• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.29-35
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• 1971

Various types of short culm rice mutants were obtained by means of gamma-ray irradiation. In the present paper morphological observation and analysis of silicate content of the mutants are reported. 1. Short culm type had more useful characters than bushy and dwarf types. 2. In short culm and bushy types the number of nodes both above and under ground was similar to the mother varieties, while in dwarf type it decreased. 3. In short culm types the variation of length of above-ground culm and internodes tended to vary relattive to the mother varieties. 4. Positive correlation was found between culm length and the first and fourth internode length in short culm type. 5. Silicate content increased in short culm type-the increment being variety specific.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.21-21
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• 2017

Severe lodging has recurrently occurred at strong typhoon's hitting in recent climate change. The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and their responsible genes associated with a strong culm and their pyramiding are important for developing high-yielding varieties with a superior lodging resistance. To identify QTLs for lodging resistance, the tropical japonica line, Chugoku 117 and the improved indica variety, Habataki were selected as the donor parent, as these had thick and strong culms compared with the temperate japonica varieties in Japan such as Koshihikari. By using chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) in which chromosome segments from the japonica variety were replaced to them from Habataki, we identified the QTLs for strong culm on chrs. 1 and 6, which were designated as STRONG CULM1 (SCM1) and STRONG CULM2 (SCM2), respectively. By using recombinant inbred lines (BILs) derived from a cross between Chugoku 117 and Koshihikari and introgression lines, we also identified the other QTLs for strong culm on chrs. 3 and 2, which were designated as STRONG CULM3 (SCM3) and STRONG CULM4 (SCM4), respectively. Candidate region of SCM1 includes Gn1 related to grain number. SCM2 was identical to APO1, a gene related to the control of panicle branch number, and SCM3 was identical to FC1, a strigolactone signaling associated gene, by performing fine mapping and positional cloning of these genes. To evaluate the effects of SCM1~SCM4 on lodging resistance, the Koshihiakri near isogenic line (NIL) with the introgressed SCM1 or SCM2 locus of Habataki (NIL-SCM1, NIL-SCM2) and the another Koshihikari NIL with the introgeressed SCM3 or SCM4 locus of Chugoku 117 (NIL-SCM3, NIL-SCM4) were developed. Then, we developed the pyramiding lines with double or triple combinations derived from step-by-step crosses among NIL-SCM1 NIL-SCM4. Triple pyramiding lines (NIL-SCM1+2+3, ~ NIL-SCM1+3+4) showed the largest culm diameter and the highest culm strength among the combinations and increased spikelet number due to the pleiotropic effects of these genes. Pyramiding of strong culm genes resulted in much increased culm thickness, culm strength and spikelet number due to their additive effect. SCM1 mainly contributed to enhance their pyramiding effect. These results in this study suggest the importance of identifying the combinations of superior alleles of strong culm genes among natural variation and pyramiding these genes for improving high-yielding varieties with a superior lodging resistance.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.319-323
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• 1991

벼의 도복에 관련하는 형질들의 포장도복과의 관련정도를 밝혀 벼의 이도복성육종의 기초자료를 제공코져 1900년대에서 1980년대에 재배 또는 육성된 10품종을 재배하여 실험한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1 포장도복정도와 관련정도가 높은 형질들은 간장, 단위간하중(W/l), 단위 직경휨모멘트(W1/d), 도복지수(L), 하중비(W1/P), 임계도 복하중지수 (Ws$^2$/l$^4$)등 이었다. 2. 간장은 포장도복과 높은 상관(r=0.7607)을 보이나 간장만으로 품종의 도복정도를 판정하기는 미흡하였다 3. 측정의 난역도와 소모되는 시간을 고찰해 볼 때 도복저항성을 판정하는데 유용할 형질들은 간장, W/l, W1/d, Ws$^2$/l$^4$이었다. 4. 간경, 줄기단면적, 간벽의 두께, 줄기단면의 2차 관성 모멘트는 포장도복과 아무런 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 5. 좌절강도(S)는 포장도복과 유의한 부의 상관 (r=-0.3986)을 보였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2018

