• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 2012

Purpose: Developmental delay is caused by very diverse etiologic diseases. Most chronic disorders has some influence on development. Chronic or acute disorders of CNS are main etiologic diseases of developmental delay. Up to now, over 60 diseases are included in organic acidopathies and most of them causes acute or chronic recurrent CNS damage and developmental delay. We have done this study to find out the importance of organic acidopathies causing developmental delay in Korean childhood and adolescent patients. Method: Retrograde analysis for 738 patients with developmental delay whose clinical informations are available and have done urine organic acid analysis for 5 years period, between Jan. 1st 2007 to Dec. 31th 2011. Statistical analysis was done with Student's t test using SPSS. Result: Out of 738 patients, 340 patients (46.1%) showed abnormalities on urine organic acid analysis. The most frequent disease was mitochondrial respiratory chain disorders (MRCD) (253, 34.3%), followed by ketolytic defects(39, 5.3%), 3-hydroxyisobutyric aciduria (26, 3.5%), glutaric aciduria type II (8, 1.1%), pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (3, 0.4%), 3-methylglutaric aciduria (2, 0.3%), glutaric aciduria type I (2, 0.3%), ethylmalonic aciduria (1, 0.15%), methylmalonic aciduria (1, 0.15%), HMG-CoA lyase deficiency (1, 0.15%), 3-methylcrotonylglycinuria (1, 0.15%), fatty acid oxidation disorders(1, 0.15%) and FAOD (1, 0.15%). Conclusion: Mitochondrial disorders are most frequent etiologic disease on all age group, followed by ketolytic defects and various organic acidopathies. The number and diversities of organic acidopathies emphasize meticulous evaluation of basic routine laboratory examinations and organic acid analysis with initial sample on every developmental patient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1104-1111
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• 2009

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Sikhe made by medicinal herb on the functional level of liver. Water extract I (12.9% W/W) and II (25.8% W/W) were obtained from medicinal materials: Caragana Sinica, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Atractylodes rhizoma alba, Atractylodes rhizoma alba, Crataegus pinnatifida, Paeonia lactiflora Pasll., Hordeum vulgare Linne, Oryza sativa Linne, ginger, peer and jujube. Experimental groups were divided into the control diet group (C), high fat diet group (HF), high fat diet treated with 5% extract I group (HFE I ) and high fat diet treated with 5% extract II group (HFE II). In sensory evaluation, overall quality scores associated with color, aroma, flavor and taste were significantly higher in water extract II than in water extract 1. After investigating functional and lipid levels of livers in rats, we found that the administration of water extract I or water extract II to the high fat diet group (HF) did not affect the gain of body weight but mildly reduced GOT or GPT activity in the high diet group. Moreover, administration of these medicinal herbal extracts significantly decreased the levels of total lipid, triglyceride and total cholesterol in the high fat diet group (HF). However, administration of these medicinal herbal extracts did not affect the level of phospholipid. In conclusion, as Sikhe made by medicinal herb slightly decreased the activity of GOT or GPT and amount of lipid in liver, prevention against high fat diet is thought to be important for liver protection.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.70-82
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• 1994

Present study was to evaluate the validity and the clinical utility of the Korean version of Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery for Children(LNNB-C) in various groups including normal, brain damaged attention deficit hyperactivity disordered(ADHD), and psychiatrically disordered. The Korean version of LNNB-C and BGT were administered to clinical groups consisted of 51 patients(19 brain damaged, 16 ADHD. and 16 psychiatric controls), and to normal group composed of 147 children between the age of 8 and It Also KEDI-WISC was administered D clinical groups as a part of comprehensive psychological assessment There were significant differences between the brain damaged and the normals on all scales of LNNB-C, and between the normals and the ADHD on 11 clinical scales and 3 summary scales, which indicate the clinical validity for the scales of the Korean version of LNNB-C. The significant differences between the ADHD and the brain damaged on 3 summary scales were found, suggesting that the summary scales might play an important role id discriminating between two groups. Multiple discriminant analysis showed that the Korean version of LNNB-C significantly discriminates 3 groups - normals, ADHD, and brain damaged. Percentages of correct classification were ranged from 62.5% in the ADHD to 98.6Ta in the normals. For further evaluating the discriminant validity of the LNNB-C, the discriminant power of each items were calculated, and 131 of the 147 items discriminated significantly between the brain damaged and the normals. The scales of LNNB-C significantly correlated with the error scores of BGT and the most of scales of KEDI-WISC. These results put together : strongly support the concurrent and the discriminant validity of the Korean version of LNNB-C in diagnosing brain damage. The limitations of present study and several issues for the luther study were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1304-1308
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• 2006

