• 식물병연구
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.324-330
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• 2004

2003년 1윌부터 5월까지 경상남도 부림면 신반리의 결구상추 재배 플라스틱 하우스에서 자연발병된 균핵병의 발병율를 조사한 결과, 5.7%${\sim}$39.0%로서 평균 21.9%였다. 병든 밑둥부위에서 분리하여 병원성이 가장 강한 것으로 확인된 YR-1 균주를 형태 및 배양적 특성 등을 조사하여 기존의 보고와 비교한 결과 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum로 동정되었으며, S. sclerotiorum YR-1으로 명명하였다. YR-1 균주의 병원성 검정을 위하여 균사조각 부유액을 접종원으로하여 접종원의 최적 처리량과 최적 농도를 선발한 결과, 50%에 가까운 발병도를 보인 $A_{550}$=0.4와 0.6농도의 균사조각 부유액 40 ml로 선발하였다. 균사조각 부유액으로 병원성 검정 결과, 결구상추 재배 농가에서 자연발병된 병징과 동일한 병징이 나타났다.

• 대기
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.359-370
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• 2017

In this study, the oceanic Total Precipitable Water (TPW) retrieval algorithm at 16 km altitude of High Altitude Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (HALE UAV) is described. Empirical equation based on Wentz method (1995) that uses the 18.7 and 22.235 GHz channels is developed using the simulated brightness temperature and SeeBor training dataset. To do radiative simulation, Satellite Data Simulator Unit (SDSU) Radiative Transfer Model (RTM) is used. The data of 60% (523) and 40% (349) in the SeeBor training dataset are used to develop and validate the TPW retrieval algorithm, respectively. The range of coefficients for the TPW retrieval at the altitude of 3~18 km with 3 km interval were 153.69~199.87 (${\alpha}$), 54.330~58.468 (${\beta}$), and 84.519~93.484 (${\gamma}$). The bias and RMSE at each altitude were found to be about $-0.81kg\;m^{-2}$ and $2.17kg\;m^{-2}$, respectively. Correlation coefficients were more than 0.9. Radiosonde observation has been generally operated over land. To validate the accuracy of the oceanic TPW retrieval algorithm, observation data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) Gisang 1 research vessel about six clear sky cases representing spring, autumn, and summer season is used. Difference between retrieved and observed TPW at 16 km altitude were in the range of $0.53{\sim}1.87kg\;m^{-2}$, which is reasonable for most applications. Difference in TPW between retrieval and observation at each altitude (3~15 km) is also presented. Differences of TPW at altitudes more than 6 km were $0.3{\sim}1.9kg\;m^{-2}$. Retrieved TPW at 3 km altitude was smaller than upper level with a difference of $-0.25{\sim}0.75kg\;m^{-2}$ compared to the observed TPW.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.330-338
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• 1997

위암발증 원인을 밝히기 위하여 농촌지역 일반 주민들의 Helicobater pylori의 감염율과 생활습관 및 영양섭취 실태와의 상관관계를 검토하기 위하여 강원도 춘천시 인근 농촌 지역 주민들을 조사하였다. 조사 대상자는 40대 이상인 지역 주민 183명으로 남자 81명, 여자 102명에 대하여 설문조사와 식사량 조사, 혈액 생화학적 분석 및 혈청 ELISA법에 의한 Helicobater pylori의 감염 정도를 분석하였다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 조사 대상자의 학력은 74.3%가 국졸이하였고, 월수입은 80.3%가 100만원 이하였다. 2. 조사 대상자의 직업은 75.3%가 농업에 종사하였으며, 가족형태는 62.8%가 핵가족이었다. 3. 출산 자녀수는 75.9%가 2명에서 5명의 자녀를 출산하였고, 음주자는 46.4%이며 매일 술을 마시는 사람이 12%였다. 흡연자는 21.9%였으며, 비흡연자는 78.1%였다. 4. 평균신장은 157.4cm였고 여자의 평균 신장은 151.9cm, 남자의 평균 신장은 164.4cm였고 남녀간에 유의차가 있었다(p<0.001). 5. Helicobater pylori의 감염율은 총 조사 대상자 중 64.5%였으며, 남자가 65.4%, 여자가 63.7%였다. 감염율은 흡연자, 학력 수준이 낮을수록, 월수입이 적을수록, 출산 자녀수가 많을수록, 50대의 연령에서 많은 것으로 나타났다. 6. Helicobater pylori의 감염 음성자와 양성자간의 영양소 섭취실태를 보면 음성자가 에너지, 총지질(p<0.05), 동물성 지질(p<0.05), 철분 섭취량(p<0.001), 비타민 A의 섭취량(p<0.01), 비타민 C 섭취량(p<0.05)에 있어서 유의적으로 높은 섭취량을 나타내었다. 그러나 칼슘 섭취량은 음성인자가 낮았다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.330-337
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• 2003

