 12.7 cm, flower width of 2.8 cm, peduncle of 5.4 cm and chlorophyll of $34.7\;{\mu}g\;mg^{-1}$. In the results of correlation analysis between growth characteristics, height and peduncle were highly correlative. In the results of correlation analysis between soil factors and growth characteristics, exchangeable $K^{+}$ and leaf length were high relativity but they were confirmed negative relation. In the results of growth model analysis, R-square of leaf width and exchangeable $K^{+}$ was some 86.4% and that of chlorophyll and exchangeable $K^{+}$ was some 83.7%.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.380-391
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• 2014

Plants as well as crops are damaged by a combination of the hot and dry winds that has been a major factor in the reduction of crop production. A means to protect them from damaging conditions is to consider a coating material. In this study, we established laboratory screening methods to find a coating material to protect a crop from rapid transpiration caused by various factors. In a test measuring the weight loss of kidney bean seedlings for 6 days, Avion treatments decreased its weight loss (P=0.05). Owing to long-time spend in completing this assay, we performed a more simple method using a cobalt chloride paper strip, which changes from blue to red colors under water condition. Beewax, guagum, paraffin liquid, soybean oil, and PE-635 gave a waterproofing effect above 37 and 43% at 0.5 and 1 h after treatment, respectively. However, these tested materials did not show significant waterproofing results at 2 h. Although the methods produced reasonable results, a screening method to obtain more objective data is needed. An alternative is to use an instrument that can detect the transpiration of crop leaves. In a preliminary test using barley leaves, a portable photosynthesis system showed transpiration inhibition of 2% soybean oil and 10 times-diluted Avion under field conditions. In another test using the leaves of maize seedlings and apricot tree, 2% liquid paraffin and plant oils such as apricot oil, linseed oil, olive oil, and soybean oil showed significant transpiration inhibition (P=0.05). Especially, paraffin liquid and soybean oil selected from above tests gave good transpiration inhibitory effects against rice at 2%. In addition, the mixture of 2% soybean oil and a spreader showed more elevated inhibition results comparing with soybean oil or the spreader alone indicating that the spreader may be attributed to more uniform diffusion of the hydrophobic material onto the leaf surface of maize seedlings. The hydrophobic material coated physically the stomata and cuticle layers on leaf surfaces of rice. These hydrophobic materials screened in this study are expected to be used as plant coating materials.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2013

The aim of this study was to examine the effectiveness of oral health promotion program in a group of 9~18-year-old children and adolescents living in four orphanages in Dong-gu, Daejeon. The program was based on oral disease prevention program including oral health education, fluoride application and scaling every six months. Oral health status of total 109 orphans was examined by one dentists who were trained in 2010 Korean National Oral Health Survey. Dental caries index, community periodontal index and modified patient hygiene performance index (M-PHP) were checked using dental unit chair. Child oral health impact profile (COHIP) and subjective oral health recognition survey were carried out. Compared with data of 2010 national sample, the mean of decayed, missing and filled teeth showed no difference between the subjects and test values, but the means of decayed teeth, decayed surface, toothbrushing frequency of the subjects showed to become worse with advancing years in spite of oral health promotion program. COHIP, subjective oral health status showed lower than test values, too. In M-PHP and Calculus index, the subjects showed better by periodic oral health education and scaling. We suggest that oral health promotion program for orphans include oral disease treatment program as well as preventive program to improve oral health of orphans efficiently. And, oral health promotion program has to be connected with psychological support for improving quality of life of orphans.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.501-507
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• 2017

