• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.131-150
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• 2016

Recently, as most companies are getting globalized, global sourcing of raw materials are also provided actively. Since each country has different, strict and complex rules-of-origins, importance of COO(country-of-origin) is increasing more and more. This study was surveyed with 127 manufacturing companies in South Korea. The purpose of this study is to verify the effect relationship how brand equity and COO capacity impact on the COO performance. The research hypothesis and model was derived from the basis of existing theory and empirical research, and obtained the following results. Firstly, brand equity of the COO showed positive (+) effect on the COO information capacity and product brand equity showed positive (+) effect on the COO management capacity. Secondly, the COO information capacity showed positive (+) effect on the COO management capacity. Lastly, product brand equity and the COO information capacity showed positive (+) effect on the COO performance. This study is differentiated from previous research information by empirically evaluating the relationship between the brand equity and the COO. This study contributed to academic by examining the research on the COO management in South Korea and also practically suggested the direction how manufacturing company in South Korea is to take the advantage of the brand equity and the COO capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.37 no.7
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• pp.894-906
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• 2013

The Chinese fashion market is a fierce battlefield for foreign brands and domestic brands. This research carefully analyzed several effects based on theories related to the country of origin for brands and consumer attitudes. All data were collected by a questionnaire distributed to Chinese consumers who have experienced global fashion brands. Data collection was conducted in March 2011. A total of 382 complete responses were used for the analysis. The results were as follows: First, for Chinese brands, there was a direct consumer ethnocentrism (CET) effect on brand attitudes. Second, CET showed no effect for European brands; however, conspicuous consumption had a significant positive influence. Third, there existed direct effects of CET and economic animosity on brand attitudes for brands from an unfriendly country. There was a positive moderating effect of conspicuous consumption on the association between CET and Japanese brand attitudes; in addition, a negative situation perception aggravates the negative relationship between economic animosity and Japanese brand attitudes. The results of the study can help marketers obtain more specific knowledge of brand attitudes for target consumer groups as well as enable them to plan and implement well-suited strategies for fashion businesses in China.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.3-26
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• 2019

This study investigates the effect of high-skilled inventor emigration rate on growth rate of the country of origin (COO). Inventor emigrants represent the human capital that can generate highly innovative work. The social network they form spurs knowledge diffusion and technology transfer back to their COOs, which in turn affects innovation and growth in their home countries. We run dynamic panel estimation for 154 countries during 1990-2011, and empirically show that a positive and statistically significant effect exists for the interaction of inventor emigration and trade. The result indicates that the direct negative impact of the brain drain can be mitigated by the positive feedback effect generated by the high-skilled inventor emigrants abroad. When coupled with an active trade policy that reinforces growth, countries can partially recoup the direct effect of the human capital loss. We stress the importance of international trade for successful technology transfer to occur, and offer insights for policies that can utilize the benefits of the rich social network of their high-skilled emigrants.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.270-290
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• 2010

This study investigates the safety of Hanwoo beef and consumer satisfaction through the questionnaire for 280 consumers of Hanwoo beef in Gyeongsangbuk-do. Among 280 copies, only 245 copies were adopted to analyze. The subjects consisted of 82(33.2%) males and 163(66.5%) females and their age 55(22.4%) of twenties, 52(21.2) of thirties, 86(35.1%) of forties and 52(21.2%) of over fifties. The frequency of purchasing Hanwoo beef was that as consumers were getting older, they tended to purchase more beef. The most popular place for purchasing Hanwoo beef was Hanwoo specialty stores(55.1%), but there was no statistical difference. The most favorite retail cuts for Hanwoo beef was Loin(44.5%), followed by ribs(26.1%). The consumers thought that selling imported beef turned into Hanwoo beef occurred 70.2%(sometimes), and 20.8%(yes), 6.1%(don't know) and 2.9%(never). For a method to prevent it, the traceability system(60.4%) was the highest, followed by country of origin labelling(16.3%). Taking the perfect score 5 points about the country of origin marks and traceability, trustworthiness which was presented the highest points was 3.31, recognition 3.29, experience 3.26 and practical effect 3.07. The average of two systems was 3.23. The average points of the safety and consumer trustworthiness of Hanwoo beef were 2.96 points and 3.13 respectively. The safety and the consumer trustworthiness showed statistically significant difference according to educational background, income, and jobs. From the results obtained in the current study, it is concluded that if the traceability system and country of origin labelling are managed well by the government, safety and consumer trustworthiness will be improved.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.447-452
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• 2019

