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Floristic study of Mt. Seongdeok (Ganghwa-gun) in Korea (성덕산(강화군)의 관속식물상)

  • Jung-Hyun Kim;Sung-Ae Park
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.40 no.4
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    • pp.615-630
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    • 2022
  • This study was conducted to investigate the flora of Mt. Seongdeok (Ganghwa-gun) in Korea. From the results of nine field surveys from March 2020 to July 2022, a total of 445 total taxa, representing 397 species, nine subspecies, 35 varieties, two forms and two hybrids were identified, which were placed in 273 genera and 93 families. The plant formation of Mt. Seongdeok is a deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest, which is common in the middle part of the Korean Peninsula. Most of the mountain is covered by a young secondary forest, which is mainly composed of Quercus ssp. and Pinus ssp. Among them, five taxa were endemic to Korea, one taxon were endangered plant and two taxa were red list plants. The floristic target plants amounted to 27 taxa, specifically one taxon of grade V, four taxa of grade III, seven taxa of grade II, and 15 taxa of grade I. And 43 taxa were northern lineage plants. A total of 46 species of alien plants were identified, with a Naturalized Index of 10.3%, an Urbanization Index of 11.7%, and six plants that disturbed the ecosystem. Our results provide basic data on vascular plants flora, and plant diversity and distributional changes.

Application of the EIASS for Assessing Changes in Terrain Features in Development Initiatives: A Case Study in South Korea (환경영향평가정보지원시스템(EIASS)을 활용한 국내 주요 개발사업의 지형변화 검토)

  • Sujung Heo;Dong Kun Lee;Eunsub Kim
    • Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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    • v.32 no.6
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    • pp.407-418
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    • 2023
  • This study conducted an analysis of terrain change indicators in major development projects in Korea, examining the correlation between terrain change indicators to derive foundational terrain change metrics based on different land use and slope types. The aim is to contribute to sustainable development by enhancing the efficiency of land utilization and landscaping, while minimizing environmental impacts in future development endeavors. Additionally, to apply the research findings in practical contexts, domestic regulations related to terrain were surveyed, and the compatibility and usability between these regulations and research analysis results were discussed. Based on this, the study seeks to explore strategies for more accurate and useful utilization of terrain change indicators in future research. As a result, in the tourism development, terrain changes predominantly occur in the order of flat land, hillly land, and mountain land, with the analysis indicating higher terrain changes in undulating hilly and mountainous lands compared to flat land. Furthermore, in industrial complex development, very steep (20°-30°) and extreme (30°-40°) slopes; in urban development projects, steep slope (15°-20°); in athletic service facility and tourist development, steep (15°-20°) and very steep (20°-30°) exhibit higher average terrain change indicators compared to other slope categories. The findings of our study can contribute to the formulation of strategies aimed at minimizing terrain disturbance in future domestic development projects and serve as foundational data for environmental impact assessments.

Risk Assessment of Pine Tree Dieback in Uljin and Bonghwa (울진·봉화 일대 금강소나무 고사 피해 특성 분석)

  • Eun-Sook Kim;Kiwoong Lee
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.117-128
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    • 2023
  • Tree dieback in Geumgang pine forest has occurred in Uljin and Bonghwa since the 2010s. In order to identify status of tree dieback and prevent further damages, a monitoring project for tree dieback in Geumgang pine forest had been launched by Southern regional office of forest service in 2020. This study was conducted to understand the characteristics of tree dieback occurrence and assess the high risk areas using the occurrence data in the project. Pine tree dieback occurred frequently in areas with mountain ridges in high elevation, dry south-facing slopes, mature stands, and high temperature rise in winter. Furthermore, the result of risk assessment showed that 6.2 percent(5,294ha) of Geumgang pine forest(85,000 ha) in total study area are at high risk of tree dieback. As the pine trees in the high risk area are prone to experience the dieback due to temperature and drought-related extreme weather events, regular forest management activities are needed to reduce the drought stress of pine trees. Forest health management for the pine forest with high protection priority can be also useful strategy to counter the risk of decline. This results can be used as the basic information for the adaptive forest management to climate change.

Case study on application of discontinuity density as a characteristics factor of rock mass groundwater (암반지하수 특성 인자로서 불연속면 밀도 적용 사례 연구)