Bamboo culm comprises internodes and nodes and is tapered from the bottom to the top. Anatomically, bamboo culm comprises vascular bundles and parenchymal base tissue. The gross anatomical structure of a transverse section of any culm internode is determined by the shape, size, arrangement, and number of vascular bundles. The purpose of this research was to examine the morphology of culm and the distribution and shape of vascular bundles in Ampel bamboo (Bambusa vulgaris). Bamboo culms were harvested from the base. Test samples were obtained from a central 2-cm long segment of each internode across the entire length of the culm. Results showed an uneven spread of vascular bundles in the internode cross-section. Transitioning from the outer to the inner layer of the internode, the number of vascular bundles per unit area decreased and their shape was variable. The size of vascular bundles in the middle layer of the internode was greater than that of those in the outer and inner layers. The shape of vascular bundles was circular in the outer layer, which gradually transformed into vertical oval toward the middle layer and horizontal oval toward the inner layer. Vascular bundles were of type III and IV in the bottom of the culm and type III in the middle to the top of the culm.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.59-65
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• 1997

In this experiment, gene actions were analysized for seven barley parents in order to obtain basic information on their genetic improvement by diallel crosses. The results obtained were summarized as follows. In analysis of variance, additive, dominant, maternal and reciprocal effects were observed significantly for culm length, tiller number, number of spiked per plant, culm diameter, awn length, leaf width, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight. Over-dominance was shown by Vr-Wr graphic analysis in five characters such as tiller number, number of spikes per plant, length of flag leaf, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight, and partial dominance in four characters such as culm length, culm diameter, awn length, and leaf width. Component of genetic varience analyzed for four characters such as culm diameter, awn length, length of flag leaf, and leaf width showed that additive effects were higher than dominant effects. Culm length, tiller number, number of spikes per plant, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight showed dominant effects higher than additive effects. The narrow-sense heritability for awn length, leaf width, and number of grains per spike showed high values as more than 0.62, while broad-sense heritability for culm length, number of spikes per plant, culm diameter, awn length, leaf width, number of grains per spike, and 1000 grain weight showed high values as more than 0.65.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.501-505
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• 1991

Solid형 맥류의 사이레지 적성 판단을 위한 기초 연구로서 환경적 및 품종간 간의 특성과 solidness를 검토코자 포장과 온실에 추파하여 출수기에 각 절간중간부위 단면의 solidness 정도와 각 정간중의 공기 체적을 조사한 결과 1. Solid 맥류는 간벽이 두껍고 pith가 간의 내부로 차게 되어 절간중 공기 함유량이 줄어들어 Solidness가 증가되었다. 2. Solid 정도는 hollow 품종인 보통밀 원광이 14.6%, 트리티케일의 신기호밀이 15.0%인데 비하여 Solid 품종인 듀럼밀은 77.0-100%, 빵밀은 61.0-95.8%, 트리티케일은 18.7-37.0%로 맥종간 품종간 변이가 컸다. 3. 듀럼밀인 Golden ball의 solidness 정도는 포장 재배 조건에서보다 온실재배 조건에서 높았고 절위별로는 상위절 일수록 그리고 주간에서보다는 분벽지에서 각각 높았다. 4. 줄기당 함유 공기용량은 hollow품종인 신기호밀이 4.85ml인데 비하여 solid 품종들은 1.01-2.3ml로서 매우 낮아 사이레지 가공시 암착효율이나 유산 발효면에서 유리할 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.32-37
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• 1998

The objective of this study was to analyze lodging-related traits using different cultivars from Korea, Japan, and the U.S. in direct seeded rice on dry paddy field. Stem diameter and culm wall thickness were highest in 'Caloro' followed by 'Nongan', 'M202', and 'Calrose'. All the U.S. cultivars were higher than the others in stem diameter and culm wall thickness. These two traits were important with regard to lodging. The highest breaking strength (1442g) was observed in Caloro. 'Gancheoek', 'Dongjin', and transplanted 'Hatsuboshi' showed more than 1000g in breaking strength. Lodging index was lowest in Hatsuboshi followed by Nongan and Gancheok. Even though breaking strength of the U.S. cultivars was higher than others, their lodging index values were high. There were no statistically significant differences in starch content. However, Calrose, Caloro, Dongjin, and Koshihikari were relatively higher than others in starch content. Positive correlations were found between culm base weight, lignin and breaking strength. High contents of lignin and cellulose were observed in Nongan, transplanted Hatsuboshi, Calrose, and Caloro. Traits such as stem diameter, culm wall thickness, bending moment, culm length, breaking strength, cellulose, lignin, and culm base weight were closely related to a lodging index. According to path coefficient analysis, most important traits were culm length, stem diameter, thickness of clum wall, and top plant weight.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제11권
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• pp.105-117
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• 1972

