• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.344-356
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• 2013

This study is a continuation of the 22 year consecutive study (1972~1993) to monitor community dynamics of forest in Mt. Kwanak. This study was intended to provide basic data for urban forest management in the future by analyzing actual changes in vegetation structure of forest in Mt. Kwanak caused by urban environmental changes. For the past 39 years (1972~2010), average temperature increased by approximate between 1.1 and $1.7^{\circ}C$ and soil acidification (pH $5.40{\rightarrow}4.50$) and contents of $K^+$ ($0.67{\rightarrow}0.25$) and $Ca^{{+}{+}}$ ($3.20{\rightarrow}0.87$) apparently tended to decrease. According to analysis importance percentage and DBH class of community types classified based on DCA, the succession stopped at Quercus mongolica for 39 years. In addition, the succession was expected to be held at Q. mongolica or to shift from Pinus densiflora to Q. mongolica and from Q. acutissima to Q. serrata. Size of trees growing in forest of Mt. Kwanak increased but the number of species and population of trees showed a downward trend for the 39 years and Styrax japonica and Sorbus alnifolia, which are indicator species, increased their dominance continuously. Decrease in contents of $K^+$, $Ca^{{+}{+}}$, and $Mg^{{+}{+}}$ and soil acidification for the past 39 years was found to affect degradation of vegetation structure in Mt. Kwanak.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.3
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• pp.287-298
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• 1992

The main purpose of this study is to obtain information on the factors influencing forest scenic beauty in order to make and manage scenic forest of recreation areas. 62 slides were taken for the study. Each photograph was independently judged by college students in 10 different major fields, with a total 264 observers after reliability test in the study. The ratings were scaled using a computer program developed by Brown & Daniel(1990). The results of rating scale analysis indicate that respondents' major field difference affects visual preference for forest scenic beauty. Similarly, with different sexual, forest visit frequency, and community type in childhood, people tend to rate their preference differently. The respondents' rating scale of relative scenic beauty of near-view forest scenes can largely be explained in terms of forest physical characteristics of forest landscape. Bare ground area and stash area are represented negative esthetic effects, while DBH, number of trees per hectare, sky area showed positive esthetic effects. These 6 variables in the model can be accounted for 74% of total variance in perceived forest scenic beauty. With this study result, it can be concluded that forest physical characteristics are significantly related to visual preference for near-view forest scenes.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2015

Mechanical properties of woods are easily affected by the differences of site environment such as soil and climate changes. In this study, the relationship between mechanical properties and growth factors for Cryptomeria japonica stands in Jeollanam-do Province, Gyeongsangnam-do Province and Je-ju island was analyzed. From these plot data, bending strength, compressive strength, and shear strength were analyzed by Duncan's new multiple range test. The results of Duncan's new multiple range test analysis indicated that bending strength, compression strength, and shear strength were positively related to tree mean height, and stem number per ha, respectively, while they were inversely proportional to DBH (diameter at breast height), elevation, and soil drainage. As a result of this study, there are high correlations between mechanical properties of wood and stand characteristics of Cryptomeria japonica by the region, this findings are very useful to apply the silvicultural treatment system to produce high quality timber as a basic data on this species (distributed in southern region of Korea).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.415-425
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the vegetation structure and distributional characteristics of Abies koreana forests in Mt. Halla, and to provide basicdata for an ecological study on Abies koreana in Mt. Halla. The results of the analysis showed that the mean importance percentage(M.I.P,) of Abies koreana in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and the Azalea field were 28.3%, 23.6%, and 46.4%, respectively. The ratios of DBH (diameter at breast height) to height were similar in all region, except in the Azalea field, where Abies koreana of various ages, both young and old, were found. The species diversity (H) of the upper and lower layers in the Youngsil and Bangaeoreum and in the Azalea field were 0.625 and 0.810, 0.731 and 0.848, and 0.342 and 0.757, respectively. A total of 52 community were distributed at locations higher than 1,300m above sea level. The proportions of each community in the whole Abies koreana forest were 56.5%(Azalea field), 11.0% (Youngsil trail at 1,550-1,650 m above sea level), and 8.1%(Janggumok and Kundurewat region). The total area of the Abies koreana forest was calculated to be 795.3ha by combining all the areas of each community. An Abies koreana forest with the largest area was found at locations 1,500-1,600 m above sea level, taking up 38.8% of the total Abies koreana forest area. For the slopes of the distributional area of Abies koreana, 46.1%(highest proportion) of the total area was $10\sim25^{\circ}$, and for the azimuth of the distributional area, 17.4%(the highest proportion) of the total area was $0-45^{\circ}$. The vegetation structure showed large differences between areas. It was found, however, that the distribution was mostly in the areas with a relatively gentle slope. It is suggested that research be done to forecast the possible changes in the differences in the vegetation structures between different areas caused by climate changes. In addition, there is a need to monitor the Abies koreana and alpine plants in the subalpine zones of Mt. Halla, which are sensitive to climate change, to obtain the basic data that are necessary for the protection and maintenance of the ecosystem.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2007