The present study describes the preliminary evaluation of the antioxidant activity and the cytotoxic effect of Ceramium kondoi. The antioxidant activities and cytotoxic effect of the water extracts were evaluated by total phenolic contents (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity (RSA), reducing power (RP), comet assay, and MTT reduction assay. TPC, DPPH RSA, and RP of the extract at the concentration of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ was $659.2{\mu}M$, 86.0%, and 1.084, respectively, and those were concentration dependent. The $200{\mu}M\;H_2O_2-induced$DNA damage was inhibited by C. kondoi water extract in a dose dependent manner in human leukocytes. The inhibition was by 62.3, 39.8, 24.8% and 16.4% at the concentration of 5, 10, $25{\mu}g/mL$ and $50{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Cytotoxic activity on HT-29 cells and MCF-7 cells of the C. kondoi water extract at the concentration of $10{\mu}g/mL$ was 49% and 60%, respectively. These results strongly support the possibility of C. kondoi as a source of natural functional materials.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.375-395
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• 2006

Purpose: Lingual nerve (LN) damage may be caused by either tumor resection or injury such as wisdom tooth extraction, Although autologous nerve graft is sometimes used to repair the damaged nerve, it has the disadvantage of necessity of another operation for nerve harvesting. Moreover, the results of nerve grafting is not satisfactory. The nerve growth factor (NGF) is well-known to play a critical role in peripheral nerve regeneration and its local delivery to the injured nerve has been continuously tried to enhance nerve regeneration. However, its application has limitations like repeated administration due to short half life of 30 minutes and an in vivo delivery model must allow for direct and local delivery. The aim of this study was to construct a well-functioning $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus for the ultimate development of improved method to promote peripheral nerve regeneration with enhanced and extended secretion of hNGF from the injured nerve by injecting $rhNGF-{\beta}$ gene directly into crush-injured LN in rat model. Materials and Methods: $hNGF-{\beta}$ gene was prepared from fetal brain cDNA library and cloned into E1/E3 deleted adenoviral vector which contains green fluorescence protein (GFP) gene as a reporter. After large scale production and purification of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, transfection efficiency and its expression at various cells (primary cultured Schwann cells, HEK293 cells, Schwann cell lines, NIH3T3 and CRH cells) were evaluated by fluorescent microscopy, RT-PCR, ELISA, immunocytochemistry. Furthermore, the function of rhNGF-beta, which was secreted from various cells infected with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, was evaluated using neuritogenesis of PC-12 cells. For in vivo evaluation of efficacy of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus, the LNs of 8-week old rats were exposed and crush-injured with a small hemostat for 10 seconds. After the injury, $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus($2{\mu}l,\;1.5{\times}10^{11}pfu$) or saline was administered into the crushed site in the experimental (n=24) and the control group (n=24), respectively. Sham operation of another group of rats (n=9) was performed without administration of either saline or adenovirus. The taste recovery and the change of fungiform papilla were studied at 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks. Each of the 6 animals was tested with different solutions (0.1M NaCl, 0.1M sucrose, 0.01M QHCl, or 0.01M HCl) by two-bottle test paradigm and the number of papilla was counted using SEM picture of tongue dorsum. LN was explored at the same interval as taste study and evaluated electro-physiologically (peak voltage and nerve conduction velocity) and histomorphometrically (axon count, myelin thickness). Results: The recombinant adenovirus vector carrying $rhNGF-{\beta}$ was constructed and confirmed by restriction endonuclease analysis and DNA sequence analysis. GFP expression was observed in 90% of $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells compared with uninfected cells. Total mRNA isolated from $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected cells showed strong RT-PCR band, however uninfected or LacZ recombinant adenovirus infected cells did not. NGF quantification by ELISA showed a maximal release of $18865.4{\pm}310.9pg/ml$ NGF at the 4th day and stably continued till 14 days by $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cells. PC-12 cells exposed to media with $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus infected Schwann cell revealed at the same level of neurite-extension as the commercial NGF did. $rhNGF-{\beta}$ adenovirus injected experimental groups in comparison to the control group exhibited different taste preference ratio. Salty, sweet and sour taste preference ratio were significantly different after 2 weeks from the beginning of the experiment, which were similar to the sham group, but not to the control group.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.269-278
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• 2012