The effect of sixteen excipients on the transport of recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) across Caco-2 cell monolayers was examined at $37^{\circ}C$. The apparent apical to basolateral (A-B) permeability ($P_{app}$) of 30 $\mu$ M rhEGF was $8.15\times 10^{-7}$ cm/sec, indicative of a poor level of absorption in the GI tract. The Papp was 1.7- and 6.3-fold greater than the $P_{app}$ in the basolateral to apical (B-A) direction and the A-B permeability of mannitol, respectively, and decreased dramatically to a negligible level at $4^{\circ}C$, consistent with a receptor mediated transcytosis of rhEGF. The stability of rhEGF was very poor, undergoing more than 85% degradation in 2 h in the transport medium at $37^{\circ}C$. A significant increase in the $P_{app}$ could be achieved by the addition of certain excipients, as exemplified by 23, 21, 20 and 16-fold increases, in the presence of sodium taurochenodeoxycholate (NaTCDC), sodium taurodeoxycholate (NaTDC), sodium glycodeoxycholate (NaGDC) and sodium laurylsulfate (SLS) (all at a concentration of 1 % w/v), respectively. A significant increase in stability could also be achieved by the addition of some of the excipients, as represented by 1 % SLS, which nearly completely stabilized the rhEGF. Unfortunately, however, an increase in the $P_{app}$ of rhEGF could not be achieved without a simultaneous and extensive decrease in the integrity of the cell membranes. Thus, more efficient excipients, that specifically enhance the permeation of rhEGF and do not alter the membrane integrity, should be pursued in order to safely enhance the permeation of rhEGF.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.330-341
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• 2004

Parental smoking status and smoking environment do not only affect children's health through exposure to nicotine, but are also related to children's smoking attitude, intention and knowledge of smoking. Since this study was conducted to examine a relationship between family members smoking and smoking attitude, intention and knowledge of their children, little is known about psychosocial factors influencing smoking among Korean preschool children. This study aimed to determine the psychosocial factors (sociodemographic factors, education for smoking cigarette, knowledge about smoke cigarette) influencing smoking attitude and smoking intention, with a purpose of providing directions for future education programs for Korean preschool children. A cross sectional sample of 840 children, ages 4-7 years, living in a rural district were interviewed during August 6 - November 14, 2003. Among them, 834 children whose missing data were less than $10\%$ were included the analysis. The independent variables included sociodemographic characteristics and education for smoking cigarette, while the dependent variables were knowledge about smoking, the children's smoking attitude and their intention of smoking. The data on sociodemographic characteristics were analyzed using descriptive statistics including frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation. The correlations between the independent variables and attitude and intention of smoking were analyzed using chi-square test, t-test, and logistic regression. The results of this study were s follows. The factors that were found to be significantly correlated to smoking attitude include mother's smoking $(x^2=4.86,\;p=.03)$, grandmother's smoking $(x^2=5.56,\;p=.02)$, and knowledge of smoking cigarette $(x^2=-5.13 p<.01)$. The factors that were significantly correlated to the intention of smoking include gender $(x^2=.08,\; p=.02)$, education for smoking$(x^2=17.65,\;p<.01)$, mother's smoking $(x^2=19.05,\; p<.01)$, grandmother's smoking $(x^2=17.67,\; p<.01)$, and knowledge$(x^2=-2.17,\;p=.03)$. The children who had non smoking mother were more likely to have negative attitude (OR=2.29). The children who had a higher knowledge about smoking were more likely to have negative attitude (OR=1.58). The findings suggest that a smoking prevention program specific for preschool children is necessary to prevent early onset of smoking. The findings also suggest that the program should involve children's family members who influence their smoking attitude and intention.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.318-330
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• 1996