The shortage of dental hygienists has been a long-standing problem in Korea. Small-scaled dental clinics suffer from a lack of dental hygienists, who seem to prefer working at large-scaled dental clinics. The purpose of this study was to confirm the differences in the working conditions according to the scales of dental clinics. We collected the working information registered via job advertisements through the web-sites of Korean Dental Hygienists Association, Dental Jobs, and Nurse Jobs from July to August 2016. The results were as follows: 96.7% of the advertisements wanted regular workers, while the proportion of part-time workers was the highest (34.8%) in the group with less than 3 employees. The average workdays per week was $5.32{\pm}0.55$ days, and the group with less than 3 employees had significantly longer workdays than the other groups. The daily working time was $8.99{\pm}0.44$ hours, and there was no difference among the groups. Night overtime hours were needed by 54.4%, 45.0%, and 31.3% of the groups with of the groups with 4~7 employees, more than 8 employees, and less than 3 employees, respectively. Information regarding annual leave (60.5%), monthly leave (63.9%), half a day off (32.4%) and vacations (43.1%) were presented in the job advertisements, and these proportions were significantly higher by the group with more than 8 employees. Information on overtime pay (14.4%), night-work pay (13.4%), incentives (34.1%), lunches (60.2%), vacation bonuses (33.8%), and self-development (20.4%) were presented in job advertisements. The group with 4~7 employees had significantly higher proportions in severance pay, vacation bonuses, self-development, and major national insurance. It is necessary to consider the improvement of working conditions, diversity of working styles, and welfare of dental hygienists, and it is suggested that small dental clinics provide more precise working conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.185-198
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• 2016

Korea has put in significant efforts to increase the number of wildlife crossings between fragmented habitats to prevent loss of biodiversity and to encourage the habitat connectivity in Korea. However, there is a lack of biological data on the effect of vegetation structure in these wildlife crossings and guidelines for design and management of wildlife crossing structures in Korea. Therefore, we selected ground beetle assemblages as model organisms to compare the effect of vegetation structure in wildlife crossings, i.e. bare ground- and shrub-type corridors, in agro-forested landscapes. For this study, 4,207 ground beetles belonging to 33 species were collected through pitfall trapping along the northern forest-corridor-southern forest transects from late April to early September in 2015. Dominant species, abundance, and species richness of ground beetles were significantly higher in the shrub-type corridors than the bare ground-type corridors. Also, the species composition of bare ground-type corridor was significantly different compared to the other habitats such as shrub-type corridor and forests. Similarly, environmental variables were also influenced by vegetation management regimes or trap locations. Collectively, our study clearly indicates that the movement of forest associated ground beetles between forest patches can increase as the vegetation in wildlife crossings becomes complex. Although further studies are needed to verify this, there are indications that the current wildlife crossings that comply with the guidelines may be unfriendly to the movement of ground dwelling arthropods as well as ground beetles. To enhance the ecological function of wildlife crossings, the guidelines need to be rectified as follows: 1) Shrubs or trees should be planted along the corridor verges to provide refuge or movement paths for small mammals and ground dwelling arthropods, and 2) Open spaces should be provided in the middle of the corridors to be used as a path for the movement of large mammals.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.474-484
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• 2015

This study aims at providing exercisable basic data for the management of protection areas in China by investigating into their legal system such as current laws, regulations, other relevant laws and international treaties and the management system such as history, classification, organization, personnel, funds and main management work.. In People's Republic of China (1954), several laws have been enacted in succession, such as Environment Law (1989), Regulations of Natural Reserves (1994) and Land Management Methods of Natural Reserves (1995). The development process of China's natural reserves is divided into the following five phases. In the initial phase (1956-1965), about 20 natural reserves were established; in the lag phase (1966-1978), a part of the natural reserves was destroyed under the influence of the Great Cultural Revolution; in the development phase (1979-1998), a normative legal system began to appear after the reform and opening up; in the leap phase (1999-2006), the number of natural reserves increased dramatically; in the stable phase ( 2007-present), the protection and restoration of the ecological environment have been implemented, and the supervision and management have been strengthened. China has established natural reserves of national, provincial, municipal and county levels according to the relevant laws. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves and natural relic reserves. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1,958 natural reserves which account for 74.2 % of the total natural reserves in China. In China, there are 1,384 natural reserves (52.4 %) for which management institutions have been set up. 1,702 natural reserves (64.47 %) are equipped with management staff, showing a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions. China has established natural reserves of national level, provincial level, municipal level and county level according to law. According to the resource categories, natural reserves can be divided into natural ecosystem reserves, wildlife reserves, and natural relic reserves. The Ministry of Forestry is in charge of 1,958 natural reserves which accounts for 74.2 % of the total natural reserves in China. In China, there are 1,384 natural reserves (52.4 %) which have set up management institutions. 1,702 natural reserves (64.47 %) are equipped with management staff with a higher ratio than the natural reserves which have set up management institutions.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.374-390
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• 2015