This paper analyzed the impact of nation and celebrity reputation on purchase intention in Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan people aged 10 to 30 years were surveyed. The study proved that the national reputation has positive impacts on the purchase intention of Korean products. However, the Korean celebrity reputation has not statistically affected the intention of purchasing Korean products. In other words, it confirmed that the country of origin effect of Korea is affecting purchases of products from the countries concerned. Therefore, based on the country's reputation for Korea in Kazakhstan, it is believed that the promotion activities of Korean products will encourage consumers to make purchases.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.47-54
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• 2003

Climate of Mongolia is a driven force on natural conditions as well as socio-economic development of the country. Due to the precariousness of climate conditions and traditional economic structure, natural disasters, specially disasters of meteorological and hydrological origin, have substantial effect upon the natural resources and socio-economic sectors of Mongolia. Mongolia's climate is characterized by high variability of weather parameters, and high frequency and magnitude of extreme climate and weather events. During the last few decades, climate of the country is changing significantly under the global warning. The annual mean air temperature for the whole territory of the country has increased by $1.56^{\circ}C$ during the last 60 years,. The winter temperature has increased by $1.56^{\circ}C$. These changes in temperature are spatially variable: winter warming is more pronounced in the high mountains and wide valleys between the mountains, and less so in the steppe and Gobi regions. There is a slight trend of increased precipitation during the last 60 years. The average precipitation rate is increased during 1940-1998 by 6%. This trend is not seasonally consistent: while summer precipitation increased by 11 %, spring precipitation decreased by 17. The climate change studies in Mongolia show that climate change will have a significant impact on natural resources such as water resources, natural rangeland, land use, snow cover, permafrost as well as major economic activities of arable farming, livestock, and society (i.e. human health, living standards, etc.) of Mongolia. Therefore, in new century, sustainable development of the country is defined by mitigating and adaptation policies of climate change. The objective of the presentation is to contribute one's idea in the how to reflect the changes in climate system and weather extreme events in the country's sustainable development concept.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.37 no.1 s.70
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• pp.45-71
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• 2006

The main objective of this study is to analyze problems of the Country of Origin Labeling(COOL) in small live fish(SLF) trade by applying the asymmetric information theory which is called ${\ulcorner}$Lemon Market Theory${\lrcorner}$. The purpose of importing SLF is to enhance fishing household income and import substitution effect as well. SLF importation is quite different in its nature from importing general fish and fish products for final/direct consumption. SLF are imported for the purpose of domestic aquaculture and naturalization where domestic production/supply of SLF is less than domestic demand for or such species are not native to Korean waters. Information asymmetric problems arise even in SLF trade as the same way in general goods and services. However, the information asymmetry issues in SLF trade are much more complex than non-living goods because SLF are traded in the live state. To alleviate such problems the Korean government initiated the general COOL scheme to imported SLF. However, many experts argues that such policy on SLF would not be appropriate because of SLF's very nature. Applying the lemon market theory, we can analyze how information discovery schemes are able to signal correct information to SLF trading parties and to result in more symmetric information in SLF trade markets. This research carried out a case study about small live eel(SLF) trade and its farming. The results showed that applying the COOL to small live eels just right upon coming into fish farms tends to increase substantially fish farmer's income and at the same time to lower unnecessary transaction costs. In particular, such transaction costs by imposing simply the general COOL on SLF may easily outweigh its benefits. For instance, to resolve the problems, the Korean ministry of agriculture and forestry(KMAF) has developed a quite different COOL rules from the general ones and has applied them to imported live cattle and medium/small livestocks. The KMAF's differentiated COOL policy on some imported livestocks may be a good case which can be applied to imported SLF. In addition to the differentiated COOL on SLF, Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) and traceability system would play crucial complementary roles in alleviating information asymmetry problems in SLF trade. Advanced fisheries tend to strengthen their SPS system rather than to adopt the general comprehensive COOL schemes into imported SLF trades and domestic market exchanges.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.63-107
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• 2016