We had been investigated the effect of ear acupuncture in alcoholics, but in Kang won do province never we have been investigated. so then in Sangji university oriental hospital from Mar. 1. 1995 to Feb. 28. 1996. we clinically analized 102 alcoholics treated The results were summarized as follow: 1. In Age distribution, 40s were the top as 28.4% and next 30s, 50s, 60s 70s, below 3Os. In Sex distribution, these were 92 person in male, 10 person in female. 2. Marrige Status revealed in descending order ; married, single, divorced Sibling order distribution in descending order; eldest son, middle son, youngest son, only son 3. Distribution of education in descending order ; high school, middle school, primary school, collage and graduate school, illiterate 4. Distribution of occupation in descending order; farmer, labor, merchent, salaried and inoccupation, service 5. Distribution of religion in descending order ; none, buddism, protestantism, catholicism 6. Distribution of family history of alcoholism; yes(24.5%), no(69.6%) 7. Distribution of onset of drinking in descending order ; 20s, below 20s, 30s and 40s, 50s 8. Distribution of duration of drinking in descending order ; 20-29 years, 10-19 and below years, 40-49 years, 30-39 years 9. Distribution of the reason of drinking in descending order ; habbit, business and reduce of stress, no reason, syndrome of stop drinking 10. Distribution of frequency of drinking in descending order ; daily, four or five times a week, irregularly, once a week, two or three times a week 11. Distribution of amount of drinking in descending order ; two bottles, one bottle, three bottles, half, bottle above four bottles 12. Distribution of Chief Complaint of Alcohol in descending order ; no appetite and anorexia, diarrhrea insomnia, fatigue, vomitting, tremor, drinking water, hallucination, abdominal pain, constipation 13. Distribution of total MAST score in descending order ; 26-48 score, 13-18 score, 19-25 score, 8-12 score, 0-7 score 14. In the treatment effects according to MAST score, these were complete stop drinking 18.0%, improved 53.0%, unchanged 29.0%. 15. Distribution of liver function test and treatment effects in descending order ; ALAT, ASAT, GGTP, Trigliceride, Alk-phosphatase and Total bilirubin The treatment effects in ear acupuncture were 70.5% effective ones ; stop drinking 17.6%, improved 52.9%. 17. These were headache, nausea, vomitting sense, weakness in revealing symtoms after treatment, but no severe side effect. 18. Distribution of the times of onset in the change of taste in descending order; 3-5 times, below 2 times and above 6 times.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.322-330
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• 2013