Aquaplast Thermoplastic (AT) is a tissue-equivalent oral compensator that has been developed to improve dose uniformity at the common boundary and around the treated area during radiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. In order to assess the usefulness of AT, the degree of improvement in dose distribution and physical properties were compared to those of oral compensators made using paraffin, alginate, and putty, which are materials conventionally used in dental imprinting. To assess the physical properties, strength evaluations (compression and drop evaluations) and natural deformation evaluations (volume change over time) were performed; a Gafchromic EBT2 film and a glass dosimeter inserted into a developed phantom for dose verification were used to measure the common boundary dose and the beam profile to assess the dose delivery. When the natural deformation of the oral compensators was assessed over a two-month period, alginate exhibited a maximum of 80% change in volume from moisture evaporation, while the remaining tissue-equivalent properties, including those of AT, showed a change in volume that was less than 3%. In a free-fall test at a height of 1.5 m (repeated 5 times as a strength evaluation), paraffin was easily damaged by the impact, but AT exhibited no damage from the fall. In compressive strength testing, AT was not destroyed even at 8 times the force needed for paraffin. In dose verification using a glass dosimeter, the results showed that in a single test, the tissue-equivalent (about 80 Hounsfield Units [HU]) AT delivered about 4.9% lower surface dose in terms of delivery of an output coefficient (monitor unit), which was 4% lower than putty and exhibited a value of about 1,000 HU or higher during a dose delivery of the same formulation. In addition, when the incident direction of the beam was used as a reference, the uniformity of the dose, as assessed from the beam profile at the boundary after passing through the oral compensators, was 11.41, 3.98, and 4.30 for air, AT, and putty, respectively. The AT oral compensator had a higher strength and lower probability of material transformation than the oral compensators conventionally used as a tissue-equivalent material, and a uniform dose distribution was successfully formed at the boundary and surrounding area including the mouth. It was also possible to deliver a uniformly formulated dose and reduce the skin dose delivery.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.395-408
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• 2011

The study which it sees exclusions the copper and the zinc which contain in pig sludge, It study pig sludge resources fertilizer production which are rational, pig sludge resources fertilizers after seeding, silage corn it investigates growth characteristics and forage value, the result which investigates pig sludge resources fertilizers effectiveness with afterwards is same. With fertilizer ingredients in pig sludge chemical qualities, the content of the nitrogen and the phosphoric acid comes 4.4% to be 6.29%, pH 7.02 and content of the copper and the zinc which is a heavy metal which contains in pig sludge with 805 mg/kg and 1,704 mg/kg, it is a restrictive standard of the fertilizer, 300 mg/kg and 900 mg/kg it sees to be high, it manufactures citric acid 1 hydrate with the organic acid solution, heavy metals of pig sludge where it is a mixture ratio of the organic acid solution, it divides to 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% 4 kind levels, the result which measures the heavy metal exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc, the mixture ratio of the organic acid solution to be many exclusion ratio of the copper and the zinc is showing a just interrelation, from organic acid solution 100% level content of pig sludge remains copper and zinc 330.03 mg/kg and 41.28 mg/kg, it shows the exclusion ratio of copper 59% zinc 97%. 'Cheonganok' growth characteristics with citric acid 1 hydrate, Treatment 2 and control growth characteristics etc, it exclusion the copper and the zinc it doesn't appear on significant difference statistically but, treatment 3 after only pig sludge in resources disposal where it seeding, growth characteristics of leaf area etc. is badness, it compares in control and treatment 2 the growth characteristics badness, it is appearing, it is caused by with disease and insects occurrence of $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ and brown spot, the damage was many. From forage value, Treatment 2 where it exclusion the heavy metal with the citric acid 1 hydrate with control it compares and there are not significant difference from crude protein and ADF and NDF contents etc., seeding only Pig Sludge in resources disposal treatment 3, it is caused by with $Ostrinia$ $furnacalis$ etc., trunk and aging of the leaf to be high ADF content is low. but from crude protein, the nitrogen ingredient which pig sludge has and interrelation it seemed and high numerical value were confirmed.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

In this study the nanofiltration (NF) membrane treatment of a nitric acid waste solutions containing $Pb^{+2}$ heavy metal ion discharging from the etching processes of an electronics and semiconductors industry has been studied for the purpose of recycling of nitric acid etching solutions. Three kinds of NF membranes (General Electric Co. Duraslick NF-4040 membrane, Dow Co. Filmtec LP-4040 membrane and Koch Co. SelRO MPS-34 4040 membrane) were tested for their separation efficiency (total rejection) of $Pb^{+2}$ ion and membrane stability in nitric acid solution. NF experiments were carried out with a dead-end membrane filtration laboratory system. The membrane permeate flux was increased with the increasing storage time in nitric acid solution and lowering pH of acid solution because of the enhancing of NF membrane damage by nitric acid. The membrane stability in nitric acid solution was more superior in the order of Filmtec LP-4040 < Duraslick NF-4040 < SelRO MPS-34 4040 membrane. The total rejection of Pb+2 ion was decreased with the increasing storage time in nitric acid solution and lowering the pH of acid solution. The total rejection of $Pb^{+2}$ ion after 4 months NF treatment was decreased from 95% initial value to 20% in the case of Duraslick NF-4040 membrane, from 85% initial value to 65% in the case of SelRO MPS-34 4040 membrane and from 90% initial value to 10% in the case of Filmtec LP-4040 membrane. These results showed that SelRO MPS-34 4040 NF membrane was more suitable for the treatment of an acidic etching waste solutions containing heavy metal ions.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.21-25
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• 2008

