• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.60-73
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• 2010

This paper aims to describe KorLexClas 1.5 which provides us with a very large list of Korean numeral classifiers, and with the co-occurring noun categories that select each numeral classifier. Differently from KorLex of other POS, of which the structure depends largely on their reference model (Princeton WordNet), KorLexClas 1.0 and its extended version 1.5 adopt a direct building method. They demand a considerable time and expert knowledge to establish the hierarchies of numeral classifiers and the relationships between lexical items. For the efficiency of construction as well as the reliability of KorLexClas 1.5, we use following processes: (1) to use various language resources while their cross-checking for the selection of classifier candidates; (2) to extend the list of numeral classifiers by using a shallow parsing techniques; (3) to set up the hierarchies of the numeral classifiers based on the previous linguistic studies; and (4) to determine LUB(Least Upper Bound) of the numeral classifiers in KorLexNoun 1.5. The last process provides the open list of the co-occurring nouns for KorLexClas 1.5 with the extensibility. KorLexClas 1.5 is expected to be used in a variety of NLP applications, including MT.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.581-590
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• 2017

For effective improvement of water quality in Seokmun reservoir, this study implemented various analyses including the tributary water quality and flowrate monitoring, contamination of sediment, investigation of pollution source, selection of priority management target tributary by stream grouping method. The COD concentration of the majority of tributaries in Seokmun reservoir watershed was relatively higher than BOD concentration. The concentration of water pollutants regardless of water quality parameters in Yeokcheon, Dangjincheon, Sigokcheon, Baekseokcheon, small stream in Jinkwanri and Janghangri were higher than the other tributaries. The pollution sources in the Seokmun reservoir watershed were mostly distributed in the population, livestock, and industry. The pollutants, which located in Yeokcheon, Dangjincheon, Baekseokcheon, and small stream in Janghangri selected as priority management target tributary, should be preferentially reduced for improving the water quality in Seokmun reservoir. As the evaluation results of water quality in Seokmun reservoir for the effect of water quality improvement according to various scenarios using water quality model, it was found that the water quality in Seokmun reservoir due to the construction of a wastewater treatment plant for management of pollutants in the watershed would be satisfied the class V of water environment standard in reservoir.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.45-52
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• 2019

As international criteria and standards are required in the fields of design and construction, landscape performance must also be considered not only for the value of the landscape but also for providing quality assurance and sustainability. Given the lack of research on landscape performance, the present research was purposed to analyze the importance of potential assessment categories and items using an analytical network process. A list of assessment items, which is composed of 20 items and 6 categories, was derived through a literature review and a preliminary survey of 11 landscape professionals. An ANP model was established and a survey was conducted among 30 landscape practitioners to determine the weight of priorities considering the criteria. The results of ANP showed that the categories of site selection, preservation and health, and convenience had high priorities while materials had the lowest importance score. For the assessment items, a monitoring plan was the highest importance, followed by cultural/ historic preservation, management cost reduction, and natural ground areas. Despite the difficulties in quantifying landscape achievements, most respondents agreed that there needs to be an evaluation system for landscape performance in order to assure the quality and sustainability of landscape development. More research and discussion are needed to develop an assessment system for landscape performance that is applicable to Korean context.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.32-43
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• 2014