본 연구는 치과위생사의 비판적 사고성향, 직무만족도, 임상적 의사결정능력을 알아보고, 변인간의 관계를 규명하여 치과위생사 교육 전략 수립의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 한다. 대상자의 대부분은 평균연령 30.6세, 여성, 전문대학졸업, 7년 이상 경력, 치과의원에 근무하는 것으로 나타났다. 비판적 사고성향에서 진실추구 3.36점, 성숙 3.00점으로 나타났다. 임상적 의사결정능력에서는 가치와 목표에 대한 검토가 3.39점, 대안과 선택에 대한 조사가 3.10점으로 나타났다. 직무만족에서 전문적 위치 3.20점, 보수 및 승지에서 2.84점으로 나타났다. 비판적 성향에서는 종교, 학력, 총 근무경력, 근무현장에서 통계학적으로 유의한 차이가 있었으며, 임상적 의사결정능력에서는 종교와 학력에서 유의한 차이가 있었고, 직무만족에서는 종교, 학력, 총 근무경력, 근무현장에서 그룹간의 유의한 차이가 있었다. 비판적 사고성향은 임상적 의사결정능력 및 직무만족도에서 정적인 상관관계를 나타났다. 임상적 의사결정능력은 직무만족도에서 정적인 상관관계를 나타냈다. 본 연구결과를 통해 비판적 사고성향과 임상적 의사결정능력과 직무만족도간에 유의한 상관관계를 보여주므로, 학부 교육 과정에서부터 비판적 사고성향과 임상적 의사결정 능력과 직무만족을 향상시킬 수 있는 내용을 포함시키고, 임상현장에 있는 치과위생사를 위한 지속적인 추가 실무교육을 실시해야 한다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제53권3호
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• pp.244-257
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• 2020

국보 제331호 창덕궁 이문원 측우대는 제작 연대를 알 수 있어 문화유산으로서 가치가 높다. 그러나 국가지정 측우대에 대한 과학적 조사는 부족한 실정이며, 보다 정밀한 분석과 보존과학적 고찰이 요구된다. 따라서 문화재의 특성을 고려하여 정밀 육안 관찰을 통한 암석기재적 특징 조사, 휴대용 X-선 형광 분석, 전암대자율, 감마스펙트로미터 등의 비파괴 분석을 수행하였다. 창덕궁 이문원 측우대의 암석기재적 특징 분석 결과, 대리암으로 동정되었다. P-XRF 분석 결과를 GSJ Reference Samples(JLs-1, JDo-1)의 측정값과 비교한 결과, 백운암질 대리암으로 판단된다. 국가지정 측우대(국보 제330호 대구 경상감영 측우대, 보물 제843호 관상감 측우대, 보물 제1652호 통영 측우대)에 대하여 동일한 방법으로 분석한 결과, 대구 경상감영 측우대는 반화강암, 관상감 측우대는 중립-조립질 담홍색 흑운모화강암으로 동정되었다. 이와 같은 결과를 바탕으로 창덕궁 이문원 측우대의 구성 암석이 유일하게 대리암으로 제작되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 선행 연구 사례를 참고할 때, 경복궁 근정전 품계석 중 동반의 정1품 품계석, 서울 원각사지 십층석탑, 복각천상열차분야지도 각석의 구성 암석은 창덕궁 이문원 측우대와 동일한 재질인 백운암질 대리암으로 확인된다. 조선시대에는 신분에 따라 사용할 수 있는 재료가 구분되므로, 대리암은 시대적인 배경에서 신분적인 특수성을 가지는 재질로 해석된다. 또한 왕실에 의해 제작된 대리암 문화재들이 백운암질 대리암과 연관되는 경향을 고려할 때 특정 암종을 선택적으로 수급하였을 가능성에 대한 심화 연구가 필요하다.

• 유통과학연구
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.53-63
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• 2016