  • Ihm, Myeong Hyeok
    • The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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    • v.10 no.5
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    • pp.693-698
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    • 2024
  • As there are various types of discontinuities developing along with various rock types, the orientation and density of each type of discontinuities were measured to analyze the behavior of groundwater within the rock mass. Among the orientations of discontinuities, the strike was measured in azimuth and expressed as a discontinuity trajectory, and the density of discontinuities was quantified as the sum of the lengths of discontinuities developed per unit area. The overall discontinuity trajectory in the study area is predominantly in the northeast direction, the north-south and east-west directions are dominant in the igneous rock distribution area, and the east-west and northeast directions are dominant in the sedimentary rock distribution area. Among the types of discontinuities, they show discontinuity trajectories similar to the northeast direction, which is the dominant orientation of stratum boundaries, stratification, and foliation. The discontinuity density ranges from 0.1 m-1 to 1,000 m-1. The density distribution of discontinuities was expressed in the form of discontinuity contour diagrams. As a result, the crushed rock near Demiseam in the southern and southwestern part of the study area, the igneous rock area around Maryeong-myeon, the igneous rock area near Yongdam Dam in the northeast, and the igneous rock area near Unilam and Banilam in the northwest showed the highest density of discontinuities at over 100m-1., the sedimentary rock area near Maisan Mountain showed relatively low values. It suggests that the results of geophysical exploration and drilling survey data in the existing study area, as well as the geological structure and density and trajectory of discontinuities, may be important factors in the behavior of groundwater in rock mass in the future.

Assessing Landslide Risk in Relation to Rainfall Frequency and Duration under the SSP5-8.5 Climate Change Scenario (SSP5-8.5 기후변화 시나리오를 적용하여 강우재현빈도-강우지속시간에 따른 토사재해 위험도 변화 분석)

  • Man-Il Kim;Jang-Gyeong Kim;Young-Douk Joung;Kyeong-Su Kim
    • The Journal of Engineering Geology
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.459-471
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    • 2024
  • Landslide risk is influenced by internal factors such as terrain, geology, soil composition, and forest cover, and external factors such as rainfall and seismic activity. In particular, changes in rainfall patterns due to climate change and changes in terrain due to urban sprawl result in increased landslide risk, both directly and indirectly. This study analyzes internal factors that influence landslide risk using existing spatial data and examines changes in rainfall under the SSP5-8.5 climate change scenario. Rainfall intensity was evaluated across different frequencies and durations, and the landslide risk was assessed by applying rainfall infiltration models to mountain slopes. The analysis reveals that with increasing rainfall duration (1, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h) for an event with a recurrence interval of 10 yr rainfall intensity decreases. However, for shorter rainfall durations (1 h), the intensity increases with the event frequency (10, 20, 50, and 100 yr). Infiltration analysis further shows that with prolonged rainfall, the proportion of areas with a safety factor of 1.3 or higher decreases, thereby raising the landslide risk.

Estimation of Urban Heat Island Potential Based on Land Cover Type in Busan Using Landsat-7 ETM+ and AWS Data (Landsat-7 ETM+ 영상과 AWS 자료를 이용한 부산의 토지피복에 따른 여름철 도시열섬포텐셜 산출)

  • Ahn, Ji-Suk;Hwang, Jae-Dong;Park, Myung-Hee;Suh, Young-Sang
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.65-77
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    • 2012
  • This study examined changes in land cover for the past 25 years in Busan and subsequently evaluated heat island potential by using land surface temperature and observation temperature data. The results were as below. The urban area of Busan increased by more than 2.5 times for the past 25 years from 1975 to 2000. It was believed that an increase in the pavement area of city within such a short period of time was an unprecedented phenomenon unique to our country. It could be assumed that urban heat island would be worsened through this process. After analyzing the land temperature according to the land cover, it was shown that there were noticeable changes in the temperature of urban & built-up and mountain & forest areas. In particular, the temperature rose to 3639C3639C in industrial areas during the summer, whereas it went down to 2224C2224C in the urban areas at whose center there were mountains. It was found that heat island potential according to the level of land cover had various values depending on the conditions of land cover. Among the areas of urbanization, the industrial area's heat island potential is 6 to 8C8C, and the residential and commercial area's is 05C05C, so it has been found that there is high possibility to induce urban heat islands. Meanwhile, in the forest or agricultural area or the waterside, the heat island potential is 63C63C. With this study result, it is possible to evaluate the effects of temperature increase according to the urban land use, and it can be used as foundational data to improve urban thermal environment and plan eco-friendly urban development.

A Study on the Evaluative Models and Indicators for Diagnosis of Urban Visual Landscape - Focusing on Seoul City - (도시경관 진단을 위한 평가모델 및 지표개발 연구 - 서울시를 중심으로 -)