This study set out to identify the importance of each factor influencing facility selection with a survey among public medical facilities under the category of public buildings and apply the importance of economy, technology and environment with the weighting factor method, thus proposing optimal application plans. The research content of each section can be summarized as follows:1) Estimated energy consumption according to the energy simulation was 65,129MWh/yr, which was 18.7% higher than that according to the calculation equation. Of the energy consumption, more than 80% was used by heating and cooling facilities and construction facilities, and 20% was used by electronics such as medical equipments and in and outdoor lighting. 2) The results of a survey on the factors influencing the importance when selecting a new and renewable energy system reveal that the upper items had a priority in economy, environment, and technology in the descending order and that the lower item shad a priority in initial investments, maintenance and repair costs=energy costs, supply reliability, energy efficiency and $CO_2$ emissions in the descending order. 3) The application alternatives were analyzed in economy, technology, and environment. As a result, a geothermal system turned out to be the most excellent one a cross all the upper and lower comparison items. Of the other systems, a solar thermal system was superior in initial investments, maintenance and repair costs, and energy efficiency, where as a photovoltaic system was superior in energy costs, supply reliability, and $CO_2$ emissions. 4) As for the mixed application ratio among economy, technology, and environment, when the percentage of a geothermal system was approximately 80% or higher in anew and renewable energy system, it was the best and most optimal application plan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.458-467
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is the suggestion of optimized parameters in OI (Optimal Interpolation) by experimental study. The observation of applying optimal interpolation is ADCP (Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) data at the southwestern sea of Korea. FVCOM (Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) is used for the barotropic model. OI is to the estimation of the gain matrix by a minimum value between the background error covariance and the observation error covariance using the least square method. The scaling factor and correlation radius are very important parameters for OI. It is used to calculate the weight between observation data and model data in the model domain. The optimized parameters from the experiments were found by the Taylor diagram. Constantly each observation point requires optimizing each parameter for the best assimilation. Also, a high accuracy of numerical model means background error covariance is low and then it can decrease all of the parameters in OI. In conclusion, it is expected to have prepared the foundation for research for the selection of ocean observation points and the construction of ocean prediction systems in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate soft tissue cephalometric norms for Korean adults which can be implemented in surgical orthodontic treatment planning using selected horizontal reference plane especially for Koreans (Male: $SN-7.5^{\circ}$, Female: $SN-9.0^{\circ}$) and a simplified analytical method. 70 males and 70 females consisting of freshmen of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and students from the Dental College of Yonsei University were chosen according to clinical examination and cephalometric analysis. The samples had normal profiles, normal anteroposterior skeletal relationship(ANB angle of $0^{\circ}\;to\;4^{\circ}$ and Wits appraisal of -4.0mm to 0mm), and Class I molar and canine relationship. They had no missing or supernumerary teeth and had no experience of orthodontic or prosthetic treatment. After the selection of 15 soft tissue landmarks and the construction of horizontal and vertical reference lines, 25 measurements were taken. These consisted of vertical and horizontal linear measurements and angular measurements. The results were as follows. 1. Mean and standard deviation of the measurements were calculated in males and females. 2. Vertical measurements were comparably bigger in males than females whereas anterior facial height ratio(sN-Sn/Sn-sMe) and lower anterior facial height ratio(Sn-Stms/Stmi-sMe) showed no significant difference between sexes. 3. Most of the horizontal measurements in relation to the vertical reference line(G-perpendicular) showed no significant difference between sexes. 4. Nasofacial angle, columellar angle, nasolabial angle and facial contour angle showed no significant difference between sexes. 5. The upper and lower lip were positioned about $-1.0{\pm}2.0mm$ and $+1.0{\pm}2.0mm$ in relation to the Ricketts' esthetic line in both sexes. In this study, soft tissue cephalometric norms of Korean adults for orthognathic surgery were obtained.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.221-230
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• 2001

This study was performed to evaluate hard tissue cephalometric norms for Korean adults which can be implemented in surgical orthodontic treatment planning using selected horizontal reference plane especially for Koreans (Male: $SN-7.5^{\circ}$, Female: $SN-9.0^{\circ}$) and a simplified analytical method. 70 males and 70 females consisting of freshmen of Yonsei University from 1996 to 1997 and students from the Dental College of Yonsei University were chosen according to clinical examination and cephalometric analysis. The samples had normal profiles, normal anteroposterior skeletal relationship(ANB angle of $0^{\circ}$ to $4^{\circ}$ and Wits appraisal of -4.0mm to 0mm), and Class I molar and canine relationship. They had no missing or supernumerary teeth and had no experience of orthodontic or prosthetic treatment. After the selection of 23 landmarks and the construction of horizontal and vertical reference lines, 22 skeletal and 12 dental measurements were taken. These consisted of vertical and horizontal linear measurements and angular measurements. The results were as follows. 1. Mean and standard deviation of the measurements were calculated for males and females. 2. Most of the skeletal vertical measurements, and maxillary and mandibular length were bigger in males than females. Whereas anterior facial height ratio(N-ANS/ANS-Me) as well as maxillary and mandibular antero-posterior position in relation to the vertical reference line(N-perpendicular) showed no signigicant difference between sexes. 3. Maxillary and mandibular dental antero-posterior position in relation to the vertical reference line(N-perpendicular) showed no significant difference between sexes. 4. The upper incisor show(U1-Stms) was $2.1{\pm}1.7mm$ in males and $3.3{\pm}1.7mm$ in females. In this study, hard tissue cephalometric norms of Korean adults for orthognathic surgery were obtained.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.41-47
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• 2009

