• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.88-113
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• 2004

Starting from April, 2003, new pre-review system has been introduced and implemented to reduce unnecessary conflict with medical care organizations caused by current retrospective claim review system and to enhance efficiency of review system. The main purpose of pre-review system is to educate doctors to contrive adequacy of medical services. This research mainly focuses on effectiveness of pre-review system's influence on physicians' behavior changes. The analysis-participants were drawn from 1,449 clinics which implemented pre-review system, since April of 2003. The research results are as followings. First, the amount per claim has reduced by $\\3,154$, days of visit per claim by 0.1 day, and amount per visit by $\\412$, which were statistically significant. Second, anesthesiologists have decreased in three indicators the most, and the internists had least of changes. Third, the amount per claim and days of visit per claims has dropped significantly on physicians with less periods of practice and physicians with more ages. Fourth, the clinics without the expensive medical equipments, the city clinics showed significant decrease on days of visit per claim. Fifth, in intervention methods, the one-to-one education showed more significant decrease on amount per visit rather than information feedback by paper. In conclusion, the pre-review system have an impact on self-imposed physician behavioral change. The outcome of this research may be utilized for future extension implementation of pre-review system. Furthermore, it is showed that ability of transitions in medical services review system according to the future transition of payment system and context of health service policy.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.69
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• pp.201-220
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• 2016

A bill of lading is a document which is signed by the carrier or his agent acknowledging that the goods have been shipped on board a named vessel bound for the destination and stating the terms on which the goods so received are to be carried. Therefore, the bill of lading is a document of title enabling the holder to obtain credit from banks before the arrival of the goods, for the transfer of the bill of lading can operate as a pledge of the goods themselves. In the other words the bill of lading creates a privity between its holder and the carrier as if the contract was made. A bill of lading, for obtaining credit from banks, must appear to indicate the carrier's name and signature, the "shipped on board" notation, the port of loading and unloading stated in the sales contract and the credit. Data in the bill of lading, when read in context with the sales contract, the credit, the bill of lading itself and international standard banking practice, need not be identical to, but must not conflict with, data in that bill of lading, any other stipulated document, the sales contract or the credit. The surrender bill of lading, stamping "surrendered" on the original bill of lading by request of the shipper, is not recognized the legal effectiveness as a document of title by the statutory law and court. The surrender bill of lading may increase the risk of impossibility of payment to the holder. Therefore, the surrender bill of lading should be used restrictively between the credible parties and suggested to avoid in the other cases.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.86-98
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• 1994

We have examined the development and conceptual definition of shamanism and divination through significant characteristics of various illnesses. However, the terrminology has been inconsistent and its real conceptual meaning is not well defined. Divination is a historically dominant religious practice which represents the core of Korean folk culture. Despite prevalent prejudice toward its primitive nature, we cannot deny its profound relationship to our unconscious, especially our reliance on its religious role whenever we face crisis or conflict. It is therefore appropriate to use the term divination in this context. Shamanism originated as humanity's oldest mode of communication with divine - a religion, The shaman is not a sorceress but a priestess, a healer, a spritual guide, a leader, a mystic, traditionally having a different significance from that of the contemporary diviner or "shaman". The traditional concept of illness has been profoundly altered to serve new functions: while the shamanistic view is based upon spiritual abduction, divination on the other hand invokes concepts of spiritual invasion phenomena such as spirit intrusion, taboo violations, soul loss, object instrusion, deviations from the appropriate spiritual path besiegement, and curess or predestination (the idea that the sufferer is born with his fate), We should therefore try to understand divination from a more holistic point of view, rather than attempting to fit it into the standrd medical illness. We must recognize divination as a phenomenon within our culture, since most people have a mixed conception of illness arising from a combination of divinational and modem concepts, Since divination's humanistic approach is ingrained in our people, to irresponsibly ignore the spiritual aspects of treatment would exert a negative influence on our culture, Especially now, while attraction is focused on Korean culture and its influence on every aspect of our livies, it is important for nurses to expand our horizons in order to create a way of nursing more suitable to Korean culture. Increased importance is now being given to the opinions of patients themselves about their own illness and health, so nurses should seek to understand how patients accept their illness and what particular kinds of help they expect to receive. Consequently, an understanding of traditional divinations will enable us to utilize these characteristics on the job in order to enhance nursing care.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.107-126
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• 1996