  • Kim, Seung-Ju;Im, Seung-Bin
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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    • v.37 no.1
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    • pp.78-86
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    • 2009
  • Recently, there seems to besome problems in the urban visual landscape as a result of continuous economic growth and industrial development. At the same time, the public has begun to be aware of the importance of visual resources, and the necessity for visual landscape conservation and improvement. Therefore, the development of evaluative indicators for systematic visual landscape planning and design is urgent. The purpose ofthis study is to discover evaluative models and indicators for the diagnosis of urban visual landscapes. This study included the selection of 18 physical indicators(statistical data) by literature reviews, adoption of field and questionnaire surveys at 12 autonomous districts in Seoul and surrounding major mountain valleys and river streams(i.e. Mt. Nam and Han-River). The content of the questionnaire is scenic beauty. Moreover, the linear regression analysis between the scenic beauty mean scores and the physical indicator scores figure out the scenic beauty prediction model. As this study suggests, the most important indicators in urban visual landscapes are 'Greens', 'Park' and 'the number of apartment buildings(higher than 20 stories).' Based on the results, greens and parks should be priority elements to considerin urban landscape planning and design. Moreover, since the number of apartment buildings that are higher than 20 stories has a negative correlation with the scenic beauty score, it can be used as basic data for landscape planning. For the scenic beauty prediction models and evaluative indicators suggest a direction of urban management, each indicator becomes basic data for visual landscape planning and design. In following studies, if physical indicators and case studies are added, the scenic beauty prediction models and evaluative indicators could be more synthetic and systematic. Moreover, the development of physical indicators in three dimensions(3D)(i.e. results from visual district analysis, view surface analysis) could be expected to obtain more general and varied results.

Potassium Availability and Physical Properties of Upland Soils (밭토양(土壤)의 물리성(物理性)과 가리(加里))

  • Yoo, S.H.
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.189-201
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    • 1977
  • Some of basic aspects of soil potassium with special reference to soil physical properties were discussed. Data in the Official Soil Series Description(Korea) was analyzed according to soil type, land form, and soil texture to find soil potassium status which may explain different response to potassium application. Exchangeable potassium contents decreased with soil depth irrespective of soil type, land form and soil texture. Change in degree of potassium saturation within soil profile was not so clear as exchangeable potassium but the degree of potassium saturation of A horizon was highest among soil horizon. Soils of terrace and mountain foot slope showed high values both in exchangeable potassium and degree of potassium sauration and only these two soils were classified as soils having exchangeable potassium higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil and degree of potassium saturation higher than 5.0%. Exchangeable potassium of fine loamy and fine clayey soils is higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil but degree of potassium saturation is lower than 4.0%. Degree of potassium saturation of sandy soils exceeds 5.0% but exchangeable potassium is very low. Soils of rolling, hilly, unmatured and alpine land soils have lower exchangeable potassium and show lower degree of potassium saturation. The highest distribution of exchangeable potassium content irrespective of soil horizons was shown in the range of 0.1-0.2 meq per 100g of soil. The highest distribution of degree of potassium saturation was in the range of 2.0-3.0% in A horizon and 1.0-2.0% in B and C horizons. Of the soil series concerned in this analysis, 27.3% in A horizon, 11.1% in B horizon and 4.0% in C horizon had exchangeable potassium higher than 0.3 meq per 100g of soil and 18.0% in A horizon, 6.3% in B horizon, and 4.1% in C horizon showed degree of potassium saturation higher than 5.0%. The low response of potassium application only to soils in terrace and mountain foot slope may be resulted from the high exchangeable potassium content and high degree of potassium saturation. It is concluded that a great response of potassium application to soils is expected especially in dry season.

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A Study on the Consideration of the Locations of Gyeongju Oksan Gugok and Landscape Interpretation - Focusing on the Arbor of Lee, Jung-Eom's "Oksan Gugok" - (경주 옥산구곡(玉山九曲)의 위치비정과 경관해석 연구 - 이정엄의 「옥산구곡가」를 중심으로 -)