This study aimed to identify the insect diversity and forest in urban green space, which can determine the current status of the ecosystem and provide basic data and information required for conservation planning and sustainable use of the environment. For this study, we have surveyed insect diversity by habitat types in the botanic garden of Wonkwang University, Iksan, from September, 2010 to September, 2011. During the research period, a total of 209 species, 78 families and 10 orders were observed, including 10 exportable species, 1 species of Korean Red List, 2 climate-sensitive indicator species and 70 designated species. Among these taxonomic groups, Coleoptera (36.36 %) showed the highest diversity with 76 species, followed by Hemiptera (25.36 %) with 46 species, Diptera (11.48 %) with 24 species and Hymenoptera (7.66 %) with 16 species. As for the diversity by survey time, the largest number of species were observed in September 2010 (52 families, 105 species), followed by May 2011 (37 families, 87 species), July 2011 (50 families, 86 species), June 2011 (40 families, 80 species) and August 2011 (43 families, 73 species). Relatively low diversity was observed in September 2011 (38 families, 60 species), October 2010 (36 families, 52 species) and April 2011 (19 families, 29 species). As for the diversity by survey point, the highest diversity was observed in S4 (75 families, 186 species, 88.99 %), followed by S1 (41 families, 70 species, 33.49 %), S2 (41 families, 63 species, 30.14 %), and S3 (36 families, 59 species, 28.22 %). According to the community analysis, the survey area S4 (H'=3.344, RI=9.257) showed the highest numbers in diversity index (H') and richness index (RI) of insects and S1 (0.985) showed the highest species evenness index (EI). On the other hand, S3 showed the lowest numbers (H'=2.428, RI=4.307, EI=0.832) in every index. The insect fauna is closely associated with the plants and vegetation structure in the green space. Therefore, it is necessary to manage and maintain the urban green space to make it similar to the natural environment.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.121-129
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• 2020

This study investigated the change of benthic macroinvertebrates community due to erosion control dams installed in Wonju, Gangwon by comparing the data before and after a rainy season. It selected a closed-type erosion control dam (boulder stone), an open-type erosion control dam (buttress), and a control area and surveyed two upstream points and two downstream points four times between March and September 2019. The flow velocity mostly increased in the closed-type, open-type, and control areas but decreased in St. 3 after the rainy season. The number of benthic macroinvertebrates species and their populations mostly decreased after the rainy season, and the rate of decrease in the populations in the open-type and control areas were more similar than the closed-type area. Species and populations of the EPT groups mostly decreased after the rainy season. A result of the similarity analysis showed that the closed-type and open-type areas were separated by 38.4% with the control area before the rainy season, but the open-type and control areas were separated by 51.3% with the closed-type area after the rainy season. A result of the principal components analysis (PCA) based on axis 1 showed that the closed-type area had a positive value before and after the rainy season, and the open-type and control areas had a negative value before and after the rainy season. The open-type area was more correlated with the control area than the close type. The analysis of the EPT groups showed the distribution of Ephemeroptera in the closed-type area and Trichoptera in the open-type and control areas. The result of this study shows that the installation of erosion control dam can cause changes in benthic macroinvertebrates community and that the open-type area had a smaller difference community difference from the control area after the rainy season than the closed-type area.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.528-533
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• 2009

In the current study, the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) isolated and propagated from the human umbilical cord blood (UCB) were tested for their capabilities of differentiation into chondrocytes in vitro. The mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) collected from UCB were cultured in a low glucose DMEM medium with 10% FBS, L-glutamine and antibiotics. The human MSC colonies were positively stained by PAS reaction. When the immunophenotypes of surface antigens on the MSCs were analyzed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, these cells expressed positively MSC-related antigens of CD 29, CD44, CD 90 and CD105, whereas they did not express antigens of CD14, CD31, CD34, CD45, CD133 and HLA-DR. Following induction these MSCs into chondrocytes in the chondrogenic differentiation medium for 3 weeks or more, the cells were stained positively with safranin O. We clearly confirmed that human MSCs were successfully differentiated into chondrocytes by RT-PCR and immunofluorescent stain of type-II collagen protein. These data also indicate that the isolation, proliferation and differentiation of the hUCB-derived MSCs in vitro can be used for elucidating the mechanisms involved in chondrogenesis. Moreover this differentiation technique can be applied to developing cell-based tissue regeneration or repair damaged tissues.