This paper analyzed the restrictiveness of the rules of origin of the 15 FTAs of Korea utilizing the restrictiveness index suggested by Estevadeordal(2000). The main purpose of the paper is to provide an update of the current status and characteristics of the restrictiveness of the rules of origin based on product type and country. The research showed that FTA with EU and Turkey showed the highest restrictiveness, whereas New Zealand, Peru and India showed the lowest. Overall, Korea's restrictiveness index was found to be at appropriate levels. Additionally, in terms of the current status by restrictiveness index, over time with the exception of European countries in the FTA, products with the lowest score in restrictiveness index of 2 continued to be processed in the Korea-Peru FTA which illustrated the current trend of easing restrictiveness. In terms of restrictiveness index based on product type, commodity products, processed food, clothing-fabric-general merchandise were found to be very strict. However, in categories such as general machinery, electronics, chemical products and precision instruments, the restrictiveness index showed the lowest readings. The results imply the high restrictiveness in sensitive products that are vulnerable from competition through high tariffs, and easing of restrictiveness in competitive products in order to vitalize trade. The results also show that in Korea's FTA, Korea's rules of origin in FTA vary and are sorted in a complicated manner. With an increasing number of FTAs and a number of different rules of origin, there is a need for standardized criteria for Korea. This study was significant in that it compiled all the rules of origin and the restrictiveness index of all FTAs that came into effect and have been negotiated in Korea. The results of the research are expected to be used as an informative and meaningful guideline for Korea's FTAs.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.65-83
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• 2022

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to evaluate the economic effects of FTAs using the concept of value-added exports. So far, the economic effects of FTAs have been dependent on decrease in import prices due to tariff cuts in importing countries, but the actual tariff reduction need to consider the value added of the exporting countries. Design/methodology - Value-added export refers to the added value created in the exporting country out of total exports. Among value-added exports, direct value-added export is interpreted as the Regional Value Contents (RVC), from which the economic effect of the FTA can be analyzed. A modified GTAP-VA model takes into account RVC in order to estimate accurate effects of FTAs. Findings - By the re-evaluation of the FTA based on the RVC, this paper makes it clear that the economic effects of the existing FTA methodology have the possibility of overestimation. In addition, as a new FTA with a strengthened Rules of Origin (ROO) is being initiated, a negative impact on international trade and GVC utilization may occur. Originality/value - This study introduces the concept of value-added export in analyzing the effects of FTAs. The new analysis methodology of this paper emphasizes the importance of value-added exports. Re-organization of GVCs would change regional trade agreements and empower ROO by weakening existing GVCs and transforming the value chain from global into regional scope.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.51-64
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to compare shopping orientations and purchase criteria according to the occupational status; professionals, non-professionals, and homemakers among female consumers. Subjects were selected from mailing lists through a random sampling technique in the United States. Collection of the research data was made using an adaptation of the Total Design Method for implementing mail surveys. ANOVA, Regression, and Duncan Test were used to conduct the data analysis on 254 out of 1000 questionnaires. The three job status showed significant differences in 5 shopping orientations(sex role oriented, fashion conscious, credit oriented, catalog oriented, and value oriented). Even after controlling the effect of income and education level, significant differences were noticed in 4 shopping orientations, the exception being value conscious. Brand, price, and country of origin among the job status groups also showed significant differences in results for purchase criteria.