Fruiting bodies of Inonotus obliquus were collected from the trunk of Betula ermani at 1,100 m of Mt. Odae. Diameter range of the trees at breast height (DBH) was $10{\sim}50$ cm and size range of the sclerotia was $8{\times}5{\sim}20{\times}16cm$. Relationships between the examined strains and Inonotus obliquus strain registered in National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) were very near. And all of 10 strains except strains registered in NCBI showed high homologous characteristics by neighbour joining analysis of ITS sequence. Mycelial growth showed a big difference among strains. Mycelial growth of KFRI 744 was fastest and KFRI 739 was slowest. Difference of mycelial growth between KFRI 735 and 738 was slight, but the difference of mycelial growth between KFRI 744 and 739 was almost twice. Also weight reduction rate among strains showed some difference. KFRI 744 was highest and KFRI 741 was lowest. Vegetative incompatibilities were observed in all mycelial pairings except for KFRI 740-741 and KFRI 742-743 combinations.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.131-138
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• 2006

This study was conducted to assess the diameter growth patterns of Quercus mongolica and Quercus variabilis dominant species in natural deciduous forests in Korea. The diameter growth data were collected from 83 destructively sample trees for stem analysis in Gangwon-Do region. The relationship between diameter growth and 14 tree measurements was also analyzed. The average diameter growth rate of dominant trees for both species increased until ages of 15-20 years, and exhibited generally constant trend for subsequent ages. The diameter growth rate of both species ranged from 0.09-0.83 cm/yr across the all ages. Average annual diameter growth for last 5 measurement years was 0.28 cm/yr for Quercus mongolica and 0.27cm/yr for Quercus variabilis. The observed growth rate decreased with decreasing crown class. The difference between diameter growth rates for different crown classes was only statistically significant (p<0.0001) for Quercus mongolica. Pearson correlation coefficient between the diameter growth rate decreased with relative diameter (r=0.64), relative height (r=0.61), exposed crown area (r=0.58) and total crown area (r=0.56) for Quercus mongolica. For Quercus variabilis, Pearson correlation coefficient decreased with dbh (r=0.57), crown width (r=0.55), age (r=0.39), competition index (r=-0.39), and height (r=0.35).