This study was conducted to decide disease incidence level of rice leaf blast required for reasonable fungicide application in paddy field. We induced the disease development by inoculating rice blast pathogens on rice seedlings (Jinmibyeo) in the greenhouse and transplanting the infected seedlings in the field two weeks after rice plants were transplanted. We scored the disease incidence, grouped and marked according to degree of percentage of diseased leaf area at maximum stage of disease development. The percent diseased leaf area (PDLA) had negative correlations with panicle number per hill, ripened grain (%), and total yield; their correlation coefficients (r), $-0.97^{**}$, $-1.00^{**}$ and $-0.96^{**}$, respectively. However, it had positive correlations with spikelets per panicle and thousand grain weight; their correlation coefficients (r), $0.98^{**}$ and $0.98^{**}$, respectively. Gain threshold (GT) calculated based on control cost and market price was estimated to be 8.35. Economic injury level (EIL) obtained based on GT and coefficient of damage of regression equation between disease incidence and the different yield components; panicle number per hill, spikelets per panical, ripened grain(%), thousand grain weight and yield were 41.8, 9.7, 19.1, 291.1 and 3.4%, respectively. Economic threshold (ET) for yield was 2.7% ($3.4%(EIL){\times}0.8$) on PDLA. These results suggest that application of fungicide is necessary when two under leaves are almost covered with lesions or contained more than twenty large lesions under leaves at maximum tillering stage.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.357-372
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• 2011

We carried out the experiment to select the suitable sprout soybean varieties for environment-friendly cultivation in paddy field of southern part area, compares of excess moisture injury degree and yield ability among 29 sprout soybean varieties. Plant growth of sprout soybean was generally low in beginning and recovered after flowering due to rainfall. In paddy field cultivation, number of pod per individual and number of seed per individual were less in difference than upland cultivation, and maturing date was delayed 5-14 days than upland cultivation in most species. When environment-friendly cultivation, pest injury was not caused major problem for the growth during the vegetative period of soybean due to ground spider as natural enemy to insect pest. However, damage of stink bugs showed severe during grain filling period, and Dawonkong, Anpyeongkong, Dachaekong and Wonhwangkong showed susceptible to sting bug. SMV infection was weak and showed some necrosis symptoms in Sokangkong, but black root rot was not infected at all. Bacterial pustule began to be infected slowly from pod enlargement stage in most species, displayed severe symptoms in Dawonkong, Pungsannamulkong, Seonamkong and Sobaeknamulkong. The symptoms of pod anthracnose, pod blight and purple spot were greatly appeared after flowering. Disease resistance varieties was Paldokong, Kwangankong, Doremikong, Somyeongkong, Pungsannamulkong, Iksa-namulkong, Seonamkong, Sojinkong, Pureunkong, Bosugkong, Namhaekong and Sorokkong. Lodging index showed 3 in Saebyeolkong, and other species displayed slight lodging in 0-3 degree. 100-seed weight is 9.8-17.2g extent and increased 0.1-3.7g than upland cultivation in most species, but decreased in some species. Government purchase standard, species correspond to small-seed-size namulkong (Sizing screen diameter 4.0-5.6 mm) was Dawonkong, Dachaekong, Bosugkong, Seonamkong, Sokangkong, Hannamkong, Somyeongkong and Wonhwangkong. Species which seed yield was higher than Pungsannamulkong (266kg/10a) were Sorokkong, Hannamkong, Bosugkong and Sowonkong. Considering sprout soybean species, disease endurance, insect resistance, lodging resistance, 100-seed weight, yield ability and excess moisture tolerances synthetically, Seonamkong, Hannamkong, Doremikong, Bosugkong, Pungwonkong, Kwangankong, Sowonkong, Dagikong, Paldokong, Eunhakong and Pungsannamulkong were promising for environment-friendly cultivation in paddy field.