Routing through a backbone, which is responsible for performing and managing multipoint communication, reduces the communication overhead and overall energy consumption in wireless sensor networks. However, the backbone nodes will need extra functionality and therefore consume more energy compared to the other nodes. The power consumption imbalance among sensor nodes may cause a network partition and failures where the transmission from some sensors to the sink node could be blocked. Hence optimal construction of the backbone is one of the pivotal problems in sensor network applications and can drastically affect the network's communication energy dissipation. In this paper a distributed algorithm is proposed to generate backbone trees through robust multi-hop clusters in wireless sensor networks. The main objective is to form a properly designed backbone through multi-hop clusters by considering energy level and degree of each node. Our improved cluster head selection method ensures that energy is consumed evenly among the nodes in the network, thereby increasing the network lifetime. Comprehensive computer simulations have indicated that the newly proposed scheme gives approximately 10.36% and 24.05% improvements in the performances related to the residual energy level and the degree of the cluster heads respectively and also prolongs the network lifetime.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.717-724
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• 2010

The flash point is one of the most important physical properties used to determine the potential for fire and explosion hazards of flammable liquids. Despite the needs of the experimental flash point data for the design and construction of chemical plants, there is often a significant gap between the demands for the data and their availability. This study have built and compared two models of partial least squares(PLS) and support vector machine(SVM) to predict the experimental flash points of 893 organic compounds out of DIPPR 801. As the independent variables of the models, 65 functional groups were chosen based on the group contribution method that was oriented from the assumption that each fragment of a molecule contributes a certain amount to the value of its physical property, and the logarithm of molecular weight was added. The prediction errors calculated from cross-validation were employed to determine the optimal parameters of two models. And, an optimization technique should be used to get three parameters of SVM model. This work adopted particle swarm optimization that is one of heuristic optimization methods. As the selection of training data can affect the prediction performance, 100 data sets of randomly selected data were generated and tested. The PLS and SVM results of the average absolute errors for the whole data range from 13.86 K to 14.55 K and 7.44 K to 10.26 K, respectively, indicating that the predictive ability of the SVM is much superior than PLS.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.545-559
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• 2002

There has been increasing use of IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ owing to easy fabrication method, high esthetics similar to natural teeth, good marginal accuracy, and sufficient fracture strength. However, in clinical application, although a luting agent and the tooth cementation bonding procedure influence the marginal accuracy and fracture strength restoration, there has been a controversy in the selection of proper luting agent. This study was to measure the marginal fidelites and fracture strength of IPS Empress crowns according to three cement types, Protec $cem^{(R)}$, Variolink $II^{(R)}$ and Panavia $21^{(R)}$. After construction of 12 experimental dies for each group, IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ crowns were fabricated and luted the metal master die prepartion of the maxillary right premolar. Marginal gaps before cementation and after cementation were measured. Buccal incline on the functional cusp of specimens were loaded until the catastrophic failure and fracture strength was measured. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The range of gap was $34.04{\pm}4.84{\mu}m$ before cementation and $37.88{\pm}5.00{\mu}m$ after cementation, which showed significant difference by paired t-test (p<0.05). The difference in the results from marginal accuracy according to measuring point proved to be not statistically significant by two-way ANOVA test (p>0.05). 2. The difference in the results from marginal accuracy according to three cement types Proved that The Variolink $II^{(R)}$ cement group had the least gap, $35.43{\pm}5.03{\mu}m$, and showed superior marginal accuracy while there existed statistic significance in Protec $cem^{(R)}$ cement group, $39.06{\pm}4.41{\mu}m$ or Panavia $21^{(R)}$ cement group, $39.16{\pm}4.39{\mu}m$ by two-way ANOVA test & multiple range test (p<0.05). 3. The difference in the results from fractures strength testing according to three cement type groups proved to be statistically significant (p<0.05). The Variolink $II^{(R)}$ cement group shows highest fracture strength of $1257.33{\pm}226.77N$, Panavia $21^{(R)}$ cement group has $1098.08{\pm}138.45N$, and Protec $cem^{(R)}$ cement group represents the lowest fracture strength of $926.75{\pm}115.75N$. 4. Three different cement groups of different components showed acceptable marginal fidelity and fracture strength. It is concluded that IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ crowns luted using Variolink $II^{(R)}$ cement group had stronger fracture strength and smaller marginal gap than the other cement groups. Although Variolink $II^{(R)}$ resin cement seemed acceptable to clinical applications in IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ system, the IPS Empress $2^{(R)}$ system still requires long-term research due to the lack of data in clinical applications.