Purpose - This study examines the effects of the influence strategies on sales representative and headquarter trust, and investigates how sales representative trust plays a mediating role in the relationship between influence strategies and headquarter trust. For these purposes, a structural model which consists of several constructs was developed. In this model, influence strategies that consist of relational influence strategies (information exchange, recommend, promise) and mandatory influence strategies (legal plea, request, threat) were proposed to affect the sales representative trust and in turn, increase the headquarter trust. Thus, this study proposed that sale representative trust plays a core mediating role in the relationship between relational and mandatory influence strategies and headquarter trust in B2B food materials distribution context. Research design, data, and methodology - For these purposes, the authors collected the data from 208 B2B specialized complex agents. We used the 2,200 B2B specialized complex agents which trade with CJ, Ottogi, and Daesang firms and supply food materials to restaurant, school cafeteria, supermarket and traditional market as a sample frame. Once we identified 330 B2B specialized complex agent owners, CEOs, and/or Directors who had agreed to participate in this study, we dropped off a questionnaire at each B2B specialized complex agent and explained the purpose of this study. The survey was conducted from October 1, 2015 to December 15, 2015. A total of 230 questionnaires were collected. Of these collected questionnaires, 28 questionnaires excluded since they had not been fully completed. The data were analyzed using frequency test, reliability test, measurement model analysis, and structural equation modeling with SPSS and SmartPLS 2. Results - First, information exchange, recommendation, and promise of relational influence strategies had positive effects on sales representative trust. The threat of mandatory influence strategies had a negative effect on sales representative trust, but legal plea and request did not have a significant effect on sales representative trust. Second, information exchange and recommendation of relational influence strategies had positive effects on headquarter trust, but promise did not. Also, legal plea, request, and threat of mandatory influence strategies did not have a significant effect on headquarter trust. Third, this findings show that sales representative trust plays a partial mediator between information exchange and headquarter trust, and threat and headquarter trust, and a full mediator between promise and headquarter trust, and recommendation and headquarter trust. Conclusions - The aim of this study was to examine the effects how diverse dimensions of relational and mandatory influence strategies relate to sales representative trust and headquarter trust. To do so, we integrated the influence strategies and the trust transfer theory to hypothesize that various influence strategies increase sales representative and headquarter trust. The findings of this study suggest that headquarter firms should establish and enforce proper influence strategies guidelines to make clear what proper actions sales representatives should implement in relationship with B2B specialized complex agents. Also, relational and mandatory influence strategies must be regarded as a long-term and ongoing strategy that eventually build a long-term orientation with B2B specialized complex agents and guarantee a company's sustainable growth and success.

• 생태와환경
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.317-330
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• 2009

패류를 이용한 오염하천의 수질개선 가능성을 확인하고자 CROM기술을 응용한 S-CROM기법을 개발하고 현장에 직접 적용하였다. 실험은 하천에 형성된 소형 보에서 실시하고 자연유속을 그대로 이용하였으며, 패류의 섭식활동을 위해 현장의 퇴적물을 첨가하였다. 실험은 처리조를 현장수(대조군), 현장수+퇴적물(대조군), 현장수+퇴적물+패류 30개체 (D1), 현장수+퇴적물+패류 60개체 (D2) 등 4가지로 구성하고, 유속은 450mL $min^{-1}$, 시료채취는 12시간(주, 야)간격으로 실시하였다. 환경요인으로는 현장에서 직접 수온, pH, DO, 전기전도도, 탁도 등을 측정하였고 시료를 채취하여 Chl-$\alpha$, SS, TN, TP, $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, $NO_4$-N, $PO_4$-P, BOD, 식물플랑크톤 등을 분석하였다. 실험결과 유기물 제어능은 패류밀도와 처리시간에 따라 차이를 보였는데, 최대효과는 운영 2일째, 낮 동안 그리고 고밀도 처리군에서 나타났으며, 부유물질 (57%)과 조류(72%)의 감소를 보였다. 고농도의 암모니아와 인산을 배출하였던 CROM(김 등, 2009)보다 뚜렷하게 낮은 수준을 보였으며, 패류의 밀도효과는 유의하지 않았다. 비록 S-CROM이 CROM에 비하여 낮은 제어율을 보였으나 이는 상대적으로 낮은 패류밀도 및 빠른 유속 등이 원인으로 판단되었다. 따라서 S-CROM를 이용한 하천의 유기물 제어는 하천환경과 패류밀도를 적절하게 조합한다면 높은 수질개선 효과를 기대할 수 있을 것으로 사료되었다.