  • Peng, Hong-Xu;Kang, Tai-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.26-36
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    • 2018
  • This study aims to examine the characteristics of landscape through the analysis of location and the landscape of Gugok while also conducting the empirical study through the literature review, field study, and digital analysis of the Okgung Gugok. Oksan Gugok is a set of songs set in Ogsan Creek(玉山川)or Jagyese Creek(紫溪川, 紫玉山), which flows in front of the Oksan Memorial Hall(李彦迪), which is dedicated to the Lee Eong-jeok (李彦迪). We first ascertained the location and configuration of Oksan Gogok. Second, we confirmed the accurate location of Oksan Gogok by utilizing the digital topographic map of Oksan Gogok which was submitted by Google Earth Pro and Geographic Information Center as well as the length of the longitude of the gravel measured by the Trimble Juno SB GPS. Through the study of the literature and the field investigation, The results of the study are as follows. First, Yi Eonjeok was not a direct composer of Oksan Gugok, nor did he produce "Oksan Gugokha(Music)". Lee Ia-sung(李野淳), the ninth Youngest Son of Tweo-Kye, Hwang Lee, visited the "Oksan Gugokha" in the spring of 1823(Sunjo 23), which was the 270th years after the reign of Yi Eonjeok. At this time, receiving the proposal of Ian Sung, Lee Jung-eom(李鼎儼), Lee Jung-gi(李鼎基), and Lee Jung-byeong(李鼎秉), the descendants of Ian Sung set up a song and created Oksan Gugok Music. And the Essay of Oksan Travel Companions writted by Lee Jung-gi turns out being a crucial data to describe the situation when setting up the Ok-San Gugok. Second, In the majority of cases, Gogok Forest is a forest managed by a Confucian Scholar, not run by ordinary people. The creation of "Oksan Bugok Music" can be regarded as an expression of pride that the descendants of Yi Eonjeok and Lee Hwang, and next generation of several Confucian scholars had inherited traditional Neo-Confucian. Third, Lee Jung-eom's "Oksan Donghaengki" contains a detailed description of the "Oksan Gugokha" process and the process of creating a song. Fourth, We examined the location of one to nine Oksan songs again. In particular, eight songs and nine songs were located at irregular intervals, and eight songs were identified as 360108.60N, 1290931.20E. Referring to the ancient kingdom of Taojam, the nine-stringed Sainam was unbiased as a lower rock where the two valleys of the East West congregate. The location was estimated at 360119.79N, 1290930.26E. Fifth, The landscape elements and landscapes presented in Lee Jung-eom's "Oksan Gugokha" were divided into form, semantic and climatic elements. As a result, Lee Jung-eom's Cho Young-gwan was able to see the ideal of mountain water and the feeling of being idle in nature as well as the sense of freedom. Sixth, After examining the appearance of the elements and the frequency of the appearance of the landscape, 'water' and 'mountain' were the absolute factors that emphasized the original curved environment at the mouth of Lee Jung-eom. Therefore, there was gugokga can gauge the fresh ideas(神仙思想)and retreat ever(隱居思想). This inherent harmony between the landscape as well as through the mulah any ideas that one with nature and meditation, Confucian tube.

A Study on the Compositional Characteristics of Water Systems and Landscapes in Traditional Chinese Seowons (중국 전통서원의 수체계와 수경관의 구성적 특성)

  • MA, Shuxiao;RHO, Jaehyun
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.55 no.3
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    • pp.74-100
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    • 2022
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of Chinese seowons and to obtain data based on the characteristics of waterscapes unique to Korean seowons. The conclusion of this study from the results of investigation and analysis of the location, water system, and design characteristics of 10 representative traditional seowons in China including Yuelu Seowon(嶽麓書院) conducted based on literature research and field observation is as follows. The water system of Chinese seowons is dualized into an inner and an outer water system, and in general, two and a maximum of three water bodies are superimposed on the outside. The locations of seowons are classified into five types: Four double-sided round water type sites, three converted face water type sites, one three-sided round water type site, a four-sided round water type, and a waterproofing type(依山傍水型). Therefore, compared to the typical Korean seowon facing water in the front and a mountain in the back(背山面水型), the Chinese seowons showed a highly hydrophilic property. The water shapes of the external water system were meandering(46.0%), mooring(36.0%), and broad and irregular(9.0%). In addition, water conception(水態) were streams(31.8%), rivers(27.3%), springs(13.6%), falls(9.1%), lakes(4.5%) and ponds(4.5%), in that order. As for waterscapes of the water system inside the seowon, there were seven in Akrok Seowon and four in Mansong Seowon, indicating a comparatively higher number of waterscapes. Since the 27 detailed waterscapes in 10 seowons that were the subject of the study were classified into six types including ponds and half-moon ponds, they appeared to be more diverse than the Korean seowon. It is noteworthy that in the interior waterscape of the traditional Chinese seowon, the ritualistic order, where at least one half-moon pond or square pond(方池) was arranged, is well displayed. In particular, the half-moon pond(伴池), which is difficult to find in Korean seowon, was found to be a representative waterscape element, accounting for 42.8%. If the square pond of Nanxi Seowon based on Zhu Xi's poem 「Gwanseoyugam(觀書有感)」 is also treated as a square-shaped half-moon pond, the proportion of half-moon ponds in the waterscape will be as high as 50%. The pond shapes consisted of 28% square, 24% each for free curve and round shape, 20% for semi-moon shape, and 3.8% for mountain stream type. This seems to differ greatly from the square-shaped Korean seowon. On the other hand, there were a total of 10 types of structures related to the waterscape inside the Chinese seowon: 11(26.8%) pavilion and bridge sites, five gate room sites(牌坊: 16.5%), four gate and tower sites(樓, 1.4%), two Jae sites(齋, 6.2%), and one site each(3.1%) of Heon(軒), Sa(祠), Dae(臺), and Gak(閣). In particular, the pavilions inside seowon were classified into three types: landscape pavilion(景觀亭 27.2%), tombstone pavilion(碑亭, 18.2%), and banquet pavilion(宴集亭, 54.5%). In general, it was confirmed that the half-moon pond with a pedestal bridge, and the pavilion were the major components with a high degree of connection that dominate the waterscape inside the Chinese seowon.