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.127-136
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• 2015

This study aims to quantify the stand-level above ground biomass in intact tropical rain forest of Brunei using airborne LiDAR data. Twenty four sub-plots with the size of 0.09ha ($30m{\times}30m$) were located in the 25ha study area along the altitudinal gradients. Field investigated data (Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and individual tree position data) in sub-plots were used. Digital Surface Model (DSM), Digital Terrain Model (DTM) and Canopy Height Model (CHM) were constructed using airborne LiDAR data. CHM was divided into 24 sub-plots and 12 LiDAR height metrics were built. Multiple regression equation between the variables extracted from the LiDAR data and biomass calculated by using a allometric equation was derived. Stand-level biomass estimated from LiDAR data were distributed from 155.81 Mg/ha to 597.21 Mg/ha with the mean value of 366.48 Mg/ha. R-square value of the verification analysis was 0.84.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2002

This study was conducted to reveal the effects of local climatic conditions on the early growth of Korean white pine progeny test stands. For this, stand variables such as mean DBH, mean height, basal area per hectare, and volume per hectare by stand age and locality were first measured and summarized for each stand. Based on these statistics, annual increments for 10 years from stand age 10 to 20 were calculated for each of stand variables. The effects of local climatic conditions as one of environmental factors on the growth were then analyzed by both a topoclimatological method and a spatial statistical technique. From yearly climatic estimates,30 climatic indices which affect the tree growth were computed for each of the progeny test stand. The annual increments were then correlated with and regressed on the climatic indices to examine effects of local climatic conditions on the growth. Gapyung area provided the best conditions for the early growth of Korean white pine and Kwangju area ranked second. On the other hand, the growth pattern in Youngdong ranked last overall as expected. It is also found that the local growth patterns of Korean white pine in juvenile stage were affected by typical weather conditions. The conditions such as low temperature and high relative humidity provide favor environment for the early growth of Korean white pine. Especially, it was concluded that the low temperature is a main factor influencing the early growth of Korean white pine based on the results of correlation analysis and regression equations developed far the prediction of annual increments of stand variables.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.107-114
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• 2010

This study was undertaken to suggest a Pinus densiflora community planting model in the central cool temperate zone of Korea and nearby areas. For the purpose of this study, we surveyed various DBH classes of the P. densiflora community in Dangjin-gun, Choongchungnam-do. We surveyed the size of entire individuals in the 92 plots as well as surveyed the location of individuals in each tree layer and sub-tree layer(1/100 scale) of 44 plots using a quadrant method from young to old communities. As a result of analysis, the tree layer was growing well but the basal areas of the subtree layer were less than 10% compared with the tree-layer. This indicates the subtree layer is not in general growing well in the P. densiflora community. There were no significant patterns in the shrub layer. A P. densiflora community planting would consist of a tree layer and a shrub layer and the finding of growth patterns of the tree layer is significant. In order to make a model of the shrub layer, an additionally survey of another shrub layer is needed in a nearby planting area. Both regression models, 1) between tree layer DBHs and individuals per unit area, and 2) between individuals per unit area and shortest distances of individuals, can yield much information through study.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.493-502
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• 2006

This study analyzed greenspace structure focused on greenspace areas and vegetation structure for Yanggu, investigated resident attitudes to the greenspace, and explored strategies to improve greenspace functions in a rural region. Woody plant cover was approximately 29% for parks and only 3% for commercial gardens. The amount of planting for Yanggu was poor, as compared with the results of similar studies for urban areas. Trees, of which dbh was below 20cm, accounted for 91% of all trees and the tree-age structure was largely characterized by a young, growing tree population. Based on the analysis of mean importance values (MIV) of woody plant species, only a few were different in dominant species from urban areas. Four species among 10 species with highest MIV in Yanggu were very common species also ranked among 10 in cities. The most dominant species planted in residential and commercial gardens were practical plants such as fruit or edibles. Greenspace covered about 69% of parks, 39% of residential gardens, 37% of institutional gardens, 24% of streets, and 15% of commercial gardens, respectively. Tree planting potential revealed that present woody plant cover can be increased additionally by 6 times in the streets and by 2 times in the residential and commercial gardens. Based on the results of greenspace structure, planting patterns, and questionary investigation, some strategies were suggested to enlarge greenspace including its environmental functions. They included identifying each street section through setting up themes and planting appropriate species, creating multilayered vegetation structures, and promoting planting in bare grounds of gardens and around a buildings for saving energy.