본연구는 맥류의 도복에 관여하는 주요형질의 상호관계를 구명함과 아울러 주요 대소맥 품종의 내도복성정도를 분류하고, 내도복성 품종 선발의 기준을 인정하여 보고자 한 것이며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 포장도복과 도복지수는 고도의 정의 상관(대맥 r=0.44-0.67 소맥 r=0.46-0.68)이 있으며 지상부 Bending moment에 간자체의 정도를 가미한 지수로서 도복저항성 검정에 가장 유효하다. 2. 간의 Bending stiffness를 표시하는 좌절시 Bending moment와 단면 2차 moment와는 정의 높은 상관(대백 r=0.59, 소맥 r=0.46-0.53)을 보였다. 3. 간의 Bending stiffness(좌절시 Bending moment 단면 2차 moment)와 간에의 건물집적량을 표시하는 단위간건물중과는 높은 정의 상관 (대맥 r=0.35-1.40, 소맥 r=0.33-0.76)을 보였다. 4. 도복지수와 단위간건물중 (대맥 r=-0.51～-0.70, 소맥 r=-0.65～-0.83) 좌절시 Bending moment (대맥 r=-0.29～-0.69, 소맥 r=-0.54～-0.89)과는 특히 높은 부의 상관을 보였으며, 소맥의 경우는 좌절하중, 단면 2차 moment, 단면계수와는 높은 부의 상관을 보였다. 5. 간외경은 간내경보다 간의 물리적 특성과 상관이 높으며 좌절하중 (대맥 r=0.42-0.56, 소맥 r=0.39-0.44), 좌절시 Bending moment (대맥 r=0.40-0.41, 소맥 r=0.38-0.49), 단면 2차 moment (대맥 r=0.56-0.97, 소맥 r=0.0.28-0.28), 단면계수(소맥 r=0.22-0.96)와는 정의 높은 상관이 있었고, 간벽후와 물리적특성과도 정의 상관을 보였다. 6. 간장은 포장도복과는 품종군에 따라서는 정의 상관은 보이나, 간의 강도를 고려한다면 내도복저항성품종 선발의 지표로서 이용하기는 어려울 것으로 보인다. 7. 대소맥의 많은 품종의 내도복성 정도를 분류한 결과, 한국품종중 대맥은 내도복저항성품종이 많고, 대맥은 내도복성인 품종의 분포가 대맥보다 적었으나, 일본품종들을 대소맥 모두 내도복저항성인 품종이 많았다. 8. 내도복저항성인 품종의 선발을 위하여는 도복지수가 대맥 1.67 소맥 1.76 정도 이하인 것은 고도의 저항성이 있었다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제77권2호
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• pp.235-241
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• 1988