The Purpose of this study was to build a substantive theory about the experience of postpartum depression. The qualitative research method used was rounded theory. The interviewees were eight others who had experienced postpartum depression. The data were collected through in-depth interviews with audiotape recording done by the investigator over a period of twelve months. he data were analyzed simultaneously by a constant comparative method in which new data were continuously coded into categories and properties according to Strauss and Corbin's methodology. Analysis the grounded data resulted in 28 concepts being identified. Eight categories emerged from the analysis. The categories were regret, loss of freedom, isolation of oneself, heartache, loss, emotional upset, avoidance, recovery. These substantive categories are consistent with precious research results. Causal conditions included : regret, loss of freedom. Phenomena : heartache, loss, emotional upset. Context : isolation oneself. Intervention condition : avoidance. Action/interaction strategies : desire for recovery. Consequences : recovery. These categories were synthesized into the core concept-The process of filling the empty loss of self. The process of the experienced postpartum depression was ① change after delivery, ② searching for a reason for depression, ③ effort to recover from postpartum depression, ④ recovery from postpartum depression and return to previous life. The process of recovery from postpartum depression was proceeded by ① support from others, especially husband, ② resolution of stressful life events, ③ reconstructing of life goals and resolution strategies, ④ acceptance of depression and seeking psychiatric treatment. Seven hypotheses were derived from the analysis. ① Mothers who experienced stressful life event and economic problem are more depressive. ② Mothers who have conflict with parents are more depressive. ③ The more somatic symptoms, the more depression. ④ Social support facilitates recovery from postpartum depression. ⑤ Mothers who have lower self-esteem are more depressive. ⑥ Mother's role overload disturbs recovery from postpartum depression. ⑦ Ideal maternal identity facilitates recovery from postpartum depression. Through this substantive theory, nurses can understand the importance of postpartum depression management.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.38
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• pp.245-275
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• 2007

This study analyzes interactivity between formal policy and informal trade practices at outside production market of broadcasting production environment in Korea. For this, this study raises three topics. First, the trait of historical context of policy making at outside broadcasting production policy: Second, the trait and meaning of path dependency behavior in the process of trade practices between over-the-air TV Organization and independent production companies : Three, the meaning of interactivity between formal policy and informal trade practices at outside broadcasting production market. Major findings of this study are : the trait of policy making was concentrated on the quantitative rates of the outside production program. And, the trait of trade practices was unfair rivalry in accordance with the custom of insider dealing. The chief cause of the conflict structure of outside broadcasting production market is lacked in policy complement at the qualitative dimension.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.39
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• pp.74-102
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• 1999

The integrated global economic system have intensed Liberalization, dereguration, privatization. National states were subordinated in global economic system. To save social costs and to encourage the national competition power, the globalized market tends to reduce the domestic social expention. Truely anxious things are not the defectiveness of capitalism itself but neo-liberal measures of each national states. So neo-liberal globalization beat welfare states. Welfare and growth, accumulation and justice are inter-conflict elements, and these confliction is well explained in context of globalization. Stratigies of growth pursuing economic benefits subordinate social policy in economic policy. Globalization did not always reduce the power of national state, but each national states purposely reduce the power of state and state participations. Thus Globalization can be overcome and must be overcome, eventually, the history of social welfare in korea differ frome that of European states. Their's social welfare retrenchment have based on the excessly expeneded welfare provision, but the frame of social welfare in korea is not yet established in history. Fundamentally historic experiences between European and korean social welfare are different. So "the third way" in korea must be in carefull approaches and the social welfare policy in korea must purchase "anti-market policy" and the equal distribution.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2008