경남(慶南) 산청군(山淸郡) 시천면(矢川面) 소재(所在) 지리산(智異山) 일대(一帶)에서 재배(栽培)되고 있는 왕대 임분(林分)에 대(對)하여 해발고(海拔高)에 따른 간형질(桿形質) 변이(變異)를 분석(分析) 한 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 해발고(海拔高) 400m의 평균기온(平均氣溫)은 약(約)$12^{\circ}C$로서 수평적(水平的)인 왕대 분포지역(分布地域)의 기온(氣温)과 일치(一致)하였다. 해발고별(海拔高別) 간고(稈高), 직경(直徑), 지하고(枝下高) 등(等)에 있어서 평균치(平均値) 출현율(出現率)의 범위(範囲)는 400m까지는 넓었으나 500m이상(以上)에서는 매우 좁게 나타났다. 지하고(枝下高)에 대(對)한 간고(稈高)의 형상비(形狀比)에 있어서 출현율(出現率)의 범위(範囲)는 해발고(海拔高) 모두 동일(同一)한 경향(傾向)이었다. 변이계수(變異係數)에 있어서 간고(稈高), 직경(直徑), 지하고(枝下高)/간고(稈高)의 형상비(形狀比)는 15~25%의 범위(範囲)를 나타내었으나 지하고(枝下高)에 있어서는 25%이상(以上)의 큰 폭(幅)을 나타내었다. 해발고(海拔高)에 따른 간형질(稈形質)은 모두 1% 수준(水準)에서 유의성(有意性)이 인정(認定)되었다. 간형질(稈形質)에 대(對)한 Duncan의 다중검정(多重檢定)을 한 결과(結果), 해발고(海拔高) 400m이하(以下)와 500m이상(以上)으로 구분(區分)되었다. 해발고(海拔高)에 따른 간형질(稈形質) 상호간(相互間)에는 대부분(大部分) 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보였다. 이상(以上)의 결과(結果)에서 지리산(智異山) 일대(一帶)에 있어서 간형질(稈形質) 특성(特性)으로 보아 해발고(海拔高) 400m이하(以下)의 지역(地域)이 왕대 재배(栽培)에 적합(適合)한 지역(地域)으로 사료(思料)된다.

• 한국근적외분광분석학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국근적외분광분석학회 2001년도 NIR-2001
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• pp.1621-1621
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• 2001

The quality of sugarcane grown on the NE Australian tropical coast ($16^{\circ}$15'- $18^{\circ}$15' S Lat.) has declined markedly in the past seven years. This has been linked to dilution of mill-supply cane with increasing levels of non mature-stalk material consisting of leaves and sucker culms. The prime research objective was to examine the transition from the pre-harvest, in-field crop to harvested material sent for processing, in terms of quality and crop fraction proportions. A secondary objective was to quantify the effects of preharvest-season crop habit and culm condition on crop quality. Ten quadrat samples from each of 54 random crop sites (17 in 1999 and 37 in 2000), covering a wide range of variables (cultivar, crop class, and edaphic, topographic, climatic, and temporal factors) were collected immediately before harvest. Samples were partitioned into four fractions:- sound and unsound mature stalks (culms), sucker culms, and extraneous matter (leaves). Material harvested from each site was sampled and partitioned into four fractions:- sound and unsound billets (culm pieces), culm-spindle pieces, and leaf. In 2000, before harvest, 14 additional sites were sampled monthly, on three occasions, from March - June. Erect and non-erect culms were divided into sound and unsound classes. All samples were disintegrated and presented to a remote reflectance module of a scanning spectrophotometer using the BSES large cassette module. Near infra-red spectroscopic (NIS) analyses were developed for the rapid determination of quality components (Brix, commercial cane sugar (CCS), fibre, moisture, and polariscope reading). Calibrations for three material groups (culm (n = 639), non-culm (n = 496), and combined) were developed for all components using the 1999 data set. Two sub-sets (n = 178, and 190) of about 10% of the preharvest-season and harvest populations scanned in 2000 also were subjected to full routine laboratory analyses. The 1999 combined calibrations were excellent, but the culm calibrations produced consistently lower standard errors. Non-culm calibrations were marginally better than the combined for only CCS and pol. reading. Analysis of the 2000 culm data with calibrations using all 1999 and 2000 culm data resulted in better predictions relative to the 1999 culm calibrations. This also was true for the combined calibrations. Assessment of quality components in pre- and post-harvest sugarcane using NIS calibrations was more cost effective than using routine laboratory techniques. Outcomes from this NIS-facilitated research will have important economic consequences for the Australian sugarcane industry. Potential CCS present in mature culms is being discounted by dilution with leaves and sucker culms, threatening farm viability. The results question the efficacy of current harvesting technology. The CCS of harvested cane is improved only marginally over that of the in-field crop. Current harvesting technology requires either supplementary, innovative pre-mill processing or a design revolution to improve mill-supply cane quality, and therefore whole of industry economics. NIS-facilitated analyses, before the harvest season, highlighted the benefits of growing erect, sound crops. Loss of CCS then, can be minimized only by a combination of crop improvement and agronomic solutions, applied as part of sound on-farm management.