In this minireview we focus on how males may exploit female's sensitivity to predation risk in the context of mating. It has been shown in studies on guppies and jumping spiders that in response to altered female behaviors, which are adaptations to the unfavorable environment and a consequence of females' higher sensitivity to predator's presence as well as females' higher predation risk, males can adopt condition-dependent mating tactics. It appears that in such cases males do not modify their reproductive behavior directly in response to their own perception of predation risk, but indirectly in response to changes in female behavior induced by predator presence. It has also been recently shown in crabs that males can exploit female behavior by creating safer habitat spots, which increases the male mating success. Hence all the evidence suggests that males not only respond to female sensitivity to the natural variation in predation risk, but that males can also exploit female behavior by altering the environment. As a logical extension of these findings, we present a hypothesis that in certain conditions males can manipulate the environment in order to increase the predation risk and to induce female behaviors that enhance the male's mating success with the increased predation risk. We propose that such a manipulation to increase predation risk is expected to evolve in males of species with a strong sexual conflict and female-biased predation risk. Although empirical evidence has not been yet shown, initial observations in a water strider species in Korea, Gerris gracilicornis, seem to support this hypothesis.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.219-231
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the relations among job stress, depression, social support, and coping strategies of nurses. Method: The data were collected from 362 nurses. A self-administered questionnaire was used to assess general characteristics, job stress, depression, social support and coping strategies. Results: The prevalence of depression was 41.7%. Scores of job demand and insecurity, and organizational climate were very high. Logistic regressions showed that nurses, who were single, their 20s, had less than a career year, or working in private hospitals, associated with an increased risk of depression. The sub-scales of job stress except interpersonal conflict and lack of autonomy contributed to an increased risk of depression (lower group; OR=0.248, 95% CI:0.14-0.43). Also individual and organizational support and control coping strategies were associated with depression(lower group: OR=2.993, 95% CI: 2.11-6.30; OR=2.993, 95% CI: 1.51-5.65; OR=2.372, 95% CI=1.43-3.93). Conclusion: These findings indicated that the job stress, especially organizational climate, insecurity of job, lack of reward, individual and organizational support, and control coping strategies contributed to a risk of depression. In order to prevent the depression, the organizational support and strategies will be needed. The depression in specific context and organizational climate should be considered in future studies.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 2014

Reactive disorder is a group of diagnosis with a definitely known etiology and whose etiological factor is essential to the diagnosis. In DSM system, such reactive disorders are listed as adjustment disorder, acute stress disorder, brief psychotic disorder with marked stressor and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a growing number of individuals is suffering from a prolonged feeling of embitterment after exceptional negative life events and this condition could be diagnosed neither PTSD nor adjustment disorder nor depressive disorder in the context of DSM-IV diagnostic system. This clinical condition can be described as 'posttraumatic embitterment disorder' (PTED). PTED is a reactive disorder triggered by exceptional, though normal negative life events such as conflict in the workplace, unemployment, death of a relative, divorce, severe illness, or experience of loss or separation. The common feature of such events is that they are experienced as unjust, as a personal insult, accompanied by psychological violation of basic beliefs and values. The central psychopathological response pattern in PTED is a prolonged feeling of embitterment. In particular, the core emotion of embitterment can lead to the rejection of treatment. Therefore, "wisdom therapy" as a new treatment approach specifically designed for PTED has been developed. It is assumed that many patients suffering from PTED are often misunderstood and misdiagnosed. This review would help to introduce PTED into the clinical field in psychiatry.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.130-140
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• 1999

This study was designated to investigate communication barriers of nurses in clinical settings. This study was done in 2 phases, first content analysis on descriptions of 50 nurses in three general hospitals and 40 nursing students on communication barriers for nurses in clinical settings, and second a survey to investigate the factors related to communication barriers and the relation between the nurse's characteristics and the extent of communication barriers in clinical settings from two nurses educators, 13 nursing students who experienced clinical practice and 71 nurses in 11 general hospitals. The results are as follows : 1. Through content analysis, 11 properties of communication barriers for nurses in clinical settings were identified. These were inappropriate communication style as a nurse, lack of professionalism, in appropriate control of emotions, lack of knowledge about the clincal setting, the lack of preparation about content of communication, the problem in trust relation, differences in priorities in needs, uncontroleable situation for nurses, inappropriate nurses' perception about patients, conflict with medical team and inadequate systematic support were identified and grouped in to four categories, communicator, message, feed-back and communication context. 2. The four factors in communication barriers for nurses in the clinical setting were identified and named as ambiguity in the nurses' position, lack of confidence, difference in perspectives with patients and in-adequate nurse-patient relationship. 3. There was a significant difference(F=5.31, P=0.0022, F=3.62, P=0.0316, F=2.80, P=0.067, F=9.01, P=0.0003) among the groups according to work place in rating the extent of the communication barrier in the clinical setting and in the four factors, the nurses working in the psychiatric patient unit rated the communication barrier in the clinical setting lowest among the groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the length of the nurses's carrier and the extent of communication barrier in three factors, ambiguity in the nurses' position, lack of confidence and inadequate nurse-patient relationship.